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ORAL COMMUNICATION
1
UNIT 3
Oral Communication
3.1 Listening
3.2 Speaking
3.3 Persuasion
3.4 Motivation and Hierarchy of needs
3.5 Attending and Conducting Interviews
3.6 Participating in Discussions, Debates & Conferences
3.7 Presentation Features
3.8 Fluency development Strategies
Oral communication
Spoken communication or the communication employing speech
is known as oral communication.
Oral communication takes place in many ways,
• Casual
• Serious
• Formal
• Informal
• Structured and unstructured
Comparison between oral Vs. written communication
Point of comparison
Oral communication
Written
communication
Nature
Informal with personal
touch
Formal without
personal
Speed
Fast
Slow
Flexibility
High
Low
Record
No record
Permanent record
Cost
Economical (low)
High cost (costly )
Gestures
Ca be used
can’t be used
Feed back
Immediate
Delayed
Suitability
For short and simple
message
For lengthy message
Why is good oral communication so important?
•
•
•
•
•
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To help problem solving
To resolve conflict
To influence people to work together
To persuade others to be involve in organizational goals.
To be an effective negotiator.
To develop listening skills.
What is Listening?
• Listening: the process of receiving, constructing
meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or
nonverbal messages; to hear something with thoughtful
attention
• Effective communication is 2-way
– depends on speaking and listening
Time Spent Listening
Listening process
What activities in business require you to "listen carefully?"
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Telephone conversations
Informal Speeches
Job Interviews
Formal Presentations
Meetings
Small-group conferences
Product Demonstrations
You first respond
emotionally, then
intellectually. Then you
decide how to respond.
Steps in the listening process
Your knowledge,
attitudes, values,
beliefs and self-concept
influences your
perception.
Your own needs,
interests, attitudes, and
knowledge affects your
choice to pay attention.
Not everyone hears the
same way. Men
actually prefer certain
frequencies.
Hearing
The reception of
sound.
Choosing
The act of
choosing to focus
attention on the
message.
Understanding
Deciding what the
message means to
you.
Responding
Your reaction to
the message. It
can be emotional
and intellectual.
Elements in the Listening Process
• Hearing
– Listening begins with physical hearing of message and
taking note of it.
Elements in the Listening Process
• Attending
– Is the psychological process of selection where we decide
what gets through
– Attending also helps the message sender
• Those who had recounted a movie to attentive listeners
remembered more detail from the film
Elements in the Listening Process
• Understanding
– Occurs when we make sense of a message
– It is possible to hear and attend to a message without
understanding
• Listening to a foreign language
– Listening Fidelity
• Describes the degree of congruence between what a
listener understands and what the message sender is
attempting to communicate
Elements in the Listening Process
• Responding
– Giving observable feedback to the speaker
– Researchers suggest that listeners should give observable
feedback more frequently
– Listening isn’t a passive activity
Hearing vs. Listening
“Was I paying attention?”
Hearing vs. Listening
• Do you think there is a difference between hearing and
listening?
• You are right, there is!
• Hearing is simply the act of perceiving sound by the ear.
If you are not hearing-impaired, hearing simply happens.
• Listening, however, is something you consciously choose
to do. Listening requires concentration so that your brain
processes meaning from words and sentences. Listening
leads to learning.
Listening
We have two ears and one mouth so that we can listen twice
as much as we speak.
Types of listening
• Superficial listening.
• Appreciative listening.
• Focused listening.
• Evaluative listening.
• Attentive listening.
• Content listening.
• Critical listening.
• Empathetic listening.
Superficial listening
- Listener has little awareness of content
- output is zero because listener ignore the message.
- not able to concentrate on the theme.
Appreciative listening
- Get enjoyment and pleasure
- e.g. recording of songs, entertaining stories, jokes.
- part of entertainment singing along with the song.
Focused listening
- Listening for specific purpose
- specific information to take decision
- most common type in non-formal oral communicative
situations.
- Listening to railway and airport announcement.
Evaluative listening
- Evaluation of oral message
- Listener interprets and analyses.
- Main purpose of evaluative listening is to evaluate the content
of oral message to select appropriate information
- e.g. classroom lectures, workshop, seminars.
Attentive listening
- Complete attention of the listeners.
- e.g. group discussion, meeting, job interviews.
- listeners pay attention to all part of the message.
