Download Chapter 26 Section 1 Power Point

Modern US History
“The War Begins”
Chapter 26, Section 1
A Global Depression
• When depression hit the U.S.,
American bankers demanded loans to
Europe be repaid, U.S bought fewer
goods from Europe, and U.S. raised
tariffs on goods from Europe (all of
these hurt Europe’s economy)
• Other nations raised their tariffs, too,
and world trade dropped 65%
• Nations with war debt hit especially
hard (Germany, Austria)
• Prices dropped on far exports around
the world as demand fell
Rise of Dictators
• Desperate to end the hard times of
the worldwide depression, people
were willing to give up individual
rights to powerful leaders
• Totalitarianism – a political system
adopted by many European nations
in the 1920s and 1930s in which the
gov’t controls every aspect of
peoples’ lives
• By the mid-1930s, Germany and Italy
seemed bent on military conquest
• The major democracies—Britain,
France, and the United States—were
distracted by economic problems at
home and longed to remain at peace
• With the world moving toward war,
many nations pinned their hopes for
peace on the League of Nations
TOTALITARIANISM
(a govt. that has total control over its people)
Communism
• government
owns the
businesses and
land
• Soviet Union
Shared
Characteristics
• extreme
nationalism
• one strong leader
• one political party
• strong military
• secret police
• censorship
• propaganda
• indoctrination
(teaching young
people accepted
ideas of the govt.)
Fascism
• individual
people own the
businesses and
land
• Germany, Italy
Mussolini Rises to
Power in Italy
• Benito Mussolini – a
newspaperman and politician
began the Fascist Party in 1919
• His black shirt supporters fought
with communists on the streets
• He won the support of the middle
class by playing upon their fears
of a communist workers revolt
• In 1922 Mussolini became leader
of Italy as Italians looked for a
strong leader to bring stability
during the rough economic times
Mussolini as
Leader of Italy
• Mussolini became known as “Il Duce” – the
leader
• Fascism – political system 1st put into place in
Italy under Mussolini in which the state (gov’t) is
seen as more important than individuals
• Mussolini’s fascist gov’t restored order, improved
the economy, through public works projects, and
crushed opposition
• Abolished democracy and had a secret police
• Outlawed all political parties except the
Fascists
• Used censorship and propaganda
• Outlawed strikes
• As strong as his Fascist gov’t was, Mussolini never
had total control like Hitler or Stalin
Mussolini Attacks Ethiopia
• Ethiopia was one of Africa’s three
independent nations
• Mussolini attacked Ethiopia in revenge
for a failed attempt of Italy so set up a
colony in the 1890s
• The Ethiopian emperor, Haile Selassie,
urgently appealed to the League for
help
• The League condemned the attack, but
did nothing
• Britain controlled the Suez Canal, but
let Italy through with ships and
supplies in order to keep the peace
Hitler Before Nazi Party
• He was born in Austria
• His mother died in 1907 and Hitler was
broke and homeless
• He moved to Munich, Germany and
volunteered to serve in the German
Army during WWI
• He earned the Iron Cross for bravery
twice during the war
• He believed the German army was not
defeated on the battle field but had
been stabbed in the back by politicians
who signed the armistice and the Treaty
of Versailles
• He stayed in the army for awhile and
got involved in minor political groups
when he got out (and soon joined the
Nazi Party)
Nazi Party
• The Nazis were a tiny right-wing political
group centered in the city of Munich
• They were named the National Socialist
German Workers’ Party (Nazis for short)
• Nazis believed Germany had to overturn
the Treaty of Versailles and combat
communism
• They built up a private militia called the
storm troopers or Brown Shirts
• They created a German brand of fascism
• Used the Swastika as their symbol
• Adolf Hitler quickly became its leader
(der Fuhrer) due to his skill as an
organizer and speaker
Soviet Russia
Stalin
• The founder of the Soviet Union, Vladimir
Lenin, suffered a stroke in 1922 and died in
1924
• Two leaders emerged that vied for power in
the USSR after Lenin
• Joseph Stalin – became general secretary of
the Communist Party
• Leon Trotsky – leader of the Red Army during
the Russian Civil War
• Stalin worked behind the scenes to put
supporters into positions of power
• After Lenin died Stalin gradually took control
of the party
• Trotsky was sent into exile in 1929
(assassinated in 1940 in Mexico on Stalin’s
orders)
Trotsky
Japan’s Democratic Government
• During the 1920s, the Japanese government
became more democratic
• In 1922, Japan signed an international treaty
agreeing to respect China’s borders
• In 1928, it signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact
renouncing war
• Japan’s parliamentary system had several
weaknesses,
• strict limits on the powers of the prime
minister and the cabinet
• civilian leaders had little control over the
military
• Military leaders reported only to the
emperor
Campaign Poster
for a 1928 election
In Japan
Militarists Take Control of Japan
• During prosperity the civilian government kept
power, but when the Great Depression struck in
1929, many Japanese blamed the government
• Military leaders gained support, and took control
of the country
• Militarists wanted to restore traditional control
of the government to the military
• Militarists made the emperor the symbol of state
power
• Emperor Hirohito as head of state won popular
support for the army leaders who ruled in his
name
• Japan’s militarists were extreme nationalists.
