Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Unit 6: World Wars and Revolutions: 1905 – 1945 Wars unlike history had ever seen before filled the first half of the 20th century. World War I and World War II were large and devastating. Millions of people were killed or injured. You will learn how World War I began in 1914 and lasted four long years. During this time, a revolution started in Russia. You will see how and why it started. After World War I, you will see how World War II started in 1939. After World War II, you will see how the United Nations formed. You will also learn how this organization got involved in a war in Korea in 1950 to try to prevent the spread of Communism. Chapters in Unit 6 Chapter 25: World War I and the Russian Revolution: 1905–1919 612 Chapter 26: Nationalism, Revolution, and Totalitarianism Around the World: 1911–1939 640 Chapter 27: World War II and Its Aftermath: 1939–1945 666 612 Chapter 25: World War I and the Russian Revolution: 1905 – 1919 You learned about imperialism, nationalism, and militarism in earlier chapters. Now you will see how these caused World War I. This war was unlike any before it. It featured modern weapons, terrible fighting conditions, and great loss of life. In this chapter, you will learn how it started, how it was fought, how it ended, and what it meant for those involved. You will also learn how powerful groups started a revolution in Russia. Goals for Learning To explain how imperialism, nationalism, and militarism caused war To identify the countries that fought in the war To describe the different goals the Big Four powers had at the peace conference To describe the social, economic, and political effects of World War I To describe life in czarist Russia To list the causes and effects of the Revolution of 1905 613 Europe During World War I Map Skills: During World War I, Europe was divided into two alliances. Germany and Austria-Hungary were the major Central Powers. France, Russia, and Great Britain were the main Allied Powers. Some countries were neutral. That is, they took neither side. This map shows the central, allied, and neutral powers in Europe during World War I. It also shows the western front. Study the map and answer the following questions: 1. To what alliance did Italy belong? 2. To what alliance did Bulgaria belong? 3. Where was the western front? 4. What are the names of three neutral countries shown on this map? 5. German U-boats were an important weapon against British naval power. In what sea would they have been most effective? 614 Reading Strategy: Text Structure Readers can look at the organization of the text to help them identify the most important information. Before you begin reading this chapter, look at the chapter title, the names of the lessons and the sections, the boldfaced words, and photographs. You will notice that the section titles are in the form of questions. The answer to each question is provided in the paragraph(s) in that section. In this way, the text is structured in a question and answer format. Key Vocabulary Words Lesson 1 Rival: One who tries to outdo another country or person Lesson 2 Central Powers: The allied nations of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria Allied Powers: The allied nations of Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and eventually, the United States and Japan Trench: A long narrow ditch Barbed wire: Wire that has sharp metal spikes on it Unrestricted warfare: War that is not limited to a certain area or boundary Armistice: An agreement to stop fighting Lesson 3 Reparation: Payment for war damage Treaty of Versailles: The treaty that ended World War I League of Nations: A group of leaders from many nations who met to solve problems between countries Lesson 5 Autocracy: A government in which one person rules with unlimited power Standard of living: A way to judge how well a person or a family is living Democratic: Having to do with a government in which all people have equal rights Duma: The Russian parliament Lesson 6 Abdicate: To give up power as a ruler Socialism: An economic and political theory in which the government owns and controls the major means of production 615 Lesson 1: The Causes of the War Objectives To explain how mistrust of one another led powerful nations to build bigger militaries To identify the event that directly started the war Reading Strategy: Text Structure Preview this lesson. Notice the headings, features, and boldfaced words. Rival One who tries to outdo another country or person In Chapter 24, you read about the powerful imperialistic nations of France, Great Britain, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Russia. These imperialistic powers did not have equal shares of land and riches, so they became rivals. That is, they tried to outdo one another. At first, this led to jealousy. Then it led to mistrust. Finally, it led to war. Why Did Imperial Nations Become Militarized? As they became more mistrustful of one another, these imperial nations built bigger armies and navies. For example, Wilhelm II, Germany’s kaiser, wanted his navy to be equal to Britain’s. Britain then had to build an even larger navy. All these industrialized nations also built bigger, more deadly weapons. Countries were becoming more militarized. What Was the Alliance System? At first, the countries of Europe tried to prevent war. They formed alliances and agreed to aid one another if attacked. After all, one country would surely not attack another if that meant fighting with several countries instead of one. By 1914, two rival alliances were in place. