Download name: david longenbach

I. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF WWI
A. French Revolution
1. Upsets Monarchies
2. Alters balance of power
B. Napoleon
1. Conscription
2. Spreads Ideals of Revolution in Europe
3. Britain becomes dominant world power with trade
C. Peace reins in Europe after Napoleonic defeat in 1815
1. French power recedes
2. Nationalism unleashed - Germany / Poland
3. Monarchies on the way out / Social change & Industrial Revolution
II.
ITALIAN & GERMAN UNIFICATION
A. Italy
1. United under the house of Savoy
2. N. Italy dominated politics
3. Created monarchy not republic
4. Garibaldi - Red Shirts
5. Victor Emmanuel II - 1871
6. Italy left weak and divided
B. GERMAN UNIFICATION
1. Prussia & Bismarck
2. 1848 Revolution failed
3. 1866- Austro-Prussian War - combines powers
4. Partition of Poland - "klein" second Reich complete
5. Kulture Kampf
6. Franco-Prussian War 1871
A. Unites catholic German states to Prussia
B. Alsace- Lorraine Map on Pages...
7. Bismarck strives to isolate France
A. Treaty with Austria-Hungary/ Dual Alliance 1879-1918
B. Drei Kaiser Bund - Russia 1881-1887
C. Economic ties with England
D. Triple Alliance ( Italy) 1882-1915
8. Bismarck fired (1890) Alliances Collapse
C. Alliance System
1. France and Russia – Franco-Russian Entente 1894 -Russia needed moneymirror dual alliance
2. France and Britain - Entente Cordiale 1904 -British unpopular-Boer War&
Egypt
3. Anglo-Russian Understanding 1907 -settle Persian question
Triple Entente 1907-1908 (Defeat of Russian fleet 1905)
D. Pan - Germanism
1. Baltic Germans
2. Fear of Slavs
III. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY & THE BALKAN QUESTION
A. "Sick Man of Europe" Ottomans withdraw from Europe
B. Power vacuum Austria-Hungary & Russia fill in
1. Balkan occupation *Russia
2. Containing Pan Slavism *Austria-Hungary
C. Serbs - wanted greater Serbia
1. Upset about Balkan War gains by other powers
2. Lost War with Bulgaria
3. Wanted Bosnia-Herzegovina
D. Conrad von Hotzendorf - Chief of Austrian General Staff -" Berlin to Baghdad"
1. Wanted to save Austria "by the second"
2. Chief War Hawk
E. Berchtold - Austrian Foreign Minister
1. "Protect Vital Interests" Received a “blank check” from Germany
F. Serbia backed by Russia
1. Russian's self proclaimed protector of the Slavs
2. Nicholas II hurting from Russo-Japanese war needs a victory
G. Franz Joseph- ageing emperor out of touch with the people
H. June 28, 1914
1. Arch Duke Francis Ferdinand II assassinated by
2. Gavillo Princip-Serb nationalist and school teacher
3. member of the “Black Hand”