They wanted to solve the country’s economic
problems through foreign expansion
Japan Invades Manchuria & China
• Pacific empire included a conquered China to
get raw materials, markets and room for
expansion
• Japanese businesses had invested heavily in
Manchuria (rich in iron and coal)
• 1931—the Japanese army seized Manchuria
and set up a puppet government
• Japanese engineers and technicians began
arriving in large numbers to build mines and
factories
• Four years after Japan took Manchuria
Japanese forces swept into northern China
• China’s army led by Jiang Jieshi was no match
for the better equipped and trained Japanese
Hitler Gains Power Legally
• Hitler was jailed for attempting to
overthrow the gov’t in 1923
• After he left jail he revived the Nazi Party
• The Nazis were mostly ignored during
Germany’s postwar recovery
• When the Great Depression hit the
German economy collapsed and civil
unrest broke out
• Frightened and confused Germans looked
for a strong leader to get them out of the
bad economic times
• The Nazis gradually grew in power at this
time
Hitler Gains
Power Legally
• Nazis became the largest political party in
Germany by 1932
• Conservative leaders thought they could
control Hitler and use him for their purposes
• These leaders advised President Paul von
Hindenburg to name Hitler as chancellor,
which he did in early 1933
• Hitler wanted to avenge Germany’s defeat in
WWI and build an empire of Germanspeaking people in Europe
• “Lebensraum” – living space
• To do so he would need to conquer
neighboring territories
Hitler’s Totalitarian Control
• Banned all other political parties
• Had opponents arrested and thousands
murdered
• SS – secret police loyal directly to
Hitler (eventually carried out the
Holocaust)
• Gestapo – secret police for the Nazi
Party
• Censorship led to book burnings
• Churches were forbidden to criticize the
government
• Schoolchildren had to join the Hitler
Youth or the League of German Girls
Nazis Take Command of the Economy
• Banned strikes and unions
• Government closely regulated
workers and businesses
• Gov’t constructed factories and
highways
• Number of unemployed
dropped from 6 million to 1.5
million by 1936
Hitler Defies Versailles Treaty
• Hitler had long pledged to undo the
Versailles Treaty
• The treaty limited the size of
Germany’s army
• In March 1935, Hitler announced that
Germany would not obey these
restrictions
• The League issued only a mild
condemnation
• Hitler then re-militarized the
Rhineland (an industrial region on the
border with France), which was
forbidden by the Versailles Treaty to
create a buffer between France and
Germany
Importance of Re-arming the Rhineland
France
• The German reoccupation of the
Rhineland marked a turning point in
the march toward war
• First, it strengthened Hitler’s power
and prestige within Germany
• Second, the balance of power
changed in Germany’s favor
• France and Belgium were now open
to attack from German troops
• Finally, the weak response by
France and Britain encouraged
Hitler to speed up his expansion
Appeasing the Axis Powers
• Stunned by the German rearming of the
Rhineland, the French and British were
unwilling to risk war
• Appeasement – giving in to an aggressor to
keep peace
• Hitler’s growing strength convinced
Mussolini that he should seek an alliance
with Germany
• In October 1936, the two dictators reached
an agreement that became known as the
Rome-Berlin Axis
• A month later, Germany also made an
agreement with Japan
• Together Germany, Italy, and Japan came to
be called the Axis Powers
The German Reich Expands
• On November 5, 1937, Hitler
announced to his advisers his plans to
absorb Austria and Czechoslovakia into
the Third Reich , or German Empire
• The Treaty of Versailles prohibited
Anschluss, or a union between Austria
and Germany
• However, many Austrians supported
unity with Germany
• In March 1938, Hitler sent his army
into Austria and annexed it
• France and Britain ignored their pledge
to protect Austrian independence
The German Reich Expands
• Hitler next turned to Czechoslovakia
• About three million German-speaking
people lived in the western border regions
of Czechoslovakia called the Sudetenland
• This heavily fortified area formed the
Czechs’ main defense against Germany
• The Anschluss raised pro-Nazi feelings
among Sudeten Germans
• In September 1938, Hitler demanded that
the Sudetenland be given to Germany
• The Czechs refused and asked France for
help
AUSTRIA
Munich Conference
• France and Britain were preparing for
war when Mussolini proposed a
meeting of Germany, France, Britain,
and Italy in Munich, Germany
• The Munich Conference was held on
September 29, 1938
• The Czechs were not invited
• British prime minister Neville
Chamberlain believed that he could
preserve peace by giving in to Hitler’s
demand
• Britain and France agreed that Hitler
could take the Sudetenland
• In exchange, Hitler pledged to respect
Czechoslovakia’s new borders
Britain and France Again
Choose Appeasement
• When Chamberlain returned to
London, he told cheering
crowds, “I believe it is peace for
our time.”