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy made up the Triple Alliance. Great Britain, France, and Russia made up the Triple Entente. 616 What Event Started World War I? Nationalism had helped nations like Italy and Germany to unite. But by the 1900s, the spirit of nationalism had become a problem for some nations. Serbs living in Austria-Hungary wanted to be part of Serbia, a neighboring country. Many Serbs lived in Sarajevo, which was a city in Austria-Hungary. To try to improve relations with the Serbs, the Austrian emperor sent his nephew Franz Ferdinand to Sarajevo. On Sunday, June 28, 1914, Ferdinand and Sophie, his wife, were killed as they rode through the streets of Sarajevo. Austria-Hungary blamed the Serbians. On July 28, 1914, Austria declared war on Serbia. Next, Russia said it would protect Serbia. A few days later, Germany declared war on Russia. France then came into the war in support of Serbia. Next, Great Britain honored its alliance with France. What started out as a small revolt exploded into a big war. Lesson 1 Review On a sheet of paper, write the answer to each question. Use complete sentences. 1. How did imperialism cause World War I? 2. How did militarism cause World War I? 3. How did the alliance system cause World War I? 4. How did nationalism cause World War I? 5. What event in Sarajevo led to World War I? What do you think? What could have kept World War I from happening? 617 Lesson 2: The War Years: 1914 – 1918 Reading Strategy: Text Structure As you read the next paragraphs, use a graphic organizer to record the countries of the Central Powers and the Allied Powers. Objectives To identify the Central Powers and the Allied Powers To describe trench warfare and new weapons used in World War I To explain why the United States entered the war To describe how the war ended Central Powers The allied nations of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria Allied Powers The allied nations of Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and eventually, the U.S. and Japan When fighting started in August 1914, millions of soldiers marched eagerly to battle. They thought they would be home by Christmas. But Christmas came and went and still they fought. In fact, they fought for four long years. On one side of the war were Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire. Historians call them the Central Powers because they were countries in central Europe. Historians call the other side the Allied Powers, or the Allies. The Allies included France, Russia, Great Britain, Italy, and several smaller countries. Italy, originally allied with Germany, had now switched sides. Later, Japan and the United States joined the Allies. Where Was the Western Front of the War? The Central Powers and the Allies fought World War I all over the world. During the earliest months of the war, most fighting took place in Belgium and northern France. This was known as the western front. Germany wanted a quick victory over France. It could then turn east and defeat Russia on the eastern front. When the Allies stopped the Germans at the Marne River, Germany’s hope for a quick victory over France ended. 618 Trench A long narrow ditch Barbed wire Wire that has sharp metal spikes on it Reading Strategy: Text Structure Notice that the section headings are written as questions. After you read each section, try to answer the question asked in the heading. What Was Trench Warfare? For the next two years, both sides fought a bitter war on the western front. Soldiers dug trenches, or long, narrow ditches, where they ate, slept, and watched the enemy. Barbed wire protected these trenches. This type of wire has sharp metal spikes on it. Between the two series of trenches was an area the soldiers called “no man’s land.?? Many soldiers died fighting in the trenches, but neither side won much territory. For example, in the Battle of Verdun in 1916, each side lost more than 300,000 men. However, the German army advanced only four miles. What Weapons Were Used in World War I? During World War I, nations fought in the air for the first time. However, the use of airplanes in World War I was limited. But both sides used submarines on a large scale. Germany called its submarines U-boats. They sank many Allied and neutral ships carrying food and supplies. 