Download 3. major milestones in the field of veterinary hygiene and food safety

3. MAJOR MILESTONES IN THE FIELD OF VETERINARY
HYGIENE AND FOOD SAFETY DEVELOPMENT
A Brief History of Veterinary Hygiene
The first practical steps to support health of people and prevent illness can be traced
back to early ancient times. In Babylon, about 4500 BC, fresh water supply and waste water
were separated and ancient Egyptians and Jews issued hygienic prescriptions for food,
clothing and cleaning to prevent leprosy and other infectious diseases. Public health care
was involved in the legislation of Athens and Sparta from about 1800 BC. The idea that
prevention is the first choice and better than to cure can also be demonstrated through
Greek mythology, where the goddess Hygiea, the daughter of the god of medicine,
Asclepius, and Epione, personified health, cleanliness and sanitation. Aristoteles’s works on
animal hygiene and Hippocrates‘s books on life style, air, water and environment also
significantly contributed to the development of life saving hygiene. Recommendations to
provide regular inspections of sheep herds in order to recognize early epizootics such
anthrax were made by the most important writer on agriculture of the Roman Empire, Lucius
Junius Moderatus Columella in the 1st century AD. With the decay of the Roman Empire in
the 4th century much of the hygienic knowledge was lost and water supply, together with
public hygiene became poor.
It was only in the 18th century that the crucial importance of hygiene was rediscovered. One of the main reasons for the greatly increased prevalence of animal diseases
was the large number of wars fought during this period resulting in the spread of epizootics
throughout Europe. Notably rinderpest, anthrax and swine erysipelas were destroying
populations of domestic animals, on many occasions nearly bringing agriculture to collapse,
and inflicting hunger on many people. Between 1711 and 1717 strict hygienic legislation was
introduced in the Kingdom of Prussia and by the Duke of Saxony to prevent the spread of
infectious epidemic diseases among animals. These were probably the first general public
veterinary health rules in Europe. Farmers and inspectors had to report notifiable diseases,
built up quarantine sections, kill diseased animals and dispose of carcasses safely (usually by
burying or burning) at specified places.
The science of hygiene started to grow during the second half of the 18th century.
Establishment of the veterinary profession, as a respected and regulated science, was
reinforced by the foundation of the first veterinary schools. In Lyon in France the first
veterinary school was opened by Claude Bourgelat on 1st January 1762 and a postage stamp
issued in 1951 named France the “cradle of veterinary medicine”. Three years later, a second
veterinary school at Alfort near Paris was established. The rulers and governments of other
countries noted the opening of these two schools and because they were desirous of
researching and controlling the growing problem of animal diseases, other schools soon
followed.
In the 19th century a great deal of hygiene risks due to a massive increase in human,
as well as animal population, and migration from country into towns raised interest in health
care and investigation of the origins of animal diseases. Hygienic measures regulated the
character of animals’ environments by removing all stressing factors to support immunity in
the animal. Rules on avoiding animal and human transport between farms and on
preventing air transmission were introduced, as were controls on living vectors like rats,
mice and flies, all to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. This combination of improved
resistance against infectious agents and strict hygienic biosecurity measures has been
reflected in the absence or massive reduction of many animal epidemics such as rinderpest,
tuberculosis, brucellosis, smallpox of sheep, malleus, cholera of fowl, rabies and others in
Europe during the 19th and 20th century.
 Try to substitute the underlined words in the text by English synonyms.
steps
_______________________
diseased
_______________________
illness
_______________________
dispose
_______________________
prescriptions _______________________
reinforced
_______________________
to cure
_______________________
established
_______________________
sanitation
_______________________
controlling
_______________________
poor
_______________________
risks
_______________________
crucial
_______________________
increase
_______________________
destroying
_______________________
vectors
_______________________
inflicting
_______________________
massive
_______________________
report
_______________________
rinderpest
_______________________
A Brief History of Food Hygiene
Since contaminated food can quickly become a deadly threat to humans, people
worried about “food hygiene” even thousand years ago – long before this term was first
introduced in the 19th century. Together with food preservation techniques, laws and
regulations were also developed early on to control the handling of food.