I. Bethmann Hollweg "a would-be Bismarck" supports A.H.
J. Trilism-3rd division for Slavs in A.H. Empire
1. Serb nationalists didn't want that
2. Afraid it would be successful
H. The Black Hand 1. Colonel Dimitrievich covert leader & military intelligence officer of Serbia
2. Supports terrorist activities including assassins
I. July 23rd Ultimatum sent to Belgrade
1. 10 demands made - Suppress Anti-Austrian Propaganda
2. Allow Austrian Officials into Serbia
3. Serbs comply with most but not all
4. 28th July Austria declares War
IV. THE WAR
A. Mobilization
1. Russia (slow?)
2. Germany (Schlieffen Plan) 1905
3. France
B. Declarations
1. Russia declares war on Austria
2. Germany declares war on Russia & France
3. France declares war on Germany and Austria
4. Britain remains neutral with Italy
5. Germany invades Belgium / England declares War
C. Central Powers
Germany
AH
Bulgaria
Turkey
Allies
Britain
France
Russia
Serbia
U.S.A. 1917
D. How War was fought?
1. Infantry attacks
2. Artillery bombardment
3. Naval Blockade
4. Airpower comes of age
E. War Ends
1. Treaty of Versailles
2. Lost Territory
3. 14 Points
4. War Bitterness
F. The Big Four
1. Great Britain = David Lloyd George
2. France = George Clemenson
3. U.S. = Woodrow Wilson
4. Italy = Vittorio Orlando
G. Treaties
1. Versailles = Germany
Japan August 10,1902
Greece
Italy-April 1915
Rumania
2. Saint - Germain = Austria 6 million left out of 30 million
3. Trianon = Hungary loses 2/3 inhabitants 3/4 territory
4. Neuilly = Bulgaria
5. S`evres = Turkey
* Jan 1919 Paris Peace Conference begins - Five Treaties Named after Paris
Districts (For Monday- League Of Nations)
H. The Russian Collapse
1. 1917 - Russia Leaves War
2. Dec. 3, 1917 - Brest-Litovsk started 1918 / signed March 3, 1918
3. October - Revolution
4. November - Bolshevik takeover: Poland / Ukraine / Finland / Baltic States
5. Casualties: 10 million dead , 20 million wounded
U.S. 330,000 casualties / casualties 115,000 dead
I. War Affects
1. Economics - tariffs, protected national industries, planned economy
2. U.S. owed $4 billion 1914 - Credited $10 billion by 1919.
Walter Rathenau : "War Socialism" The Peace Of Paris
II. WHY WWI?
1. Alliance System
2. Militarism / Old Order
3. Imperialism / Colonialism
4. Trade
5. Nationalism
III. WHY VERSAILLES?
1. Wilson's 14 points
2. Address problems that caused War
3. Revenge
A. * 1935 Saar / 100,000 Man Army
B. Reparations 1921 - $132 billion gold marks ; $35 Billion dollars
4. Justification of War
5. Secret treaties
IV. THE ADVANCE OF DEMOCRACY
1. Creation of new European States
2. Universal male suffrage
3. Women's voting rights
A. 1922 - Rappallo - German-Soviet Treaty; Locarno 1925
-Gustav Stresemann
-`Edouard Herriot & Aristide Briand
- Ramsay MacDonald
B. Germany established western borders with Belgium and France-Arbitration treaties;
with Czech and Poland - Renounced armed aggression.
C. France - Poland & Czech defensive Alliance.
Little Entente - Czech / Yugo / Rum.
D. Britain - Belgium & French frontiers guaranteed.
1. 1926 - Germany joins League Of Nations
2. 1928 - Kellog - Briand Pact
- signed by 65 nations
-" Renounce war as an instrument of National Policy"
V. WHAT WENT WRONG?
- Collapse of world trade
A. Overproduction of war materials
B. Government Regulation and Protection
C. Reparations
1. 1923 - France and Belgium occupy Ruhr
*1923-4trillion marks to $1.00
2. 1924 - Dawes Plan - American Investment
3. Debt = More debt = Weimar 5 years?
D. Stock Collapse - Oct. 1929
1. 1929-32 - Average Value of 50 industrial stocks dropped from 252 to 61.
2. 5000 American banks closed.