619 Writing About History In World War I, most American soldiers had never traveled far from home before. Imagine that you are an 18-year-old soldier in France. Write a letter home. What is happening? How does it feel? Both sides also developed new weapons. The machine gun changed war forever. This type of gun fires bullets rapidly without reloading. It fired so fast that the only way an army could protect itself was to take cover in trenches. Early in 1915, the Germans introduced poison gas. The Allies quickly followed the German example. This deadly gas settled in the trenches and blinded and choked the soldiers there. But gas was risky. If the wind suddenly shifted, the gas could drift back to the troops using the gas. The tank was another new weapon. The British introduced it in 1916 to smash through the barbed wire that protected the trenches. By the end of the war, both sides were using tanks. Who Fought on the Eastern Front? Russians and Serbs fought Austrians, Germans, and Ottoman Turks along the eastern front. Allied soldiers were poorly prepared and sometimes went to battle without weapons. The Central Powers forced the Russians to retreat. But the Russian army kept thousands of German troops fighting for over three years. In 1916, a million Russian soldiers died in an attack on Austria. Short on food, guns, and supplies, the Russians grew tired of war. They blamed their problems on the czar. 620 Unrestricted warfare War that is not limited to a certain area or boundary In 1918, after a revolution in Russia, Russia and Germany signed the Treaty of Brest Litovsk. It ended the war for Russia. Because of the treaty, Russia had to give Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the Ukraine, and part of Poland to Germany. Where Else Did Fighting Take Place? As the war expanded, fighting broke out in many places besides the western and eastern fronts. There was fighting in Italy and Asia. Japan moved to take over areas of China that were under German influence. Australia and New Zealand forces took over some islands Germany held in the Pacific. Some of the heaviest battles were fought in Turkey, part of the Ottoman Empire. The war even extended into Africa, where British and French troops took over former German colonies. When Did the United States Enter the War? In 1917, Germany announced that it would begin unrestricted warfare in waters around Britain. That is, German U-boats would sink any ship—even ones from neutral countries— that sailed into the waters surrounding the British Isles. Technology Connection German U-boats German’s launched their first U-boat (for the German word Unterseeboot, meaning “undersea boat??) in 1906. During World War I, Germany used U-boats in many successful attacks on British ships. Germany built more than 400 new, larger, and more powerful Uboats that sank more than 4,000 ships. The Germans put hundreds of U-boats into use in World War II. During three days in October 1940, eight of these vessels destroyed 38 British ships. Not one of those U-boats was damaged. However, Germany was eventually overcome by the Allied forces. By the end of World War II, Germany had lost 821 U-boats. Its largest remaining boat, the U-234, was forced to surrender by an American destroyer in the North Atlantic as the war ended. 621 Armistice An agreement to stop fighting Germany knew that this plan would lead to war with the United States, which had been a neutral country. Its leaders thought that they could force Britain to surrender before American troops and supplies arrived in Europe. On April 6, 1917, the U.S. Congress declared war on Germany. Soon more than a million American soldiers landed in Europe. When Did World War I End? By 1918, after four long years of war, both the Central Powers and the Allies were tired. Germany no longer had trained troops to replace those killed in battle. The fresh American troops tipped the balance in favor of the Allies. On November 11, 1918, Germany agreed to an armistice, or an end to fighting. On the 11th day at the 11th hour of the 11th month, the great war ended. Then and Now The World War I “Doughboy?? In the early 1900s, most men became soldiers just for the length of a war. Then they returned to civilian life. World War I soldiers were called “doughboys.?? This may be because the buttons on soldiers’ uniforms looked like doughboys—what we now call doughnuts. When America entered the war, the army was very small. A draft law was passed in 1917, calling up all men between 21 and 30. The ages later became 18 to 45. Draftees received combat training. They learned how to be part of a bayonet charge, use a gas mask, and fire a rifle. Today, the United States has a professional volunteer army. Volunteers sign up for a set number of years. They can then choose whether or not to re-enlist. Besides combat training, the army trains people in medicine, languages, computers, and other fields. It has changed in other ways, too. The military was segregated in World War I. African Americans served in separate army units. In 1918, there were no black marines and few women in the military. Today, these groups make up almost 25 percent of the army. 622 Lesson 2 Review On a sheet of paper, write the letter of the answer that correctly completes each sentence. 