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10.2 Revolutions and Their Effects By Alysha Tucker Tanya Nazarian Mathew Sandavol Gurpinder Singh 10.2.1 : Chapter 6 : Section 2 The Enlightenment in Europe John Locke -English philosopher -Gave Americans the idea of "Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness". - Locke’s thought people had the right to rebel against a corrupt government; and to enjoy natural rights. -One of the few men to believe woman should have equal rights. -Inspired Thomas Jefferson GREATLY. -His inspiration is reflected in the American Declaration of Independence. John Locke : 1632-1704 10.2.1 : Chapter 6 : Section 2 The Enlightenment in Europe Rousseau -French Philosopher -Rousseau thought advancements in technology (such as industrialization and machines, or weapons, were degrading and ultimately the source of our worlds problems. -The Social Contract (1762) was Rousseau's creation. -His thinking affected the way our society still runs today, expecting our president or "ruler" protecting us from violence and other harms as one of his many responsibilities. Rousseau 1712-1778 10.2.1 : Chapter 6 : Section 2 The Enlightenment in Europe Montesquieu -French Philosopher - Idea of dividing government power into three branches the "separation of powers.” - His ideas about separation of powers became the basis for the United States Constitution. - Montesquieu approved of slavery. He also thought that women were not equal to men. - Helped change ideas of liberty and forms of government, which contributed to the start of the French Revolution The three separation of powers montesquieu established. 10.2.1 : Chapter 8 : Section 1 Latin American Wins Independence. Simon Bolivar -Liberated several countries in South America. -He was one of the most powerful figures in world political history. He led the independence movement for six nations ; Venezuela, Columbia, Panama, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. -Bolivar was intrigued by the French and American Revolutions. -His enlightened thinking, and rebellious thoughts helped give millions of people freedom. -“It is harder to release a nation from servitude than to enslave a free nation.” —Simon Bolivar Meeting between Bolivar & San Martin Comparing Ideas From Chapter 6 Section 2 & Chapter 8 Section 1 Rousseau Bolivar John Locke Montesquieu All of these Philosophers had things in common such as… •They all fought for the common man’s rights •They believed Government was ok but powers had to be limited 10.2.2 : Prologue : Section 3 Democracy Develops in England Magna Carta -The major source of traditional English Respect for individual rights and liberties. -Implied the idea that monarchs had no right to rule in any way they pleased. -They had to govern according to law. -Taxes had to be collected by the consent of the kingdom before taxing us. The original Magna Carta above. 10. 2.2 : Chapter 5 : Section 5 Parliament Limits English Monarchy English Bill of Rights -Limited the monarchy’s power and protected free speech in parliament. -Did not allow the monarch to suspend the laws. -Made the limits of royal power clear. A copy of a small portion of the “English Bill of Rights”. 10. 2.2 :Chapter 6 : Section 4 The American Revolution The American Deceleration of Independence 10.2.2 : Chapter 6 : Section 4 The American Revolution U.S Bill of Rights -Gave Americans freedom of speech, press, assembly, and religion --The anti-federalists felt that the constitution gave government too much power and wanted to protect rights of individual citizens -The constitution needed approval before this document was published. --Rousseau helped form these ideas. This is the U.S Bill of Rights, which we still follow today. 10.2.2 : Chapter 7 : Section 2 Revolution Brings Reform And Terror Declaration of Rights of Man and The Citizen -Nobody may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation. -Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society. -No person shall be accused, arrested, or imprisoned except in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law. -The main rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. A copy of the FDRMC -Society has the right to require of every public agent an account of his administration. 10.2.3 Chapter 6 Sec.4 The American Revolution Pg. 206-211 In 1651 British Parliament passes Navigation Act This along with other trade laws stopped Americans from selling their most valuable products to any country Colonist had to pay high taxes on French and Dutch goods In 1754 war broke out between French and Americans called the French and Indian War This put Britain in debt They expected colonists to pay The British government passed Stamp Act It said colonist had to pay tax to put an official stamp on wills, deeds, newspapers, and other printed manterials The Americans never paid taxes directly to British gov. They accused the government of “taxation without representation The Stamps of the Stamp Act 10.2.3 Chapter 6 Sec.4 The American Revolution continued Pg. 206-211 The hostility between the British and Americans grew The Boston Tea Party, Americans dumped British tea into the ocean First Continental Congress met to protest the treatment of Boston King didn’t pay attention to them They formed Second Continental Congress to discuss their next move On April 19, 1775, American and British soldiers exchange gunfire Revolutions starts Americans win for four reason 1) their willingness to fight Show American Tropps 2) overconfidence of British army 3) British were involved in another war 4) had help from the French and British troops fighting 10.2.3 Influence of American Revolution The ideas of life, liberty, and property spread from this revolution Also the freedom of the individual Every man is born free and equal Democracy The American Revolution 10.2.4 Chapter 7 Sec.1 The French Revolution Pg.217-221 Causes for Revolution -Enlightenment ideas -Economic troubles: high taxes, made business almost unprofitable -debt, caused by spending of the king and queen, and -money barrowed money to help american revolutionaries The estates -1st estate: made of clergy -2nd estate: made of rich nobles -3rd estate: made of bourgeoisie, urban lower class, and peasant farmers -2nd class paid 0% of income tax 1st class paid 2% 3rd class paid 50% Population of The Estates 1% 2% 1st estate 2nd estate 3rd estate 97% 10.2.4 Chapter 