Food laws can be traced back to the times of the earliest societies of Ancient Egypt,
China, India or Greece and consumer protection, in the field of food adulteration and
falsification represents one of the earliest forms of government regulation of commercial
enterprises. In the Middle Ages, the trade guilds significantly influenced the regulation of the
food trade and the prevention of food products falsification, a power which was later taken
over by the state, municipal, or other local authorities. Such trade guilds strengthened the
position of honest butchers, fishmongers and bakers.
The period beginning with the Industrial Revolution was a time of enormous
expansion in many fields, which had a particular influence on food production, food
regulations, and food control services. Due to the industrialization and rapid growth of urban
population, together with public health problems, considerable changes in food production
and distribution resulted in the creation of many food laws during the second part of the
19th century and early 20th century. Beside general consolidation of earlier rules this period
saw the formation of an independent branch of law relating to foods. Most of the national
standards organizations were established in Europe in the 1920s, usually as voluntary
associations of engineers. The need for improved health and food control and the rapidly
growing international food trade encouraged collaboration on an international level.
After World War II, activity in international standardization began intensively in the
framework of the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) which deals with all
other issues except telecommunication and electricity. The tremendous technological
advances following World War II further stimulated world food trade and created a demand
that the situation be reassessed. Groups of nations once again considered international
problems of food additives and pesticide tolerances, but these discussions, which provided a
valuable springboard for further talks, failed to produce positive international or regional
harmonization of food standards.
Technical processes related to food hygiene continued to develop in the 20 th and 21st
centuries. Starting from the “Food and Drugs Act” and the “Meat Inspection Act” passed by
the US Congress in 1906, all the way to the joint EU regulation for food hygiene 100 years
later, companies were made liable for complying with specific requirements food safety.
Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):
1. People have always dealt with food hygiene issues.
2. The term “food hygiene” was not known until the 19th century.
3. The trade guilds supported the creation of laws and measures on food trade in the Middle
Ages.
4. State and municipal authorities tried to abolish trade guilds after the Industrial Revolution.
5. National standards organizations were associations of professionals and scientists.
6. There was a retardation of technology development due to WWII.
7. ISO is an organisation operating exclusively in the field of telecommunication and
electricity.
Useful expressions and phrases
food
/fuːd/
potravina/potraviny
foodstuff
/ˈfuːdˌstʌf/
potravina/potraviny
food additives
/fuːd ˈædətɪvz/
potravinářské přísady
food adulteration
/fuːd əˌdʌltəˈreɪʃ(ə)n/
falšování potravin
food aid
/fuːd eɪd/
potravinová pomoc
Food and Veterinary Office /...ˈvet(ə)rənəri or ˈvet(ə)nri.../Potravinový a veterinární úřad
food bank
/fuːd bæŋk/
potravinová banka
food colourant
/fuːd ˈkʌlərənt/
potravinářské barvivo
food consumption
/fuːd kənˈsʌmpʃ(ə)n/
konzumace potravin
food contaminants
/fuːd kənˈtæmɪnənt/
kontaminující látky v potravinách
food crops
/fuːd krɒps/
potravinářské plodiny
food enrichment
/fuːd ɪnˈrɪtʃment/
obohacování/fortifikace potravin
food fibre
/fuːd ˈfaɪbə(r)/
potravinářské vlákniny
food handling
/fuːd ˈhændlɪŋ/
manipulace s potravinami
food chain
/fuːd tʃeɪn/
potravní řetězec
food industry