1. _____ fought on the Allied side in World War I. A Turkey B Bulgaria C Austria D Great Britain 2. On the western front, soldiers lived in _____ and faced one another across a “no man’s land.?? A tanks B airplanes C trenches D U-boats 3. World War I lasted for _____ years. A two B four C six D seven 4. The United States entered the war in _____. A 1914 B 1915 C 1916 D 1917 5. World War I ended in _____. A 1917 B 1918 C 1919 D 1920 What do you think? Germany decided to attack any ship in the waters around Britain. Why did this lead to war with the United States? 623 Lesson 3: Making Peace Objectives To identify Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points To describe what other countries wanted after the war To describe the League of Nations Reparation Payment for war damage Reading Strategy: Text Structure As you read, look for words like first, then, next, and finally. These words will help you understand the order of the text World War I ended in November 1918, and the Allies won. The next year, the Allied leaders met at Versailles in France to create a peace treaty. The “Big Four??—Britain, France, Italy, and the United States—made most of the big decisions. Each of them wanted something different from the peace meeting. What Did the United States Want? President Woodrow Wilson represented the United States at the peace meeting. He had written a peace plan called the Fourteen Points. Part of his plan was to end secret treaties between nations. He also wanted to reduce the size of armies and navies in each nation. Most of all, Wilson wanted to organize a league of nations to keep the peace. What Did Other Countries Want? The leaders from France, Great Britain, and Italy had plans that were different from Wilson’s Fourteen Points. France had suffered greatly during the war. Premier Clemenceau, who represented France, wanted Germany to make reparations for the war. That is, he wanted Germany to pay for the cost of the war. He also wanted Germany to return land to France. Prime Minister Lloyd George of Great Britain also wanted Germany to pay for the war. In addition, Britain wanted Germany’s African colonies. However, they did not want the French to become too powerful. Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando represented Italy at the meeting. He wanted the Allies to honor a treaty that had been signed in 1915. The Allies had promised to give Italy more land if it entered the war on the Allied side. 624 Treaty of Versailles The treaty that ended World War I League of Nations A group of leaders from many nations who met to solve problems between countries What Happened to Germany? The leaders at Versailles finally agreed to a treaty. The Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to accept responsibility for causing the war. Germany also had to pay for the cost of the war. In addition, Germany gave the land of Alsace and Lorraine to France. It divided its African colonies between France and Great Britain. It also gave its colonies in the Pacific to Japan. Even though the German leaders thought the Allies had treated them unfairly, they signed the treaty in 1919. What Happened to the Austro-Hungarian Empire? The Treaty of Versailles broke up the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Austria and Hungary became two countries. The treaty also created two new countries—Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. Some Austro-Hungarian land went to Poland, Latvia, and Romania. The treaty carved Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania out of the western part of the old Russian Empire. What Was the League of Nations? The Treaty of Versailles created the League of Nations to try to keep peace. This was a group of leaders from many nations who met to solve problems between countries. These leaders met in Geneva, Switzerland, to talk over their problems. However, the League was weak because some countries did not join. Also, the League could not force countries to obey its rulings. 625 Lesson 3 Review On a sheet of paper, write the answer to each question. Use complete sentences. 1. What countries were represented at the peace meeting in France? 2. What were the Fourteen Points? 3. Why did Germany think the Treaty of Versailles treated it unfairly? 4. What two new countries were created by the Treaty of Versailles? 5. Why was the League of Nations weak? What do you think? The Treaty of Versailles treated Germany and the other Central Powers poorly. What were the problems this caused for those countries? 