3. U.S. National Income fell $85 billion to $37 billion
4. 1932 - 30 million unemployed world-wide(west)
E. Reactions
1. Protect industry - Hanley Smoot Tariff
2. Self - sufficiency
3. 1932 Ottawa Agreements
4. Reduced Tariffs in British Commonwealth
VI. 1930's
A. Dictatorships
1. Italy 1922
2. Germany 1933
3. Spain 1936 - July War breaks out
B. Mussolini
1. Blackshirts
2. Milan
3. Vigorous Action
VII. PROPAGANDA
A. Triumph of The Will
1. Unity
a. Party
b. People or "Volk"
2. Building of a new Germany
a. Economy (Labor)
b. Industry (Trade)
3. Respect for WWI veterans
a. New Military
b. Revenge on enemies (Versailles)
B. Alexander Nevsky
1. The Masses - "Power of the People"
a. Peasants
b. "Mother Russia"
2. Alexander "Leader Figure" (Stalin)
a. Asked to lead the people
b. Selfless and perfect leader
C. Detractors
1. Alexander
a. Downgrade Church (cowards)
b. Evil enemy - Germany and Japan
2. Triumph
a. Weimar
b. Socialists and Communists
VIII. FAMOUS SPEECHES
A. U.S. and England Parallel - article
B. Frank Capra "Why we fight"
C. Speech Article
1. Analysis is based on 360 speeches in 92 chronicles - 1000 - 1250
* 156 (speeches)- Leaders appeal to bravery and valor
108 - God on their side
69 - Superior to enemy
48 - Plunder and booty
46 - Defend themselves and family
45 - Past victories
IX. Fascism in Italy
A. Soldiers felt cheated
B. Hatred of France (Corsica, N. Africa, Savoy, Piedmont)
C. Leftist Strike - chaos
D. Milan - Mussolini organized Black shirts
E. 1922 - October
1. Hungary - Arrow Cross
2. Rumania - Iron Guard
3. Spain - Falange
4. Mare Nostrum - Conflict with England
F. Choose Symbol - Fasces - Authority of old Roman magistrates
X. GERMANY
Lebensraum...
1. 1931-32 - 1/2 production ; 2 million to 6 million unemployed
A. Franz von Papen - use Hitler and Nazi's to solidify Weimar Gov.
B. Hitler made Chancellor Papen Vice Chancellor
C. Goering - Chief of Police
1. Destroy social democrats in Prussia
D. Hitler persuades Hindenburg to dissolve Reichstag.
E. 1933 New Elections
1. Feb. 27 - Reichstag burns; seized control, suspend constitution
F. 1935 - Nuremburg Laws - Sept. 15
G. 1936 - Schact eliminated unemployment
1. Rohm - Socialist S.A.
2 to 3 million men
2. Heinrich Himmler - SS Commander
H. 1934 - Army sworn to Hitler / Hindenburg dies
1. April 11, 1935 - Italy, Britain, France
Stresa - " Stresa Front"
2. Italy wanted support against Hitler in Austria / planned invasion of Ethiopia
a. 1935 Anglo-German Naval Agreement ended Italian efforts.
I. 1935 Commintern " Popular Front"
J. 1936 Remilitarizes Rhineland after Franco - Soviet Treaty Larcano ends
K. 1936 Spanish Civil War
*croix de feu
XI. GRAND STRATEGY
A. Germany
1. Hitler aims at Austria and Czechloslovakia
2. Hossbach memorandum - France, Russia, Britain
a. Britain identified as enemy for first time
3. Hitler replaces opposition:
a. Dr. Schact - Commissioner of War Economy-dismissed in 1937
b. Marshal Blomberg-Minister of War - dismissed in 1938
- replaced by OKW
c. OKW - headed by Keitel, Wilhelm (General)
Lebensraum by 1943 - 1945
B. Britain
1. Turn German aggression East
2. Sir Neville Henderson - 1938 Feb. told Germany that England recognized a
"change in Europe." German sphere in Central & Eastern Europe O.K.
C. France
1. Pacifism Rampant / Internal dissent rocks French gov't / Popular front begins
rearmament. Hide behind Maginot Line.
D. Italy
1. Fallen under Hitler's leadership. Expansion in Africa & Mediterranean.
Abandon Danube.
E. Russia(Soviet Union)
1. Turn German aggression West. Begins courting idea of expansion in Eastern
Europe. Disinvolve with Japan, focus on Europe.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
IDENTIFICATION
(2 pts.) 1. Empire known as "The Sick Man of Europe".
Answer: Ottoman Empire
SHORT ANSWER
(5pts) 1. As a result of France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, she lost 2 territories on her
Western Frontier. Name the 2 territories and explain why they were important.
(2pts.) 1. Alscace
(2pts.) 2. Lorraine
(1pt.) 3. Gave Germany strategic territory on West bank of Rhein River
(25PTS.) ESSAY
What were the underlying causes of the first world war? Describe the alliance system
built by Bismarck that eventually divided Europe, French attitudes towards Germany, AngloGerman Relations, & Russia's foreign policy goal that brought it into conflict with Austria.