7 Sec. Storming 1 continued of the Bastille Pg.217-221 In 1789, King Louis calls for meeting of Estates-General Delegates from each estate came 3rd estates named themselves National Assembly 3rd estate wanted end to absolute monarchy Tennis Court Oath- stayed until new constitution formed Storming of Bastille: on July 14 mob storms the Bastille and takes gunpowder and arms Great Fear: -rebellion spreads to countryside -rumors nobles hire outlaws to terrorize peasants, senseless chaos and panic Mob takes guns and arms from the prison 10.2.4 Chapter 7 Sec. 2 Revolution Brings Reform and Terror Pg. 222-227 The Assembly Brings Reform Three weeks after oath, National Assembly adopts the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen This document said "men are born and remain free and equal in rights” These rights included, “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression” It also included freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and citizens equal justice Took church lands and the assembly said church officials were to be elected and paid as state officials This action was opposed by peasants Louis XVI was advised to escape by his advisers He tried but got caught near France, Austrian Netherlands border The Government •National Assembly creates Legislative Assembly •Divided into 3 groups: Radicals (wanted a lot of changes, completely opposed monarchy), Moderates (wanted some changes, not as much as radicals), Conservatives (wanted few changes) National Assembly -dicussing the ideas for new government 10.2.4 Chapter 7 Sec. 2 continued Pg.217-221 War and Reform Other European countries feared revolution They sent troops to put the french king back into power Rumors spread about supporters of king getting out of prison Citizens of France take law into their own hands and kill 1000 prisoners Radical use moment and push for no king Legislative Assembly puts end to king, and called for new legislature National Convention took its place Most people involved in these changes were Jacobins They were radicals National Convention put Louis XVI to trial and found him guilty of treason He was sentenced to death by the guillotine The Guillotin -helped make killing more quck and efficient 10.2.4 Chapter 7 Sec. 2 continued Pg.217-221 The Terror In early 1793, Maximilien Robepierre started coming into power Him and his supporters set out to make “republic of virtue” They wanted to wipe out France’s past Made new calendars without Sundays His peroid of rule became known as Reign of Terror He killled people who were less radical than him National Convention turned on him Arrested him and sent him to death Maximilien Robepierre -brought the peroid known as the reign of terror 10.2.4 Chapter 7 Sec. 3 Napoleon Forges an Empire Pg. 229-233 Napoleon Gets Power First he defended delegates of the National Convention from royalists Then won a series of battles in Italy Was defeated by British in Egypt but kept it out of news In 1799, Directory lost power and Napoleon took cantrol In 1800, a plebiscite, vote of the people They voted to put Napoleon into power He set up a efficient tax system and national banking system Set up lycees, government run public-schools Signed concordat, or agreement, with pope It said gov. knowns influence of the church, but the church can’t interfere with national affairs This makes him popular with the church and french people Made the Napoleonic Code The laws limited liberty and promoted order over individual rights In 1804 Napoleon wanted to be emporeor and the french people supported him Napoleon 10.2.4 Chapter 7 Sec. 3 continued Pg. 229-233 Napoleon’s Empire A revolt started in Santa Domingue Napoleon sent troops to repress it and take back the colony The French lost To cut losses Napoleon sold the Louisana Territory to the U.S for $15 million So, after loss in the new world. he turned to take over europe After winning a few battles he made the rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia sign peace treaties In 1805 he lost the Battle of Trafalgar to the british comander Horatio Nelson This proved British dominance at sea and made Napoleon’s men not want to invade England By 1812, only Portugal, England, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire were free from his rule Napoleon was only able to maintain his empire from 1807-1812 Shows the French Empire at its golden age 10.2.5 Chapter 8 Sec.2 Nationalism Pg. 253-257 Nationalism is the belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be a king or empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history Most people that believed in these ideas were liberals or radicals Liberals- middle class business leaders and merchants, wanted to give more power to elected parliament but only educated and wealthy could vote Spread of Nationalism Shows nationalist countries eating the world, representing its spread 10.2.5 Chapter 7 Sec.5 The Congress of Vienna Pg. 238-241 Congress of Vienna was a series of meeting in Vienna Klemens von Metternich was the most influential person at the meetings He was the foreign minister for Austria He wanted to stop future violence from France by surrounding it by strong countries Second, he wanted a balance of power, so that no country could be a threat to others The great powers affirmed legitimacy, agreeing to put the king taken out by Napoleon back to their thrones Congress of Vienna Representatives meeting 10.2.5 Chapter 7 Sec.5 Formation of Alliances Pg. 238-241 Rulers of Europe were worried about the legacy of the French Revolution They feared ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity would spread to other countries In late 1815, Czar Alexander I, Emperor Francis I of Austria, and King Frederick William III of Prussia signed agreement called the Holy Alliance In the agreement they pledged to base their relation with other nations based on Christian principles to avoid revolution Metternich devised many alliances called the Concert of Europe The concert ensured that nations will help each other to stop revolutions Shows three rulers of the Holy Alliance 10.2.5 Chapter 8 Sec.2 Failed Revolutions Pg. 253-257 In 1830s nationalist worked to unite many separate states under Italy Metternich sent troops in order to supress the revolutionaries Other revolutions in the 1830s were crushed like this to In 1848 the revolutions failed to unite and did not start Klemens von Metternich