• Winston Churchill, then a
member of the British
Parliament, strongly disagreed.
• He opposed the appeasement
policy and gloomily warned of
its consequences:
Germany Takes Czechoslovakia
• Less than six months after the Munich
meeting, Hitler took Czechoslovakia
• Soon after, Mussolini seized Albania
• Then Hitler demanded that Poland return
the former German port of Danzig
• The Poles refused and turned to Britain
and France for aid
• But appeasement had convinced Hitler
that neither nation would risk war
Non-Aggression Pact
• Nonaggression pact—Germans and
Soviets agree not to fight each other. This
was known as the “Molotov-Ribbentrop
Pact” signed in 1939
• Stalin was upset he was left out of the
Munich Conference
• Agreement includes secret deal to split
Poland, and allows the USSR to take
Finland and the Baltic States
Ribbentrop and Stalin at
the signing of the Pact
Blitzkrieg on Poland
• Germany’s Lightning Attack
• September 1, 1939—Hitler
launches invasion of Poland
• Britain, France declare war on
Germany, but Poland falls quickly
• Blitzkrieg—lightning war—
Germany’s new military strategy
• Planes and artillery bomb ahead
of tanks, infantry trucks
• used to surprise enemy and
quickly conquer
• How different than WWI?
Territories Taken by Stalin (#3)
“Sitzkrieg”
• The Phony War
• French, British mobilize
along French border, wait
for German attack
• Many months of no
action along western
front—the “phony war”
• The period of in action
ends in April 1940 when
Hitler unexpectedly
attacks and quickly
captures Denmark and
Norway
Western Front
• Further Gains by Germans
• May 1940—Germany conquers
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg
• Meanwhile, another German force swings
through the Ardennes Forest into France
• Soon after, German army reaches French
coast
• The German force was extended in a long
thin line, with the Panzer tanks ahead,
and the infantry trying to catch up
• The Germans decided to wait for the
infantry to catch up before turning
toward the north to cut off British and
French forces at Dunkirk
Dunkirk Evacuation
• Rescue at Dunkirk
• German forces trap
British, French on
coast of Dunkirk
• British Navy and
civilians take ships
across the English
Channel to rescue
soldiers
British troops evacuating
Dunkirk's beaches. Many stood
shoulder deep in water for hours,
waiting to board the warships.
The Fall of France
• France Falls
• After the evacuation of
Allied forces at Dunkirk, the
Germans could turn south
toward Paris without
resistance
• Paris was taken by June 14,
1940
• France surrenders to
Germany on June 22, 1940
• France was defeated in less
than 2 months
France After Fall to Germany
• After the surrender, the Germans took direct
control of the northern portion of France
• Vichy France – A puppet government was set
up in the southern portion of France with the
gov’t located in the city of Vichy, France
• Charles de Gaulle – a French general who set
up a government-in-exile in London (known
as the Free French government) that
organized opposition to Germany, including a
new French army that eventually returned to
fight the Germans when France was liberated
• Résistance – an underground group that
fought against German occupation of France
The Battle of Britain
• Germany plans invasion of Britain; begins with air
attacks in 1940 to knock out Royal Air Force (RAF)
• Then Germany planned to invade with 250,000 soldiers
• British use air force, radar, and code-breaking (with
smuggled Enigma code machine) to resist Germany
• Battle of Britain—Air war over Britain that lasted
almost a year until May 1941
• Stunned by British resistance, Hitler calls off attacks
A pair of British 264
Squadron Defiants
Aircraft spotter on the roof
of a building in London.
St. Paul's Cathedral is in
the background.
The Battle of Britain
Standing up gloriously out of the flames and smoke of
surrounding buildings, St. Paul's Cathedral is pictured
during the great fire raid of Sunday December 29, 1940.
Children of an eastern suburb of London, who have been made
homeless by the random bombs of the Nazi night raiders, waiting
outside the wreckage of what was their home." September 1940.
Winston Churchill’s Leadership
• Winston Churchill—
becomes British prime
minister and vows no
surrender
• His broadcasted
speeches rallied the
people behind the effort
to defeat Germany
Winston Churchill giving his
famous 'V' for victory sign