626 Map Study: Europe Before World War I Map Study: Europe Before World War I The top map shows what Europe looked like just before World War I. The bottom map shows Europe after the war. Were there more countries in Europe before or after the war? What happened to Austria-Hungary after the war? 627 Lesson 4: World War I Changed the World Objectives To explain the loss of life and financial cost of the war To identify the problems caused by the Treaty of Versailles Reading Strategy: Text Structure As you read this lesson, use a graphic organizer to list the social, economic, and political effects of World War I What Were the Social and Economic Effects of the War? World War I was the first total war. Cities, farms, factories, and people living at home all become part of a total war. Because of this, there were many social effects of the war. The years between the wars were difficult for people everywhere. Russia, Germany, AustriaHungary, and France lost a whole generation. A generation is all the people born around the same time. In fact, France lost one out of every five men between the ages of 20 and 44. World War I also had economic effects. Historians do not know what the war cost. One guess is about $350 billion. Many governments raised taxes and borrowed large sums of money to pay for the war. However, by the end of the war, every major European country was bankrupt. They could not pay off their debts because they had no money. Cities and farms lay in ruins. Many people had no jobs. Because of the war, Europe lost much of its power and wealth. Countries like the United States and Japan took over the European markets. What Were the Political Effects of the War? Democracy spread because of the war. In Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia, governments elected by the people replaced monarchies. However, in Russia, a dictatorship soon replaced the new democratic government. 628 The Treaty of Versailles created new countries. But some of these had large numbers of foreign people. For example, Poland and Czechoslovakia had large groups of Germanspeaking people. This caused problems in the future. As a result of World War I, the United States emerged as a world power. Its economy was healthier than that of other countries. However, many Americans wanted the United States to stay out of world affairs. Lesson 4 Review On a sheet of paper, write the answer to each question. Use complete sentences. 1. What is a “total war??? 2. How did World War I affect the economy of Europe? 3. What happened to the new democratic government of Russia? 4. What was one problem that the Treaty of Versailles caused? 5. What were three effects of World War I? What do you think? How do you think the deaths of so many people in World War I made soldiers feel about the war? 629 Lesson 5: Life in Czarist Russia Objectives To explain what an autocracy is To identify changes that Alexander II and III made To describe what happened under the rule of Czar Nicholas II To explain what happened on Bloody Sunday Autocracy A government in which one person rules with unlimited power Standard of living A way to judge how well a person or a family is living Reading Strategy: Text Structure Choose an event in this section. Use a graphic organizer to illustrate cause and effect for that event. One important result of World War I was the Russian Revolution of 1917. In less than a week, rebels overthrew the czar. But people before them had planted the seeds of the revolution. What Was the Autocracy of Russia? In the 1800s, Russia was an autocracy—a government in which one person rules with unlimited power. In Russia, that person was the czar. He controlled the lives of his people and expected them to obey without question. In 1855, Alexander II became czar. He ended serfdom and introduced the jury system. He gave Russians more rights, and allowed more people to attend school. Around the same time, the Industrial Revolution reached Russia. When this happened, many farmers left their land to go to the cities to work. Russian cities of St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Baku became centers of industry. The Russian standard of living—a way to judge how well a person or family is living—also improved. People in Russia were experiencing their first taste of freedom. But they wanted more. When the czar refused to give them more rights, the Russian people revolted. During one of these revolts, a young revolutionary killed Czar Alexander. 