Alliance system.
1. Alliance System
(2pt) 1. Triple Entente
2.
3.
4.
5.
Old Order, Militarism
(1pt) A. France
Imperialism & Colonialism
(1pt) B. Britain
Trade (economics) (1pt) C. Russia
Nationalism
(2pts.) Triple Alliance
(1pt.) Germany
(1pt.) A H
(1pt.) Italy
French feelings of (2pts) revenge for lost territories of (1pt) Alscace & (1pt) Lorraine.
(2pts.) Anglo-German naval race
(1pt.) " Berlin to Baghdad Railroad"
(3pts.) Russian drive to Constantinople (Istanbul).
I. February 21, 1938
Neville Chamberlain informed Count Dino Grandi (Italy) that Austria was lost. This
weakened Italy's resolve.
A. France - Popular front disintegrating - strikes rampant
* Schnigg called to Bershetesgarton
B.
England - Eden resigned; Halifax takes over; Schuschnigg - gains no support- offers referendum to people / Hitler threatens invasion.
- Schuschnigg arrested; (Seyss) Inquart takes over. March 1939 Anschluss
II. Hitler Turns to Czech.
A. Makes claims on Sudenten Land.
B. Chamberlain appeases Hitler.
C. When he returns, Hitler wants everything by Oct. 1.
D. Poland also claims Teschen (Silesia).
E. Hungary claims S. Slovakia
*F. Pres. Eduard Bene`s - bows to proposal
III. To avoid war - Munich conference held - Sept. 29, 1938
Mussolini
Chamberlain
Hitler
Daladier
A. Hitler wins.
1. Poland annexes Sept. 30, 1938
2. Hungary Nov. 2, 1938
3. March 15, 1939 - Hungary - Bohemia Moravia Germany
4. March 23, - Memel annexed by Hitler
B. Slovak Premier Monsignor Jo'zef Tiso was forced into asking for German protection
by announcing Slovak independence or be left to Poles & Hungarians.
1. Skoda works at Pilsen
2. April 7, 1939 - Italy invades Albania
3. March 1939 - Czech. Occupied
C. British Attitude changes
1. March 29 - Gov't. doubles territorial guard
2. April 26 - Conscription 1st time in history during peace time.
3. March 31 - Poland defended
D. Italy forms closer ties to Germany
1. Offensive Alliance created
IV. GERMAN WEHRMACHT - 1939
* Was it superior?
A. Technically (Equipment)
B. Organization - Excellent!
C. Training - better
D. Numerically - 7 Panzer, 4 Motorized, 54 Divisions, 8 Reserve, 4 mech. light
V. POLAND'S ARMED FORCES
A. Equipment - 1,000 Aircraft (400 Firstline) TK/TKS
B. Numbers - 280,000 Peacetime / 700 tanks / 450 machine gun carriers / 2.5 million
reserve / 50 WWI Renaults / Vickes 6 ton
C. Organization - Poor
D. Morale - Very High
VI. EQUIPMENT
A. Tanks - 3,000 vehicles - mostly MKI's & MKII's / 500-600 MKIII's, MKIV"S,35(+)'s,38(+)'s
B. Planes - Tactical (Stukas) JU87's
C. Motorized Units
D. Small Arms
B. Vernichtungsgedanke - Annihilation Concept
- Double envelopment = Brauchitsch
C. SOUTH
A. Army Group A: Rundstedt's
1. 8th, 10th, 14th -Army --Panzers XVI Panzercorp 1st & 4th PZ Divisions
D. NORTH
A. Army Group B: Bock's
1. 3rd - E. Prussia
2. 4th - Pomerania - Gudarian --3rd PZ. 2nd & 20th mot.