/fuːd ˈɪndəstri/
potravinářský průmysl
food inspection
/fuːd ɪnˈspekʃ(ə)n/
potravinářská inspekce
food irradiation
/fuːd ɪˌreɪdiˈeɪʃ(ə)n/
ozařování potravin
food law
/fuːd lɔː/
potravinové právo
food legislation
/fuːd ˌledʒɪˈsleɪʃ(ə)n/
potravinářská legislativa
food manufacturing /fuːd ˌmænjʊˈfæktʃərɪŋ/
potravinářská výroba
food market
/fuːd ˈmɑː(r)kɪt/
trh s potravinami
food mile
/fuːd maɪl/
potravinová míle (cesta z pole na stůl)
food nutrient content/fuːd ˈnjuːtriənt ˈkɒntent/
obsah živin v potravinách
food packaging
/fuːd ˈpækɪdʒɪŋ/
balení potravin
food poisoning
/fuːd ˈpɔɪz(ə)nɪŋ/
otrava jídlem
food policy
/fuːd ˈpɒləsi/
potravinová politika
food preparation
/fuːd ˌprepəˈreɪʃ(ə)n/
příprava jídla
food preservation
/fuːd ˌprezə(r)ˈveɪʃ(ə)n/
konzervace potravin
food preservation techniques /... tekˈniːks/
metody konzervace potravin
food processing
/fuːd ˈprəʊsesɪŋ/
zpracování potravin
food production
/fuːd prəˈdʌkʃ(ə)n/
potravinářská výroba
food products
/fuːd ˈprɒdʌkts/
potravinářské výrobky
food quality control /fuːd ˈkwɒləti kənˈtrəʊl/
kontrola kvality potravin
food quality
/fuːd ˈkwɒləti/
kvalita potravin
food safety
/fuːd ˈseɪfti/
bezpečnost potravin
food sciences
/fuːd ˈsaɪənsiz/
potravinářské vědy
food sector
/fuːd ˈsektə(r)/
potravinářský sektor
food security
/fuːd sɪˈkjʊərəti/
bezpečnost potravin
food sources
/fuːd sɔː(r)siz/
potravinové zdroje
food spoilage
/fuːd ˈspɔɪlɪdʒ/
kažení potravin
food standards
/fuːd ˈstændə(r)ds/
potravinové normy
food storage
/fuːd ˈstɔːrɪdʒ/
skladování potravin
food substitute
/fuːd ˈsʌbstɪˌtjuːt/
náhražka potravin
food sustainability
/fuːd səˌsteɪnəˈbɪləti/
trvalá udržitelnost potravin
food thickeners
/fuːd ˈθɪk(ə)nə(r)s/
potravinářská zahušťovadla
food traceability
/fuːd ˈtreɪsəb(ə)ləti/
sledovatelnosti potravin
food treatment
/fuːd ˈtriːtmənt/
úprava jídla
food waste
/fuːd weɪst/
potravinářské odpady
foodborne disease
/fuːd ˌbɔː(r)n dɪˈziːz/
nemoc přenášená potravou
foodborne illness
/fuːd ˌbɔː(r)n ˈɪlnəs/
nemoc přenášená potravou
convenience food
/kənˈviːniəns fuːd/
hotové jídlo
Types of food
Druhy potravin
fast food
/fɑːst fuːd/
rychlé občerstvení
frozen food
/ˈfrəʊz(ə)n fuːd/
mražené potraviny
health food
/helθ fuːd/
zdravá výživa
junk food
/dʒʌŋk fuːd/
nekvalitní potraviny
novel food
/ˈnɒv(ə)l fuːd/
potravina nového typu
organic food
/ɔː(r)ˈɡænɪk fuːd/
ekologické potraviny
slow food
/sləʊ fuːd/
pomalu připravované jídlo
whole/wholemeal foods
/həʊl.../ /ˈhəʊlˌmiːl.../celozrnné potraviny
Vocabulary part
1. Read the following definitions of diseases mentioned in the previous texts and write
their names:
 a disease suddenly and temporarily affecting a large number of animals over a large
area (in general) _______________________
 a serious viral disease in which your skin becomes covered in spots that can leave
permanent marks _______________________
 a serious bacterial disease affecting your stomach and intestines often caused by
drinking contaminated water or food _______________________
 a bacterial infection frequently causing spontaneous abortions in animals and
remittent fever in humans _______________________
 a contagious bacterial disease chiefly of horses and mules but communicable to
humans characterized by swellings beneath the jaw and a profuse mucous discharge
from the nostrils (sometimes called glanders) _______________________
 a very serious viral disease that makes an animal or a human feel delirious
__________________
 a serious infectious disease affecting your lungs _______________________
 a very serious viral illness affecting cows and sheep and sometimes people,
sometimes used in biological warfare _______________________
 a bacterial disease typically in pigs, also known as "diamond skin disease”
________________
 an acute contagious viral disease of cattle, characterized by severe inflammation of
the intestinal tract and diarrhoea_______________________
 a serious disease that affects the skin, nerves, and bones and can cause people's