630 Democratic Having to do with a government in which all people have equal rights Duma The Russian parliament In 1894, Nicholas II became czar. He faced many problems. Educated Russians wanted a more democratic government in which all people had equal rights. Instead of listening to his people, Czar Nicholas II tried to get them to think about something else. Nicholas II declared war on Japan in 1904. This was called the Russo-Japanese War. When Russia lost the war, people demanded more change. In 1905, another revolt took place. Russians call this day Bloody Sunday. Workers had marched in peace to the czar’s palace in St. Petersburg. They wanted better working conditions, more freedom, and an elected national assembly. The czar’s soldiers fired on the crowd and killed hundreds of workers. After Bloody Sunday, Russian workers refused to work. Riots broke out. Peasants attacked the nobles and burned their estates. The czar promised to give the people more freedom if they would stop the violence. He even agreed to the election of a Russian parliament, or Duma. However, Czar Nicholas dismissed the Duma after three months. He believed that he alone had the right to govern. 631 Lesson 5 Review On a sheet of paper, use the words from the Word Bank to complete each sentence correctly. Word Bank serfs Alexander II Baku Japan Sunday 1. In the late 1800s, the nobles completely controlled the _____. 2. In 1855, _____ ended serfdom. 3. During the Industrial Revolution, the Russian cities of St. Petersburg, Moscow, and _____ became centers of industry. 4. In 1904 Czar Nicholas II declared war on _____. 5. Russian solders killed hundreds of workers on January 22, 1905; Russians call this day Bloody _____. What do you think? Why would both Russian serfs and Russian nobles want reform? Biography Grigori Rasputin: c. 1872–1916 Rasputin was a Siberian peasant who became a monk and healer. Later, he moved to St. Petersburg. Although Rasputin lived an immoral life, he had an interesting personality. The royal heir, Alexei, had hemophilia. With this disease, even minor bumps can cause severe bleeding. At that time, the bleeding could not be controlled. Rasputin was somehow able to help Alexei. Czar Nicholas II and Czarina Alexandra then began taking Rasputin’s advice about officials and policies. However, Rasputin’s advice was not very good, and it caused many problems. To end Rasputin’s influence, some nobles assassinated him. First, they poisoned him, but he survived. Then they shot him several times and drowned him. 632 Lesson 6: Russia Moves Toward Revolution Objectives To describe socialism To explain why Nicholas II gave up his power Reading Strategy: Text Structure The section headings are written as questions. After you read each section, try to answer the question asked in the heading After the Revolution of 1905, the spirit of rebellion continued to grow in Russia. But the revolutionaries could not agree on how change should happen. Some wanted to limit the czar’s power and create a constitutional monarchy like Great Britain’s. Others thought a completely new form of government was needed. How Did World War I Affect Russia? World War I was probably the single most important cause of the Russian Revolution of 1917. Millions of Russians were killed, wounded, or taken prisoner. The people had to live with little food, fuel, and other needed supplies. They became very angry at Czar Nicholas. 633 Abdicate To give up power as a ruler Socialism An economic and political theory in which the government owns and controls the major means of production Then and Now The Russian Orthodox Church Byzantine missionaries took Christianity to Russia in the 900s. By the 1400s, the Russian Orthodox Church was self-governing. The patriarch, the head of the church, lived in Moscow. For centuries, Orthodox priests and monks had great influence. The church was central in the lives of many ordinary Russians. They kept icons in their homes. Some czars used the church to support their absolute rule. The Russian Revolution was a disaster for the church. It lost power and property. Still, millions of people remained faithful. After the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, Russia had a great religious revival. Some Russians have joined other churches. The Russian Orthodox Church, however, remains the most important. Why Did Czar Nicholas II Abdicate? On the morning of February 24, 1917, news came that stores in St. Petersburg had no bread. Women became angry. “We want bread! We want bread!?? they shouted. Soon a crowd formed. They carried banners, shouted, and sang. Some of their signs said “End the War?? and “Down with the Czar.?? His troops even refused to obey him. He had to abdicate as ruler. That is, he gave up his power. After the czar abdicated, no one was sure who would govern Russia. Many Russians thought socialism would solve the country’s problems. Socialism is an economic and political theory in which the government owns and controls the major means of production What Do Socialists Want? Under socialism, the government controls the economy of a nation. Representing the people, the government owns all the land, industries, and transportation. The most influential of all the early socialists was a German named Karl Marx. 634 Lesson 6 Review On a sheet of paper, write the letter of the answer that correctly completes each sentence. 