Download Ch 32- Circulatory System

Ch 32- Circulatory System
• 4.A.4: Organisms exhibit complex properties
due to interactions between their constituent
parts.
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Open vs. Closed Circulation
• Two types of circulatory fluids:
– Blood - contained within blood vessels in closed systems.
– Hemolymph - flows into hemocoel in open systems.
• Open Circulatory System
– Heart pumps hemolymph via vessels which empty into
tissue spaces.
• Closed Circulatory System
– Heart pumps blood to capillaries where gases and
materials diffuse to and from nearby cells.
– Blood is always contained in a vessel.
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Open vs. Closed Circulatory Systems
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dorsal
tubular
aorta ostia heart
heart
ventral
blood
vessel
valve
dorsal
blood
vessel
lateral
vessel
ostia
pump
pump
hemolymph
hemocoel
a. Open circulatory system
b. Closed circulatory system
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Need to know about anatomy!!
• Everything in anatomy is taught in anatomical
position (Vesuvian Man):
– Feet shoulder width apart
– Facing forward
– Arms out to sides, palms forward.
Lateral/Medial
Anterior/Posterior
Inferior/Superior
Ventral/Dorsal
Blood Vessels
Arteries- carry blood away
from the heart;
muscular; thick walls
b/c need to withstand
large forces
Blood Vessels
Capillaries- microscopic blood vessels, 1 cell
thick; spider web-like network; where gas and
nutrients are exchanged.
Anatomy of a Capillary Bed
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artery
arteriole
O2-rich
blood flow
precapillary
sphincter
arteriovenous
shunt
venule
O2-poor
blood flow
vein
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Capillary Exchange
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from heart
to heart
Arterial end
Blood pressure is higher
than osmotic pressure.
Net pressure out.
water
Tissue fluid
oxygen amino
acids
carbon
glucose dioxide
Venous end
Osmotic pressure is higher
than blood pressure.
Net pressure in.
wastes
water
salt
arteriole
smooth
muscle fiber
plasma
protein
osmotic pressure
blood pressure
venule
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Blood Vessels
Veins- carry blood to the
heart; larger, but not
under much pressure;
contain valve controlled
by skeletal muscles to
prevent backflow.
Transport in Vertebrates
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Outer layer
Middle layer
Inner layer
fibrous connective tissue
smooth elastic
muscle tissue
endothelium
a. Artery
endothelium
b. Capillary
Outer layer
Middle layer
Inner layer
fibrous connective tissue
smooth elastic
muscle tissue
endothelium
closed valve
c. Vein
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Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Carry blood away from
the heart
Gas
Exchange
Carry blood to the heart
Thick, muscular walls,
round shape
1 cell thick
Non-thick walls, not set
shape
High pressure
Low
pressure
Low pressure
No valves
No valves
Has valves
2x more veins than
arteries
.1 – 10 mm
8 um
.1 – 20 mm
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Comparison of Circulatory Pathways
• Fish – 2 chamber heart.
• Amphibians – 3 chamber heart (2 atria), some blood
is mixed (oxygenated and deoxygenated).
• Reptiles, Birds, Mammals- 4 chamber heart.
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Comparison of Circulatory Circuits
in Vertebrates
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pulmonary
capillaries
pulmonary
capillaries
gill capillaries
pulmonary
circuit
pulmonary
circuit
heart
right
atrium
ventricle
ventricle
left
atrium
right
atrium
right
ventricle
heart
atrium
left
atrium
left
ventricle
aorta
aorta
aorta
systemic
circuit
systemic
capillaries
systemic
circuit
systemic
capillaries
systemic
capillaries
a.
b.
c.
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Heart
1. 4 chambers: Left & Right Atria and Left &
Right Ventricles
2. Valves prevent blood from flowing
backward in heart.
R Atrium
L Atrium
R Ventricle
L Ventricle
Vessels
a. Venae cavae- Inferior & Superior take blood to
the R. Atrium
b. Pulmonary veins- bring blood to L. Atrium from
lungs
c. Jugular vein- bring blood from the head to the S.
Venae Cavae
d. Aorta- Largest blood vessels in body; comes off
of L. Ventricle and takes blood to entire body
e. Pulmonary Arteries/Trunk- take blood from
heart to lungs
f. Carotid Artery- take blood off aorta to brain.