Content listening
- Understand and retain the speaker’s message.
- information flows from speaker to us.
- e.g. when listening to a regional sales manager’s monthly
report on how many of their products sold that month, listening for content.
Critical listening
- Understand and evaluate the meaning of the speakers message
on several levels:
- the logic of the argument
- the strength of the evidence
- the validity of the conclusion
- implication of the message
- speakers intention and motives
- omission of any important or relevant points.
Empathetic listening
- Listening not only to what speaker is saying but also to how
he/she is saying his/her feelings, emotions and state of mind.
BARRIERS TO GOOD
LISTENING
BARRIERS TO GOOD LISTENING
• Physical Barriers consist of any sound that prevents a person
from being heard. Physical noise interferes with a speaker’s
ability to send messages and with an audience’s ability to
receive them.
• Examples: whispers, cheers, passing cars or intercom
interruptions
BARRIERS TO GOOD LISTENING
• Psychological Barriers consist of thoughts and feelings that
distract people from listening to what is said are called
psychological. The noise interferes with the audience’s
concentration and ability to hear a speaker’s presentation.
• Examples: people not paying attention because they are
absorbed in their own thoughts, jumping to conclusions, faking
attention, yielding to distractions, overreacting to emotional
words and tuning out topics that one considers to be dull.
BARRIERS TO GOOD LISTENING
• Semantic Barriers are interferences that are caused by words
that trigger strong negative feelings against the speaker or the
content of the speech is called semantic noise. Semantic noise
leads to misunderstanding, as well as unpleasant and
distracting nonverbal feedback from the audience.
• Examples: A group of students might agree with you if you
called rap music “confusing.” However, they might stop
listening if you began calling rap music “garbage.”
BARRIERS TO GOOD LISTENING
• Over load of message
It is very difficult for the brain to digest the
overloaded message.
• Ego
one of the common barriers to listening is egotism or selfcentered attitude.
SPEAKING
Speaking
speaking is an interactive communication process that involves
speakers and listeners.
Speaking is the purposeful process by which people, using
audible and visible symbols, communication meaning in the
minds of their listeners.
Five Levels of Public Speaking:
Five Levels of Public Speaking:
• 1) intrapersonal
Intrapersonal Communication
• The type of communication a person has with himself, thus the
prefix “intra-” which means within.
• As soon as a human being awakens, he begins an internal
thought process and dialogue, almost always silent, but
sometimes aloud.
Five Levels of Public Speaking:
• 2) interpersonal
Interpersonal Communication
• Interpersonal communication takes place between two people.
• This type of communication varies depending on the
relationship between the two individuals.
Five Levels of Public Speaking:
• 3) group
Group Communication
• Group communication occurs when three or more individuals,
who have a common goal, interact either formally or
informally.
Five Levels of Public Speaking:
• 4) public
Public Communication
• Public communication takes place when one or more
individuals communicate with a large group in a more “onedirectional” approach.
Five Levels of Public Speaking:
• 5) mass communication
Mass Communication
• Mass communication occurs when extremely large groups
receive information, like a television audience watching a
news broadcast, as well as the intermittent commercial
advertising.
Linear Model of Communication
• The speaker—the sender, the encoder, or source of the
message.
The
Speaker
Linear Model of Communication
• Encoding—the process of putting ideas into symbols to carry
a message.
The Speech
Text
The
Speaker
Linear Model of Communication
• Message—ideas communicated verbally and nonverbally.
The Message
The
Speaker
A speaker sends a message to a listener.
Linear Model of Communication
• Listener—the receiver or decoder of the message
The Message
The
Speaker
A speaker sends a message to a listener.
Linear Model of Communication
• Decoding—the process of attaching meanings to symbols
received.
Decoding
The Message
The
Speaker
A speaker sends a message to a listener.
