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54 During the Middle Kingdom period of the Egyptian Empire the people prospered. It was considered a golden age of stability because a new dynasty came to power after 200 years of confusion and battles among the nobles. This new dynasty moved the capital to Thebes from the old capital of Memphis. The Middle Kingdom lasted from about 2050 BCE to 1670 BCE. 55 What was life like in The Egyptian Empire during The Middle Kingdom years? 2300 BC – pharaohs lost control of Egypt as nobles battled each other for power; led to 200 years of confusion New dynasty came to power and led from Thebes (south of Memphis) o The Egyptians wanted more land in order to increase farmland which would lead to a greater surplus of food. In order to get more land they captured Nubia and attacked Syria. Conquered countries sent tribute to the Pharaoh which is like paying taxes. This way Egypt got more money/gold or other goods as payment. They also added more waterways and dams and built a canal between the Nile and Red Sea in order to increase farmland and grow more crops. Order restored during new time called Middle Kingdom – golden age of stability, prosperity and achievement Why did the Egyptians have a “Drive for More Land”? Soldiers captured Nubia and attacked modern day Syria Conquered people sent tribute to Egyptian pharaoh Pharaohs added more waterways and dams Increased amount of land farmed and built canal btw Nile and Red How did the “Arts Blossom” during the Middle Kingdom? During the Middle Kingdom, the arts blossomed in Egypt. Artisans became more skilled than ever before, painters covered walls of tombs and temples with colorful scenes of daily life and the gods. Sculptors created carvings and statues of pharaohs as ordinary people. Poets wrote love songs and tributes to pharaohs. Tombs were cut into cliffs in the Valley of the Kings. It was a creative time in ancient Egypt. Painters covered walls of tombs and temples with colorful scenes of deities and daily life Sculptors created large wall carvings and statues of pharaohs showing them as ordinary people, not godlike figures Poets wrote love songs and tributes to pharaohs New form of architecture – tombs cut into cliffs west of Nile River – the Valley of the Kings 56 57 Who Were the Hyksos? Akenhaton- changed the religion from polytheistic to monotheistic, angered many people, lost lands and shrunk empire Tutankamen- famous for his tomb of riches found by Howard Carter in 1922 Ramses II- built temples, regained land and rebuilt the empire Thebes- capital of Egypt’s Middle Kingdom Tribute- forced payment from conquered people Incense- a material burned for its pleasant smell Hyksos – people from western Asia who attacked Egypt. o Mighty warriors; crossed desert in horse-drawn chariots and used weapons made of bronze and iron. o Egyptians were no match for them, they ruled Egypt for 120 years o Egyptian prince Ahmose led an uprising that drove Hyksos out of Egypt Ahmose- first ruler of Egypt’s New Kingdom (1550 BCE – 1080 BCE) Hatshepsut- female pharaoh who avoided military conquests and expanded the economy of Egypt Thutmose III - Hatshepsut’s nephew, his armies expanded Egypt, slavery was common and the empire grew rich from trade and tribute Wh 58 1. How did architecture change during the Middle Kingdom? Instead of building pyramids, pharaohs built their tombs into the sides of cliffs west of the Nile River. This area became known as the Valley of the Kings. 59 The Egyptian Empire: What was life like in The New Kingdom?` Who was the woman ruler of Egypt? Queen Hatshepsut ruled with her husband, then nephew and then made herself pharaoh – one of few woman to rule Egypt She focused on trade along east coast of Africa – exchanged beads, metal, tools and weapons for gold, ivory, ebony and incense Great need for wood; few trees in the Nile so Egyptian traders went to eastern Mediterranean where the Phoenicians were famous for their wooden furniture Trading brought great wealth to Egypt – Hatshepsut used some of wealth to build monuments. One of greatest projects was huge temple and tomb in Valley of Kings 2. Who were the Hyksos? The Hyksos were people from western Asia who attacked Egypt. They defeated the Egyptians and ruled Egypt for 120 years, from 1670 BCE to 1550 BCE. 3. In what ways are hieroglyphics and computer icons similar? They are both pictures that stand for (represent) words. However, hieroglyphics involved hundreds of symbols understood mostly by scribes while millions of everyday people use and understand computer icons. Ahmose’s reign began the New Kingdom when Egypt reached the height of its ancient glory, Lasted from about 1550 BCE to 1080 BCE. How did Thutmose III further expand the Egyptian empire? Armies expanded Egypt’s borders north to Euphrates River in Mesopotamia and moved south to regain control of Nubia; Empire grew rich from trade and tribute; Egypt claimed gold, copper, ivory and other valuables Enslaved many prisoners of war who rebuilt Thebes, filling the city with beautiful palaces, temples and monuments, and Slavery became common; they did have rights to own land, marry and eventually be granted freedom 60 61 The Egyptian Empire: The Legacies of Two Pharaohs 1. Describe Egyptian trade during the rule of Hatshepsut. 2. Which kingdom included lands across the Mediterranean Sea? See Map page 62 in JAT \ Who was a religious reformer of the Egyptian empire? 3. What physical feature makes up much of the eastern border of the Middle Kingdom? See Map page 62 in JAT Who was the “boy king”? 4. Why did ancient Egyptians first value cats?