3. Panzer Division - 324 Tanks
4. Light - 221
E. Sept. 16 - Red Army Advances
A. 8,000 killed; 30,000 wounded
218 Panzars lost 10%combat - 400 vehicles lost total (breakdowns)
674 Vehicles total
I. JAPANESE IMPERIAL NAVY
*"Long Lance" Torpedo 24 in. oxygen driven
A. Dec. 1941
10 Battle Ships
8 Aircraft Carriers
18 Heavy Cruisers
20 Light Cruisers
108 Destroyers
9 million tons of merchant shipping
B. Growth of Japanese Empire
1. Ryukyu Islands - 1879
2. Formosa - 1895
3. Korea - 1910
4. Marianas & Caroline Is. Japanese Mandate - 1920
5. Manchuria - 1931 - Sept.
6. Indo-china - 1940
7. July 7, 1937 - Fight over Marco Polo bridge in Peking - Starts War.
C. Japan
1. supply 55,000,000 barrels of oil in 1 1/2 yrs. worth of operations
2. Short of raw Materials!!
3. Population 72,000,000 million 7 growing
4. Southern advance provides oil / rubber / tin / copper / etc.
D. Greater East-Asian Co-prosperity Sphere
1. Foreign minister - Matsuoka in 1940
2. Defensive perimeter from Aleutians to Burma confused policy
*. JULY 1941 - FUEL FROZE IN U.S.
E. Japanese Goals
1. Economic Security ( Raw materials / Food)
2. Greater Living Space
3. Control of Asia
F. Plans
1. Attack South - Secure oil; Defeat U.S. with knockout blow - turn against
Russia.
Questions:
1. Who was Zhukov?
2. Why was he important?
3. What can we learn from the battle?
a. Lack of Jap. Firepower
b. Russian tank and truck superiority
c. Russian Airpower
Poland:
1. Why did Poland lose?
a. Lack of armored formations; All too small; Troops poorly equipped
b. Poor geographic position / Setup on borders
c. Command / Organization poor
Germans:
1. Why did the Germans win?
a. Luftwaffe
b. Short burst with large armored (combined arms) formations; Battle of Annihilation
2. Was it Blitzkrieg?
a. Yes & No.
b. Trick question
3. Who was von Brauchitsch?
a. OKH; Chief of the Army
4. Who was Heinz Guderian?
a.