SPEECH PROCESS
SELECTING A
MESSAGE
CHOOSING A
STYLE
GETTING
FEEDBACK
ANALYSING
THE
LISTENERS
ENCODING
THE
MESSAGE
WHILE COMMUNICATING A MESSAGE ORALLY,
SPEAKER CONCERED WITH FIVE FACTORS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Message
Audience
Speech Style
Message Encoding
Feedback
Strategies for good speaking
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•
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Be an active listener
Be a subtle speaker
Speak with clarity
Be simple
Use appropriate pauses
Be polite
Be friendly
Be positive
Be flexible
Be tactful
Do not argue
Be interested
Public Speaking Produces Anxiety in Most People
People’s Biggest Fears
3. Death
2. Snakes
1. Public Speaking
Overcoming Speech Anxiety
• Acknowledge Your Fear
• Act Confident
Overcoming Speech Anxiety
• Practice, Practice, Practice
• Simulate Setting at Home
• Ask Friends to Be Practice Audience
Overcoming Speech Anxiety (con’t)
• Use Deep-breathing Techniques
• Focus on Message, not Fear
Practice takes you from this..
To this….
Characteristics a good speech
• Clarity
• Speaker should be clear in his ideas
• Neither be too brief nor too long
• Should be informative & illuminating
• Should be interesting and it should appeal not only to
the minds of the listeners but also to their hearts.
• Should not be too formal that the personal touch is lost.
• Should convey concrete facts rather than vague or
abstract ideas.
Planning the speeches
• Determine the purpose
• Analyze the audience and the situation
• Choose the main ideas for your message
• Research your topic thoroughly
• Organize the data and write your draft.
• Plan visual aids, if desirable.
• Rehearse the talk and revise where necessary.
Determining the purpose
Each speech has a general and a specific purpose. Usually the
general purpose of business talks is one of these:
- To inform or instruct
- To persuade
- To entertain
Analyses audience and situation
Need to find out size of the group, age range, interests, goals,
occupations(at least in general).
E.g. computer specialists or purchasing agents – can use
appropriate technical expressions and illustrations.
Choose the main ideas for your message
Full concentration should be made on choosing the primary
theme of message. For good message the selection of main
idea is very compulsory.
Research your topic thoroughly
Know your purpose and something about audience interest and
level of understanding – choose the ideas and collect needed
facts.
Organise the data and write your draft
After – gathered all needed information- should organise your
speech and write the draft.
A good speech has three parts
- Introduction (Opening statement)
- Body (Text discussion)
- Summary or Conclusion (end statement)
Plan visual Aids
Meaningful visual aids for display at appropriate times.
most common devices:
- Chalk boards
- white boards
- projectors
Rehearse the talk and revise
After preceding six steps, you are ready to apply them by
rehearsing your talk. Revise wherever improvements are
needed.
To develop confidence, you should know the subject better than
anyone else in the audience.
Audience awareness
Audience awareness
• Desired effect cannot be
achieved from a speech
unless the speaker knows
his/her audience well.
• Audience analysis is an
integral part of delivering
the speech.
• If speaker has analyzed the
audience in proper way
before presentation,- it will
be more effective.
• If audience is large,
presentation should be
more formal whereas
informal presentation can
work in small audience.
Elements of audience awareness
There are four elements pertaining to listeners of informative
speaking should be reviewed:
- The knowledge
- The occasion
- The location
Persuasion
How to get people to do what you want.
Persuasion
• The act of persuading or the power to persuade.
Definition of Persuasion
“When one person is attending to induce change in the belief,
attitude, or behavior in another person, he is in the process of
persuasion”
PERSUASION METHODS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Reciprocity
Consistency
Social proof
Authority
Likeability
Scarcity
Robert B. Cialdini, Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion
(revised; New York: Quill, 1993)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Reciprocity: we want to repay, in kind, what another person has
provided us
Consistency
Social proof
Authority
Likeability
Scarcity
Robert B. Cialdini, Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion
(revised; New York: Quill, 1993)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Reciprocity: we want to repay, in kind, what another person has
provided us
Consistency: desire to be (and to appear) consistent with what
we have already done
Social proof
Authority
Likeability
Scarcity
Robert B. Cialdini, Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion
(revised; New York: Quill, 1993)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Reciprocity: we want to repay, in kind, what another person has
provided us
Consistency: desire to be (and to appear) consistent with what
we have already done
Social proof: to determine what is correct find out what other
people think is correct
Authority
Likeability
Scarcity
Robert B. Cialdini, Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion
(revised; New York: Quill, 1993)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Reciprocity: we want to repay, in kind, what another person has
provided us