1. Under _____, a government owns all the land, the industries, and the means of transportation. A democracy B monarchy C socialism D constitutional monarchy 2. _____ was a German who influenced the Russian Revolution. A Czar Nicholas II B Karl Marx C Alexander II D Rasputin 3. Probably the single most important cause of the Russian Revolution was _____. A World War I B Bloody Sunday C a provisional government D the Duma 4. During World War I, conditions in Russia got worse because _____. A factories could not produce bullets and guns B food was scarce C millions of soldiers died or were wounded D all of the above 5. In 1917, the Russians forced _____ to abdicate. A Czar Nicholas II B Karl Marx C Alexander II D Rasputin What do you think? Why do you think the czar’s soldiers joined the workers who were rebelling on February 25, 1917? 635 Document-Based Reading The Next War In August 1914, European nations plunged into the Great War. World War I ended four years later. It had destroyed millions of lives. Many soldiers had gone to war with grand ideas of honor and glory. The reality was different. War was wet trenches, poison gas, and artillery fire. Soldiers saw lives being wasted. Their views quickly changed. This change is clear in the poetry written during the war. Early poems are often about heroism. Later poems show shock and anger. Britain had many fine soldier-poets. One was Siegfried Sassoon. He wrote bitterly, “when it was all said and done, the war was mainly a matter of holes and ditches.?? The poem that follows is by Wilfred Owen, a young British officer. He was killed a week before the war ended. War’s a joke for me and you, While we know such dreams are true. Out there, we’ve walked quite friendly up to Death; Sat down and eaten with him, cool and bland, Pardoned his spilling mess-tins in our hand. We’ve sniffed the green thick odour of his breath, Our eyes wept, but our courage didn’t writhe. He’s spat at us with bullets and he’s coughed Shrapnel. We chorused when he sang aloft; We whistled while he shaved us with his scythe. Oh, Death was never enemy of ours! We laughed at him, we leagued with him, old chum. No soldier’s paid to kick against his powers. We laughed, knowing that better men would come, And greater wars; when each proud fighter brags He wars on Death for lives; not men for flags. Document-Based Reading Questions 1. How have the soldiers in this poem become friendly with Death? 2. What weapons has Death used against the soldiers? 3. Death is often pictured with a scythe, a long blade used for cutting grass. How does Owen use that image? 4. Many soldiers could not talk about the war. Would civilians think of death like Owen did in this poem? 5. Owen says that a proud fighter, “Wars on Death for lives; not men for flags.?? What does he mean? 636 Spotlight Story: Death at Sarajevo June 28, 1914, was a hot Sunday in Sarajevo. Despite the heat, crowds of people filled the streets. They were waiting for Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie. People were curious to see the archduke. He would be the next emperor of Austria-Hungary. His visit was supposed to improve Austria’s image. Sarajevo was the capital of Bosnia, a small Balkan state. Bosnia’s people were Slavs. They had become independent of the Ottoman Empire less than 40 years earlier. Then the AustroHungarian Empire had taken control of the area. Many Bosnians hated Austrian rule. They wanted to be part of nearby Serbia, a Slav state. Some joined a secret society known as the Black Hand. Its slogan was “Union or Death.?? That June morning, the archduke and duchess rode to the town hall in an open car. With them was the military governor of Bosnia. No one realized that several Black Hand members were waiting along the route. Suddenly a man stepped forward and threw a bomb. It exploded in the street and wounded officers in the next car. The official party went on with the scheduled program. At its end, the archduke decided to visit a wounded officer in the hospital. The duke had his driver stop while he gave him new directions. Standing only a few feet away was 19-year-old Gavrilo Princip. He was one of the Black Hand members in the plot. Princip pulled out a small gun and fired twice. The first shot struck the Duchess Sophie. She died instantly. The second bullet struck Franz Ferdinand near the heart. He uttered a few last words, then his head fell back. He died a few minutes later. Police seized Princip, kicking and beating him. They took him to jail. Next, the Austrians arrested every known revolutionary in Sarajevo. Because he was young, Princip was sentenced to only 20 years in jail. That was the maximum sentence. The sudden, brutal murders shocked the world. Austrian officials blamed Serbia. They were determined to punish Serbia. Austria called on its ally, Germany, for help. Then Austria declared war on Serbia. Serbia asked its ally, Russia, to come to its aid. Within a few days, Russia and Germany had declared war. Soon most of Europe was involved. Members of both European alliances immediately got ready for war. The shots in Sarajevo triggered World War I. Wrap-Up 1. Who was Franz Ferdinand? 