5. Were the Germans technically superior to the West?/ Numerically? (*Save for later)
II. Russo-Finnish War Nov. 30, 1939
A. Who was Marshal Carl Gustav Mannerheim?
B. Karelia / Lapland
C. Almost 1,000,000 Russian casualties; 1,000 Aircraft; 2,000 Tanks
D. 25,000 Finnish Casualties; 62 Aircraft
E. Volunteers from Sweden and Norway
1. - 8,000 volunteers; 85 Anti-tank guns; 164 Anti-aircraft; 80,000 rifles
2. First use of "Molotov"
F. March 12th- War over.
G. Dec. 13 - Graf Spee - Hans Langsdorff Kriesmarine
1. 6-11 in. guns; 8-5.9 in. guns
H. Commodore H.H. Harwood's S. Atlantic Sq.
1. Exeter - Heavy Cruiser 6-8 in.
* All had torpedo tubes
2. Ajax & Achilles - 16-6 in.
I. Battle started 0600
1. Exeter drops out 0715
2. Ajax ( Harwood's Flag) - badly damaged
3. Ajax & Achilles broke 0740
J. Graf Spee - 36 killed and 59 wounded
1. Pulled out
2. Interned at Montevideo, Uruguay
3. Scuttled
K. Oct. 13-14, 1939
1. Gunther Prien U-47 Scapa Flow Sunk
2. Royal Oak 832 Crew lost.
III. Britain & France to Aid Finland
A. Take Narvik
1. Norway and Sweden refuse
2. March 20, Daladier resigns
3. Paul Reynaud - Prime Minister on 1 vote
B. Allies Plan
1. Neutralize shipping to Germany 2. April 7-8 "Wilfred" scheduled
IV. Gemany Invades First
A. Gand-Admiral Eric Raeder
1. Wanted bases
2. Major Vidkun Quisling - Head of "NASJONAL SAMLING"
3. Altmark boarded illegally by British
B. Norway op. Nikolaus von Falkenhorst
1. 2 mountain; 7 Inf.; All of Kriegsmarine
C. March 12, 1940 - Norway falls - Chamberlain falls
1. May 10 - Churchill takes over - Blitzkrieg launched
D. Narvik - 13 Allied Battalions vs. 10 German
2 Gebirgs Jager
Scharnhort
3 Cruisers-Lost to Germany
Gneisenau / Hipper
10 Destroyers - Lost to Germany
Sink Glorious Escort
V. PLANNING
A. Germany
1. Case Yellow " Schlieffen Plan"
2. Mansteins Plan
a. Sichelschnitt
b. Hitler approves Hybrid of Plan
3. Rundstedt - Manstein's Commander
4. Army Group B - von Bock - Holland, Belgium
5. Army Group A - von Rundstaedt - Lux.
6. Army Group C - von Leeb
B. Ardennes
1. France believed it was tank proof
C. OKH overruled
D. January 10th - Plane went down in Belgium with plans of Plan Yellow
E. Manstein's Plan accepted
F. 7 Panzer Divisions / All under Kleist
1. Group B - 3 Panzer Div.; 2 Corps - Hopner and Schmidts
2. Army Group A - Guderin's XIX Panzer Corps
a. 3 Divisions - 1st, 2nd, 10th
3. Reinhardt's XLI - Panzer Corps - 2 Divisions - 6th & 8th
4. Hoth's XV Panzer Corps - 7th & 5th
G. Gembloux Gap - May 12 & 13
1. Fought Prioux's 1st Cavalry Corps; 2nd & 3rd DLMS.
H. Meanwhile - Armor Reaches Sedan & Diant
1. Face 4 class B Reserve Divisions
I. DUNKIRK
1. Plan "Red" - attackson Paris
VI. BEF: 13 Divisions
A. Hurricanes - Defiants - Blenheims
1. Gloster Gladiators - Bi-plane
B. 1933 - French Modernization started
C. Germany
1. 27,000 killed
2. 111,000 wounded
3. 18,000 missing
D. France
1. 90,000 KIA
2. 200,000 wounded
3. 1,900,000 missing
E. Britain
1. 68,000
F. Belgium
1. 23,000
G. Dutch
1. 10,000
H. Aircraft
1. Lufft. 1,284.
2. RAF 931
3. France 560
*Falschirmjager
*Eben Emael
VII. AMERICAN ISOLATIONISM
A.
1. Wall Street got us into the War
2. The International Arms Cartel
3. British Propaganda
B. Army
1. 1936-1940 - 268,000 Men
2. 1940-1941 - 1.5 million
C. Interwar Years
1. Army poorly equipped
2. Army undermanned
3. Poor Personnel / Poor Pay
D. Billy Mitchel - Pioneer of American Airpower
1. Guilio Douhet - Destroy enemy's "vital centers"
2. 1925 - dismissed; 1935 - B-17 developed
E. Major Claire Chennault
1. Pursuit section at Air Corps; Tactical Fighters ruled skies
2. Retired 1937
*Close Air Support Ignored
F. Navy
1. First line of defense
2. Washington Conference 1922
3. London Conference in 1933 - cruisers
4. Naval development for War in Pacific
a. Lexington & Saratoga - converted cruisers
*5. Mahan vs. Rear Admiral William A. Moffet- headed Naval Air Arm (192133)
G. Marine Corps
1. Amphibious Operations
2. John A. Lejeune
VIII. Orange - Japan
A. 7,000 miles to Phillipines
1. Red - U.K.
2. Black - Germany
3. Green - Mexico
B. Phillipines could not be defended - 1924
C. 1935 - Capture of Marshalls & Carolines to assist drive to Phillipines
D. 1939 - Rainbow Plans - dealing with coalition of enemies
*1. Rainbow 5 - WWII Plan
E. Japan moves in 1940
F. Occupy Indo-china - September
IX. U.S. Interests (Notes)
A. " The National interst of the U.S. required the survival of Great Britain & its postwar
freedom of action as a great power." p.3.