Consistency: desire to be (and to appear) consistent with what
we have already done
Social proof: to determine what is correct find out what other
people think is correct
Authority: deep-seated sense of duty to authority
Likeability
Scarcity
Robert B. Cialdini, Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion
(revised; New York: Quill, 1993)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Reciprocity: we want to repay, in kind, what another person has
provided us
Consistency: desire to be (and to appear) consistent with what
we have already done
Social proof: to determine what is correct find out what other
people think is correct
Authority: deep-seated sense of duty to authority
Likeability: we say yes to someone we like
Scarcity
Robert B. Cialdini, Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion
(revised; New York: Quill, 1993)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Reciprocity: we want to repay, in kind, what another person has
provided us
Consistency: desire to be (and to appear) consistent with what
we have already done
Social proof: to determine what is correct find out what other
people think is correct
Authority: deep-seated sense of duty to authority
Likeability: we say yes to someone we like
Scarcity: limitation enhances desirability
Robert B. Cialdini, Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion
(revised; New York: Quill, 1993)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Reciprocity: we want to repay, in kind, what another person has
provided us
Consistency: desire to be (and to appear) consistent with what
we have already done
Social proof: to determine what is correct find out what other
people think is correct
Authority: deep-seated sense of duty to authority
Likeability: we say yes to someone we like
Scarcity: limitation enhances desirability
Robert B. Cialdini, Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion
(revised; New York: Quill, 1993)
Steps for Effective Persuasion
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Understand your audience
Support your opinion
Know the various sides of your issue
Respectfully address other points of view
Find common ground with your audience
Establish your credibility
Persuasive Speech
•A speech designed to change or reinforce the audience’s beliefs or
actions.
•Aims to change others by prompting them to think, feel, believe or act
differently.
Characteristics of Persuasive Speech
1. Involves multiple
communicators
2. Persuasion is not
coercion or force
3. Persuasive impact
usually is gradual and
incremental
Hierarchy of needs and speaking
What Is Motivation?
• Motivation
– Is the result of an interaction between the person and a
situation; it is not a personal trait.
– Is the process by which a person’s efforts are energized,
directed, and sustained towards attaining a goal.
• Energy: a measure of intensity or drive.
• Direction: toward organizational goals
• Persistence: exerting effort to achieve goals.
– Motivation works best when individual needs are
compatible with organizational goals.
© 2007 Prentice Hall,
Inc. All rights reserved.
16–88
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
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•
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•
Self-Actualization
Esteem
Love
Safety
Physiological
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
MOST NEEDS HAVE TO DO WITH
SURVIVAL PHYSICALLY AND
PSYCHOLOGICALLY
PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
ON THE WHOLE AN INDIVIDUAL
CANNOT SATISFY ANY LEVEL
UNLESS NEEDS BELOW ARE
SATISFIED
SAFETY NEEDS
PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
LOVE, AFFECTION, AND
BELONGINGNESS NEEDS
SAFETY NEEDS
PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
ESTEEM NEEDS
LOVE, AFFECTION, AND
BELONGINGNESS NEEDS
SAFETY NEEDS
PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
NEED
FOR
SELF-
ACTUALIZATION
MASLOW EMPHASIZES NEED
FOR SELF
ACTUALIZATION IS
A HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL’S
PRIME
MOTIVATION
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
NEED
FOR
SELF-
ACTUALIZATION
MASLOW EMPHASIZES NEED FOR SELF
ACTUALIZATION IS
A HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL’S PRIME
MOTIVATION
SELF-ACTUALIZATION MEANS
ACTUALIZING
ONE’S POTENTIAL BECOMING ALL ONE IS
CAPABLE OF BECOMING
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
NEED
SELFACTUALIZATION
ESTEEM NEEDS
LOVE, AFFECTION, AND
BELONGINGNESS NEEDS
SAFETY NEEDS
PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS
McGregor’s Assumptions
About People Based on Theory X
• Naturally indolent
• Lack ambition, dislike responsibility, and
prefer to be led
• Inherently self-centered and indifferent to
organizational needs
• Naturally resistant to change
• Gullible, not bright, ready dupes
McGregor’s Assumptions
About People Based on Theory Y
• Experiences in organizations result in passive and resistant
behaviors; they are not inherent
• Motivation, development potential, capacity for assuming
responsibility, readiness to direct behavior toward
organizational goals are present in people
• Management’s task—arrange conditions and operational
methods so people can achieve their own goals by
directing efforts to organizational goals
Interviewing
Introduction
• The word “interview ” means “view between "or “sight
between”
• Two persons for the persons for the purpose of getting a view
of each other, or for knowing each other.