fingers and toes to fall off_______________________
2. Word formation: Fill in the table with the proper word form and translate it into Czech.
NOUN
CZECH TRANSLATION
ADJECTIVE
CZECH TRANSLATION
epizootic
recognizable
hygiene
safe
desire
living
risk
massive
transmission
growing
consumer
honest
value
independent
infection
voluntary
control
considerable
3. Translate the following phrases into English.
1) změny ve výrobě potravin
………………………………………………………………
2) rychlý nárůst městské populace
………………………………………………………………
3) nejranější formy zákonů a norem
……………………………………………………………….
4) upevňování hygienických zásad
……………………………………………………………….
5) zvýšený výskyt infekčních nemocí
………………………………………………………………
6) zdroje pitné a čerstvé vody
………………………………………………………………
7) zákony vydané v minulém století
………………………………………………………………
8) postihující hlavně domácí zvířata
……………………………………………………………….
9) první veřejná veterinární škola
………………………………………………………………
10) podpora imunity zvířat
………………………………………………………………
11) kontaminované maso a jiné potraviny ………………………………………………………………
12) doporučení ohledně desinfekce stájí
………………………………………………………………
13) oddělit od nakažené drůbeže
………………………………………………………………
14) obrovský význam očkování
………………………………………………………………
15) častá nemoc podléhající hlášení
………………………………………………………………
4. Read the short article and fill in the gaps with words form the box.
communicable, discovery, gonorrhoea, helped, less, pasteurization, prevention, scientific,
successful, sulpha, therapy, vaccines
Remarkable achievements in the field of public health in the 19th and 20th century
The “Germ theory” which stated that all 1…………………………………….. diseases are caused by
microorganisms resulted in great 2…………………………………….. advances. This theory led Louis
Pasteur to his 3…………………………………….. that germs caused spoilage of wine and that
5…………………………………….. of such spoilage could be achieved by a heating process, later
called after him 6……………………………………... The bacteriologic revolution represented by
Louis Pasteur, or Robert Koch confirmed the germ theory and 7…………………………………….. the
development of the immunological basis for 8……………………………………... Moreover, discovery
and introduction of the 9…………………………………….. drugs, first discovered in 1935 by Gerhard
Domagk, and antibiotics by Selman Waksman, Ernest Duchesne and Alexander Fleming
enabled 10…………………………………….. treatment of streptococcal and staphylococcal
infections,
11……………………………………..,
syphilis
or
tuberculosis.
No
12…………………………………….. important later discovery of antiviral drugs started a new era in
antiviral …………………………………….. of dangerous and often deadly infectious diseases.
Grammar part – Present Perfect
Key points:
 Present perfect simple generally describes situations without a definite time. Either
these events take place in a period of time leading up to the present, or the result of
the event is still evident. Events described with the present perfect simple do not
have to be only recent.
 Present perfect continuous is used to depict an action in a progress or a state which
lasts up to the present. It suggests that the action is not finished, or recently finished.
It can also stress the length of time of the action.
 You can use the present perfect with just, already and yet.
 We use the present perfect with today/ this evening/this month etc. when these time
periods are unfinished at the time of speaking.
Compare:
I have drunk 2 cups of coffee this morning (It is still morning).
I drank 2 cups of coffee in the morning. (It is already afternoon or evening).
We say: It is the (first) time something has happened.
