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Introduction to
Instructional Media
Chapter One Review
Presented by
Kai A. Dupé
January 22, 2004
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Overview
► This
chapter examines teaching and
learning in order to understand the role of
educational technology in the teaching and
learning process.
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Topics to be covered
► Examine
differing views of educational
technology.
► Explore learning within the framework of
communication.
► Review key learning theories
► Examine the learner characteristics that
affect learning.
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More Topics
► Investigate
teaching styles and their impact
on learning.
► Explore teaching, learning, and technology
from a systems view.
► Briefly review educational technology within
a historical perspective.
► Synthesize your own view of the
relationships between teaching, learning,
and technology.
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What is Educational Technology?
► There
are different ideas about how to
answer this question. It seems to depend
on who you ask?
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Definitions
► Educators
have a very broad definition.
► Computer-oriented educators have a more
narrow definition that includes computers
and related software.
► Technologists define it in terms of the
hardware available that may be used in the
classroom.
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Definition used by the text
► Educational
Technology is the theory and
practice of design, development, utilization,
management and evaluation of processes
and resources for learning.
► This is the definition given by The
Association for Educational Communication
and Technology (ACET)
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Why Study Technology?
► Methods
such as lecture can be enhanced
by using technology.
► In order to be able to know how to
effectively use technology in order to
enhance your teaching methods.
► In order to significantly improve
communication.
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Why Study Technology Cont’d
► Teachers
need to know what is out there as
far as technology in order to effectively
enhance teaching.
► Technology can be used as a tool to create
an effective instructional event.
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Instructional Events
► Teachers
construct instructional events for
transferring knowledge and skills to their
students.
► Learning is a transfer of knowledge from
teacher to students.
► How humans incorporate new knowledge,
behaviors and skills into ones individual
personal repertoire.
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How Do We Learn?
► Learning
gets us to the psychological views
of human behaviors.
► Psychologists are not in agreement on these
views.
► We must remember that we are examining
theories. These are not proven.
► Create your own view from the views out
there to determine how you will design an
instructional event.
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How Do We Learn?
► Technology
is an instructional end, not an
end in itself.
► To use technology effectively, the teacher
must have a clear understanding of
learning and the teaching strategies that will
result in the intended knowledge transfer.
► The teaching strategies you select will then
determine the appropriate types of
technology tools needed to execute them
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Learning As Communication
► One
early approach to learning was to view
it as a communication process between
sender (Teacher) and receiver (Student)
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Variables
► Environmental
► Psychological
► Personal
Factors.
Factors.
Filters.
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Environmental Factors
► Noise
► Dim
Lighting
► Excessive
movements
► Uncomfortable
temperatures
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Psychological Factors
► Emotional
► The
state
way the message is transmitted
► Preferred
sensory gateway (Learning style)
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Personal Filters
► Personal
► Cultural
► Social
Values
Heritage
belief system
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Communication, Learning
► All
of the barriers to communication interact
with the communication process to
determine the success of the teaching
learning process.
► Once the message has been correctly
transmitted is that learning?
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What is a learning perspective?
► Different
people can look at the same thing
and see it in very different ways.
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Perspectives
► Behaviorist
► Cognitivist
► Constructionist
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Behaviorist Perspective
► They
view all behavior as a response to
external stimuli.
► A stimulus is the initial action directed to the
organism, and a response is the organism’s
reaction to that action.
► One learns as a response to the
environment, not due to thinking.
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Key Behaviorists
► Ivan
Pavlov
► John
Watson
► B.F.
Skinner
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Cognitivist Perspective
► Learning
is mental activity (thinking)
► Behavior
is still critical, but it is viewed as
an indicator of thinking and not just an
outcome of stimulus-response
► Thinking
is undetectable by mere
observation
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Key Cognitivists
► Jean
Piaget
► Jerome
► David
Bruner
Ausubel
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Constructionist’s Perspective
► Knowledge
is a constructed element
resulting from the learning process
► Knowledge is unique to the individual who
constructs it
► Combines thinking with the experiences of
the individual
► At the present time, this view is the most
influential force shaping contemporary
education
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Dominant Construction Views
► Cognitive-Constructionist
Championed by Robert Gagné
Learning is a result of an individual’s
cognitive efforts to construct personal
knowledge
► Social Constructionist
Learning is considered a result of the
collaboration of a group of learners in an
effort to construct a common core of
knowledge
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Key Constructionists
► Robert
► Lev
Gagné
Vygotsky
► Albert
Bandura
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A View Of The Learner
► Cognitive
style – refers to how one thinks,
can be measured using the MBTI.
► Learning
learns
style – refers to how one best
► Intelligence
– the inherent ability of the
learner to understand and learn
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Learning Styles
► Auditory
► Visual
(Listening)
(Seeing)
► Kinesthetic
(Doing)
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Multiple Intelligences
► Linguistic
► Logical
► Musical
► Spatial
► Body-Kinesthetic
► Interpersonal
► Intrapersonal
► Naturalistic
► Existential
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Summary
► Utilize
a systems view of teaching
► Develop an understanding of learning
► Develop an understanding of the individual
environmental factors that affect the learner
► Understand your own learning style and
dominant intelligence
► Align your teaching style with your student’s
learning style
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The Idea
► After
evaluating all of the above you are
better able to see how technology fits into
the learning environment.
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