• There are two parties to any interview
1. Interviewer
2. interviewee
Interview techniques
•
•
•
•
•
•
Screening
Random appearance
Tests
Group discussions
Experience
Stress interview
How to attend interview ?
Interviewee’s preparation for the interview
If you are an interviewee, you should prepare yourself on the
following
- know yourself
- know the company
- prepare for questions
- prepare the questions that you would like to ask.
Arriving for the interview
- Dress appropriately
- Take with you your
certificate
- Arrive for the interview
in time
Staging and conducting effective interviews
Preparing for the interview includes the following:
- Content
- Resume
- strategy
- Environment
- Timing of interview
- seating arrangement
Conducting the interview
-
Opening of interview
Building positive relationship
Explain the purpose of interview
A word about the type of questions to be asked.
Participating in discussion
What is discussion?
“Discussion means an activity in which a subject or theme is
thoroughly shaken, inquired into or examined in order to reach
a satisfactory conclusion”.
We often find people discussing various social, economic, and
political issues.
These discussion might be
- Formal
- Informal
Group discussion
Group – collection of people. Single person cannot constitute a
group.
Group discussion is a systematic oral exchange of information,
views, and opinions about a topic, issues, problem, or situation
among members of a group who share certain common
objectives.
Types of groups
- Formal groups
It is formed with approval of management and enjoy full
official backing and support.
It follows formal rules and regulations.
- Informal groups
Formed on account of informal relationships among
people.
these groups are not a part of the organizational
structure , goals and activities related directly to organisational
goals.
Characteristics of a group
- Group goals
Group goals defined the purpose for which a group is
formed.
Without a specific purpose, a group would simply be a
collection of people.
- Group pattern of communication
It refers to the channels of communication among the
members.
It indicates whether these channels are formal or informal,
verbal or non-verbal.
Characteristics of a group
- Group norms
Group norms are patterns of behavior
formulated and enforced by the members of the group.
Norms are developed through interaction
among the members.
- Group structure
The structure refers to the roles to be played by
the members.
The leader has a specific role as a mentor,
guide and motivator.
- Group climate
Group climate suggests the emotional atmosphere
prevailing among the members of the group.
Ingredients of discussion
Given below are the ingredients of discussion:
- Purpose
Unless there is a clear purpose there will not
be any discussion.
No organization can afford to waste its
precious time in aimless talking.
Unless there is a clearly stated purpose the
participants are likely to skip from one topic to another,
and that will defect the purpose of group decisionmaking.
- Planning
Planning in advance is the second essential
ingredient of discussion.
113
Nothing can be achieved without planning.
- Participation
Each individual member of a group is
supposed to contribute to the deliberations of the group.
That is why a group discussion has been
defined as “the cooperative pooling of all available
information”
- Informality
Informality and cordiality are essential to
encourage the fullest possible participation.
- Leadership
every group discussion has to be piloted by a leader.
In the absence of leader the whole activity may run
haywire.
DEBATE
Debate is a formal method of presenting arguments in
support and against a given issues in which debaters present
reasons and evidence to persuade an audience or a group of
judges.
Debate governed by some explicit rules.
Informal debates occurs in many places. Everyone been
in heated debates with friends or family members.
Quality and depth of debate improves with knowledge
and skills of its participants.
Debating is a formal method of interactive and
representational argument.
BENEFITS OF DEBATING
• Cultivates quick and multi-dimensional, logical thinking.
• Enhances the ability to develop reasoned opinions.
• Gives a better understanding of the current events and the
world around us.
• Improves self-confidence, speaking style and command of
language.
• Enriches your overall leadership qualities.
GOOD DEBATERS POSSESS
• Good knowledge of current issues.
• Ability to generate ideas.
• Ability to think critically and logically.
• Ability to present the ideas systematically.
• Ability to handle culturally diverse and challenging situations
with great ease and to one’s their (own) enjoyment.
TWO SIDES
Every debate has two sides.
AFFIRMATIVE
This side says that the
topic statement is
correct.
NEGATIVE
This side says that the
topic statement is
wrong.
STRUCTURE
Both people need a turn to speak!
There are many different kinds of debate… Here is one example:
Debate
Affirmative Argument
A speaker
makes the
argument that
supports the
debate topic.