2. Why did many people in Sarajevo dislike Austrian rule? 3. What was the Black Hand? 4. Who killed the archduke and duchess? How was he punished? 5. What were the effects of the shootings at Sarajevo? 637 Chapter 25 SUMMARY In the late 1800s, powerful European nations competed for both land and military power. They formed alliances to aid each other in case of war. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy made up the Triple Alliance. Great Britain, France, and Russia were the Triple Entente. A Serbian nationalist killed Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife in June 1914. This act triggered World War I. The alliance system brought the major European nations into the war. The nations in World War I divided into the Central Powers (Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and Turkey) and the Allied Powers (France, Russia, Britain, Italy, and smaller nations). Japan and the United States later joined the Allies. World War I relied on trench warfare. New weapons were also used: airplanes, submarines, machine guns, poison gas, and tanks. The United States was neutral until April 1917, when Germany declared unrestricted war on shipping. The United States joined the Allies. In November 1918, Germany agreed to an armistice. The “Big Four??—Britain, France, Italy, and the United States—shaped the peace treaty. Each nation had different goals. The Treaty of Versailles gave Germany’s colonies to France, Britain, and Japan. Germany had to give land back to France and pay the costs of war. The treaty broke up the AustroHungarian Empire. In the 1800s, Russia was an autocracy. The czar was an absolute ruler. More than 80 percent of Russians were serfs. In the mid-1800s, Czar Alexander II freed the serfs, reformed education, and gave people more rights. Revolutionaries killed him. His son Nicholas II ignored calls for reform. The Industrial Revolution reached Russia in the late 1800s. The standard of living for factory workers improved, but most people remained poor. In 1894, Nicholas II became czar. He declared war on Japan in 1904. Russia lost. In 1905, workers held a peaceful march in St. Petersburg. Soldiers killed hundreds on that “Bloody Sunday.?? Many Russians wanted socialism, a system in which the government runs a nation’s economy. World War I made things worse for the Russians. In 1917, a revolution forced Nicholas II to resign. Leaders of the Duma formed a government. 638 Chapter 25 REVIEW On a sheet of paper, use the words from the Word Bank to complete each sentence correctly. Word Bank Alexander II alliance armistice bankrupt Italy neutral Nicholas II reparations Russia U-boat 1. Before the war, many countries made a(n) _____ with one another and agreed to help one another. 2. Belgium was a(n) _____ country during the war because it chose neither side. 3. The Treaty of Brest Litovsk ended the war for _____. 4. The Germans used the _____, a type of submarine, to destroy Allied ships. 5. On November 11, 1918, Germany agreed to a(n) _____, or an end to the fighting. 6. After World War I ended, the “Big Four?? nations—Britain, France, _____, and the United States—met to create a peace treaty. 7. As a result of the war, all the major European countries were _____ and had no money to pay their debts. 8. At Versailles, France demanded that Germany make _____, or payments for war debts. 9. Czar _____ introduced change into Russia and gave his people some freedom. 10. “Bloody Sunday?? took place during the rule of Czar _____. On a sheet of paper, write the letter of the answer that correctly completes each sentence. 11. _____ fought as part of the Central Powers in World War I. A Japan B France C the United States D Germany 12. During World War I, the industrial nations developed _____. A tanks B poison gas C machine guns D all of the above 639 13. _____ represented France at the Versailles peace meeting. A Clemenceau B Wilson C George D Ferdinand 14. _____ represented Britain at the peace meeting. A Orlando B George C Wilson D Clemenceau 15. Under the czars, Russia was a(n) _____. A democracy B constitutional monarchy C autocracy D duma On a sheet of paper, write the answer to each question. Use complete sentences. 16. What were the causes of World War I? 17. What were three terms of the Treaty of Versailles? 18. Why did the Russians revolt against Czar Nicholas II? Critical Thinking On a sheet of paper, write your response to each question. Use complete sentences. 19. If you had been a German in 1919, how would you have felt about the Treaty of Versailles? 20. Do you think having a large and powerful military causes or prevents war? Explain your answer. Test-Taking Tip: For multiple-choice or word bank questions, cross off answers you know are wrong. Then choose the correct answer from the remaining choices. 640