!!! Time expressions for (refers to a finished or unfinished period of time), since (refers to
the point at which an unfinished period of time began) and ago (refers to the time of a
finished event) are often connected to both present perfect and past simple tenses.
!!! The choice between the present perfect simple and past simple can depend on how the
speaker thinks.
1. Choose the right tense in the following sentences.
1) They are checking/have been checking the meat products since 6 o’clock.
2) The most recent food regulation has been passed/was passed in December 2012.
3) People have started/started to research microbial infections many years ago.
4) He is tired because he has worked/has been working hard all day.
5) My supervisor has recently published/recently published a new lecture on swine
erysipelas treatment.
6) We haven’t encountered/didn’t encounter rabies in bats since 1993.
7) Why is the meat rotten? We have forgotten/forgot to put it into the freezer.
8) My colleague is in the office of my boss. They have argued/have been arguing for
more than 30 minutes now.
9) Have you got the results from the laboratory? When have they sent/did they send
them?
10) It’s the second time you have confused/confused the test tube with the tested blood.
11) All meat products must be destroyed in the territory of the Member State in which
the inspections have taken place/have been taking place.
12) There have been/were 26 cases of Mad Cow Disease in 2001 and 285 000 animals
had to be slaughtered.
2. Read the following sentences and correct the mistakes in tenses. Some sentences have
no mistake. Then translate them into Czech.
With the discovery of the vaccination technique in 1796 a new area has started.
___________________________________________________________________________
Since the 19th century hygienic measures have been taken to prevent the spread of
infectious agents.
___________________________________________________________________________
In 1864 French chemist Louis Pasteur invented the pasteurization process for the food
preservation.
___________________________________________________________________________
Almost 60 years ago F.A. Zenker proved the infectiveness of parasitic trichinae roundworms.
___________________________________________________________________________
The urgent need for improved public health control in Africa became more apparent in
recent years.
___________________________________________________________________________
Food safety has always been of great concern to people all over the world.
___________________________________________________________________________
We just started discussion on new testing methods.
___________________________________________________________________________
When has Carl von Linde developed a process of food cooling?
___________________________________________________________________________
Edward Jenner’s innovations, begun with his successful 1796 use of cowpox material to
create immunity to smallpox, quickly made the practice widespread.
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Fill in the gaps with the right word – FOR or SINCE.
 Louis Pasteur lived in Dule in France ……………….. 5 years before he moved to Arbois.
 In England, levels of bovine TB have substantially increased ……………….. 1998.
 ………………..30 years prior to their discovery, it was widely believed that peptic ulcer
disease was caused by excess acid in the stomach.
 There have been only 55 cases of human rabies diagnosed ……………….. 1990.
 The FDA Food Safety Modernization Act represents the most thorough reform of US
food safety laws ……………….. the 1930s.
 Cholera did not occur in America ……………….. most of the 20th century.
 There have been enormous achievements in control of infectious diseases
……………….. the past two centuries.
 ……………….. the 1980s, a series of unexpected new infectious diseases have emerged.