Valves
1. AtrioVentricular (AV) Valves- between the R
Atrium and R Ventricle (aka Tricuspid Valve)
& between the L Atrium and L Ventricle (aka
Bicuspid Valve)
2. Semilunar Valves- between the L Ventricle
and Aorta & between the R Ventricle and
Pulmonary Trunk
Animation
Circulatory Paths
1. Systemic Circulation- from
heart to body & back
2. Pulmonary Circulation- from
heart to lungs and back
3. Coronary Circulation- from
heart to cardiac muscle.
Path of Blood through the body:
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• The coronary arteries are on the outside of the
heart and they supply the cardiac muscle
(myocardium) with oxygen and nutrient and
the coronary veins remove wastes. Heart is
surrounded by a sac (pericardium) to protect it.
• how heart attack happens?
Coronary Arteries & Veins
External Heart Anatomy
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lung
sternum
left subclavian artery
left common carotid artery
brachiocephalic artery
superior vena cava
aortic arch
aorta
left pulmonary artery
pulmonary trunk
left pulmonary veins
right pulmonary artery
right pulmonary veins
b.
pericardium
heart
left atrium
left cardiac vein
right atrium
right coronary artery
left ventricle
right ventricle
Inferior vena cava
apex
a.
b: © SIU/Visuals Unlimited
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Heartbeat: contraction of the atria and
ventricles (lub-dub)
Pulse is the surge of blood through the
arteries (carotid- throat & radial- wrist)
Blood Pressure
Blood Pressure- amount of pressure on
inside of arteries
1. Systolic- press. during ventricular
contraction (upper # 120/80)
2. Dystolic- press. during ventricular relaxation
(lower # 120/80)
3. Measuring Blood Pressure
Function of the heart is to keep blood
circulating
Made of cardiac muscle, high in energy
producing mitochondria, controlled by
Sinoatrial node (SA node) and AV node.
Heart electrical system and EKG
SA Node is in back of R. Atrium and sends
electric impulses through cardiac muscle.
Heartbeats are same on ECG, unless there is
an abnormality (heart attack, ect.)
Conduction System of the Heart
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R
SA node
T
P
AV node
Q
branches of
atrioventricular
bundle
S
b. Normal ECG
Purkinje fibers
a.
c. Ventricular fibrillation
d. Recording of an ECG
d: © David Joel/MacNeal Hospital/Getty Images
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Animation
Please note that due to differing
operating systems, some animations
will not appear until the presentation is
viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide
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in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views.
All animations will appear after viewing
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• Rate of contraction can↓ or ↑ due to nerve
impulses from the medulla oblongata & brain
stem. (you can consciously control your HR.)
• Epinephrine (adrenaline) is produced in the
adrenal glands above the kidney in response
to stress. It targets the SA node and speeds
up HR (fight or flight response Cell
Communication).
Cardiovascular Disorders
• Hypertension - High blood pressure
• Atherosclerosis - Accumulation of fatty
materials in inner linings of arteries
• Stroke - Cranial arteriole bursts or is blocked
by an embolus
• Heart attack – (Myocardial infarction)
Coronary artery becomes partially blocked
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Coronary Arteries and Plaque
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coronary artery
ulceration
lumen of vessel
fat
cholesterol
crystals
atherosclerotic
plaque
© Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Blood: Homeostasis Functions
• Transports substances to and from capillaries
for exchange with tissue fluid
• Guards against pathogen invasion
• Regulates body temperature
• Buffers body pH
• Maintain osmotic pressure
• Clots prevent blood/fluid loss
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The Blood
1. Plasma- fluid portion of blood (55% blood
vol.)
The Blood
2. Erythrocytes (RBCs)- discshaped; no nucleus; produced in
red bone marrow in long bones
(44% vol.)
**Hemoglobin- contains iron,
carries O2 from lungs to body;
carries some CO2 away from
cells
The Blood
3. Leukocytes (white blood cells)- protect body
from disease and foreign substances;
lymphocytes & phagocytes (1% vol.)
The Blood
4. Thrombocytes (Platelets)- cell pieces help
clot blood and form scabs