STRUCTURE
Both people need a turn to speak!
There are many different kinds of debate… Here is one example:
Debate
Affirmative Argument
Cross Examination
The negative
side asks the
affirmative side
questions
about their
argument.
STRUCTURE
Both people need a turn to speak!
There are many different kinds of debate… Here is one example:
Debate
Affirmative Argument
Cross Examination
Negative Argument
A speaker
makes the
argument that
goes against
the debate
topic.
STRUCTURE
Both people need a turn to speak!
There are many different kinds of debate… Here is one example:
Lincoln Douglas Debate
Affirmative Argument
Cross Examination
Negative Argument
Cross Examination
The affirmative
side asks the
negative side
questions
about their
argument
STRUCTURE
Both people need a turn to speak!
There are many different kinds of debate… Here is one example:
Debate
Affirmative Argument
Cross Examination
Negative Argument
Cross Examination
Affirmative Rebuttal
The affirmative
side “rebuts”
the negative
side’s
argument.
STRUCTURE
Both people need a turn to speak!
There are many different kinds of debate… Here is one example:
Debate
Affirmative Argument
Cross Examination
Negative Argument
Cross Examination
Affirmative Rebuttal
Negative Rebuttal
The negative
side rebuts the
affirmative
argument.
STRUCTURE
Both people need a turn to speak!
There are many different kinds of debate… Here is one example:
Debate
Affirmative Argument
Cross Examination
Negative Argument
Cross Examination
Affirmative Rebuttal
Negative Rebuttal
Second Affirmative Rebuttal
The affirmative
side gets one
last chance to
make a
rebuttal.
Preparation for debate
- Coming up with ideas on the topic
- Researching the topic and evidence.
- formulate arguments.
- Developing debate cases.
- Dividing tasks and responsibilities.
- Developing style, organization and delivery.
Conference
More organizations, private, governments, nongovernmental, multinational, academic and scientific- are
holding periodic, mostly annual, conferences/ convention/,
primarily with a view to having information update.
The word conference has been derived
from “confer "that means ‘to consult together', ‘compare
opinions’, ‘carry on a discussion’
Types of conference
•
•
•
Conference of the salesman
Conference for training a new employees
Conference for discussing common problems
Purpose of conference
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•
•
•
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•
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Co-ordinate activities
Build morale
Secure agreement
Solve problem
Exchange information
Initiate policy
Products launch
Presentation skills
A presentation is a commitment by presenter to help the audience do
something, to solve a problem.
Presentation is a process through which the presenter presents some things,
thoughts, ideas, products, information, reports, findings, etc to some
individual or a group of individuals, with a definite purpose and clear goal
in mind.
Features of a good presentation
• Contents matching the audience: In a good presentation, the ideas are
appropriate to the audience.
• Language matching the audience: language used also should match the
audience. Technical language in a presentation to a non – technical
audience.
• Brevity: A good presentation is brief. Not to exceed twelve to fifteen
minutes unless the presentation is interactive.
• Smooth sequence: A effective presentation has all ideas sequenced well.
• Signs of presentation and mastery: statistical information, illustrative
cases, and visual aids are some of the external signs of presentation.
• Lively delivery: eye contact with whole audience
• Appropriate Humor: making people to laugh. Humor has a way of
disarming opposition. It can cut painlessly.
Factors affecting presentation
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Audience analysis
communication environment
personal appearance
use of visuals
opening and closing of presentation
organization of presentation
Structure of presentation
Particulars
Minutes
Introduction
3 minutes
Main body
15 minutes
Conclusion
2 minutes
Questions and answers
10 minutes
Paralinguistic features in presentation
• Body language includes personality, appearance,
good grooming, clothing and movements. Personality
is greatly influenced by posture, that is, the manner of
standing, sitting and walking and what is carried in
the hands.
Suggestion for taking care of body language
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Comfortable posture
Eye contact
Movements
Facial expression and gestures
Voice
Pauses
Health
Fluency development strategies
• Articulation : In order to speak English fluently, clearly and
confidently, articulation has to be improved.
• Good pronunciation : An important aspect of improving
expression is learning good pronunciation. It is the manner of
uttering.
• voice quality : It is essential to refine the quality of one’s
voice and learn to adjust or vary its tone or pitch.
• Accent and intonation: syllabic – English is a stressed
language