Vocabulary
adulteration (n)
/əˌdʌltəˈreɪʃ(ə)n/
šizení, pančování
advance (n)
/ədˈvɑːns/
pokrok, postup
anthrax (n)
/ˈænθræks/
antrax (sněť slezinná)
brucellosis (n)
/ˌbruːsɪˈləʊsɪs/
brucelóza
carcass (n)
/ˈkɑː(r)kəs/
mrtvé zvíře, zdechlina
cholera (n)
/ˈkɒlərə/
cholera
comply (v)
/kəmˈplaɪ/
splnit, vyhovět
consolidation (n)
/kənˌsɒlɪˈdeɪʃ(ə)n/
upevnění, upevňování
cradle (n)
/ˈkreɪd(ə)l/
kolébka; rodiště
deadly (adj)
/ˈdedli/
smrtící, smrtelný
decay (n)
/dɪˈkeɪ/
rozpad, úpadek
desirous (adj)
/dɪˈzaɪərəs/
dychtící, toužící
diarrhoea (n)
/ˌdaɪəˈriːə/
průjem
discharge (n)
/dɪsˈtʃɑː(r)dʒ/
výtok
dispose (v)
/dɪˈspəʊz/
zbavit se, zlikvidovat
enterprise (n)
/ˈentə(r)ˌpraɪz/
podnik, podnikání
epizootic (n)
/ˌepɪzəʊˈɒtɪk/
epizoocie
falsification (n)
/ˌfɔːlsɪfɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/
falšování, padělání
fishmonger (n)
/ˈfɪʃˌmʌŋɡə(r)/
prodavač/prodejce
ryb
fowl (n)
/faʊl/
drůbež, kur
germ (n)
/dʒɜː(r)m/
mikrob
glanders (n)
/ˈɡlændəz/
vozhřivka
gonorrhoea (n)
/ˌɡɒnəˈrɪə/
kapavka
guild (n)
/ɡɪld/
cech, spolek
honest (adj)
/ˈɒnɪst/
poctivý, čestný
inflammation (n)
/ˌɪnfləˈmeɪʃ(ə)n/
zánět
inflict (v)
/ɪnˈflɪkt/
způsobit, uštědřit
intensively (adv)
/ɪnˈtensɪvli/
intenzivně
introduce (v)
/ˌɪntrəˈdjuːs/
zavést (nový prvek)
issue (n)
/ˈɪʃuː/ or /ˈɪsjuː/
vydat, vytisknout
joint (adj)
/dʒɔɪnt/
společný
leprosy (n)
/ˈleprəsi/
malomocenství, lepra
liable (adj)
/ˈlaɪəb(ə)l/
podléhající
living (adj)
/ˈlɪvɪŋ/
živý, žijící
malleus (n)
/ˈmælɪəs/
maleus (vozhřivka)
measure (n)
/ˈmeʒə(r)/
opatření
mucous (adj)
/ˈmjuːkəs/or /ˈmjuːkəʊs/
mukózní
municipal (adj)
/mjuːˈnɪsɪp(ə)l/
obecní, městský
nostril (n)
/ˈnɒstrəl/
nosní dírka, nozdra
notifiable (adj)
/ˈnəʊtɪˌfaɪəbl/
personify (v)
/pə(r)ˈsɒnɪfaɪ/
zosobňovat
pesticide (n)
/ˈpestɪsaɪd/
pesticid
prescription (n)
/prɪˈskrɪpʃ(ə)n/
nařízení
prevalence (n)
/ˈprevələns/
převaha, rozšíření
profuse (adj)
/prəˈfjuːs/
silný, mohutný
quarantine (n)
/ˈkwɒrəntiːn/
karanténa
rabies (n)
/ˈreɪbiːz/
vzteklina
reflect (v)
/rɪˈflekt/
odrážet (se)
reinforce (v)
/ˌriːɪnˈfɔː(r)s/
podpořit, posílit
rinderpest (n)
/ˈrɪndəˌpest/
dobytčí mor
smallpox (n)
/ˈsmɔːlˌpɒks/
neštovice
springboard (n)
/ˈsprɪŋˌbɔː(r)d/
odrazový můstek,
stand-alone (adj)
/stændəˈləʊn/
samostatný, nezávislý
staphylococcal (adj)
/ˌstæfɪləʊˈkɒkl/
stafylokokový
streptococcal (adj)
/ˌstreptəʊˈkɒkl/
streptokokový
swell (v)
/swel/
otéci, opuchnout
swine erysipelas (n)
/…ˌerɪˈsɪpɪləs/
červenka vepřů
threat (n)
/θret/
hrozba
trace (v)
/treɪs/
vysledovat, vystopovat
tremendous (adj)
/trəˈmendəs/
ohromný, obrovský
tuberculosis (n)
/tjuːˌbɜː(r)kjʊˈləʊsɪs/
tuberkulóza
urban (n)
/ˈɜː(r)bən/
městský
podléhající hlášení
voluntary (n)
/ˈvɒlənt(ə)ri/
dobrovolný