B. 1939 - 1941
C. "Defense of Western Hemisphere"
D. Dec. 1941 ARCADIA Conference
1. Defeat Japan and Germany ( unconditional surrender)
2. Germany was the number one enemy
E. "There is no alternative to victory." p.10.
F. Bolero - Roundup Plan
1. Created by the War Plans division of the War Department General Staff.
G. July 1939 - 1941 - Military Order
1. Moved the Joint Board of the Army and Navy along with the body
coordinating
their strategic plans -The Army & Navy Munitions Board / The Agency
controlling-
Procurement Programs / & The Civilian Office-then in charge of Military
production into the Executive Office of the President.
2. The Chiefs of Staff answered directly to the President
3. Secret. of War & Navy & Army had little to say
a. Secretary of War & Navy - Mr. Stimson
b. Secretary of Army - Mr. Knox
*Study Quiz
H. Militia
1. Nov. 1938 - 10,000 combat planes a year (plant capacity); 50,000 a year after
France.
2. June 1940 - All out assistance to Great Britain
3. July 1941 - Oil embargo against Japan; Defend and reinforce the Phillipines
4. Garrisons and convoys in Western Atlantic
*5. "Rainbow 5" - Army-Navy Strategic Plan went into effect Dec.7, 1941.
I. Six Principles of U.S. Strategy
1. Solidarity of U.S - U.K. Alliance
2. Germany - #1 Enemy
3. U.S.S.R must be given aid to stay in the war.
4. Germany & Japan must give unconditional surrender.
5. China must be kept in the War.
6. U.S. interest to establish U.N.
X. 1940; Britain refuses to yield
A. The channel - prevents German ground forces from a direct invasion.
B. Royal Navy still very formidable
C. RAF - still intact
D. U.K. - still head of commonwealth - Canada, Australia, New Zealand, S. Africa, India
E. Could receive help from Germany's other enemies. - U.S.A & U.S.S.R.
XI. The Destruction of the French Fleet
A. Fourth largest in the world
B. Headed by Jean Francois Darlan - Anti-Britain
1. Stayed in France
2. Allied to Marshal Pe'tain
C. June 27, 1940 - 5 days after Franco - German Armistice; French fleet at Oran
Attacked
D. French fleet effectively eliminated
XII. Battle of Britain
A. Attacks on merchants
B. Invasion planned
C. War against RAF
1. Could produce more fighters (mobilized)
2. Ultra / Enigma
3. Radar
* Alder Tag! Aug. 13th
*Day of the Eagle - Operation Eagle - Aug. 8th
XIII. German Advantages
A. More planes
B. More experienced pilots
C. "Crooked Legs"
D. Sept. 7th - RAF bombed Berlin
1. Hitler retaliates
2. German damage to defenses was significant but MI% "Brit Intel" provides false
info.
3. Battle Ends - Sept. 15th
4. Sealion postponed - Oct 12th
E. BF 109E-3
1. 2-20mm cannon
2. 2 x 7.9 mm machineguns
3. Speed: 348 mph
4. Ceiling: 34,450 ft.
5. Climb: 7 min. 45 sec. to 19, 685ft.
6. Range - 410 miles
F. Spitfire
1. 8 x .303 in. Browning machine guns
2. Speed: 365 mph
3. Climb: 9 min. 24 sec. to 20,000 ft.
4. Ceiling: 34,000 ft
5. Range: 575 miles
G. Hurricane ( Hawker)
1. Range: 505 miles
2. 8 x .303 in. Brownings
3. Speed: 324 mph
4. Ceiling: 34,200 ft.
H. Oct.31 - Luftwaffe - 1,733 planes
-RAF
- 1,379 figures; but only 414 pilots KIA
I. Dornier 17P-1
1. Speed: 246 mph
2. 3 x 7.9 mm machine guns
J. Ju 88A - 1
1. Speed: 280 mph
2. 4 x 7.9 mm
3. 4,960 lbs. - bombs
4. crew - 4
XIV. Reasons for German Failure
A. British Defense Network (Radar, etc.)
B. Luftwaffe Tactical Airforce
C. Hitler Changed Objectives
D. Production Capabilities
XV. War in the Mediterranean
A. Vital in British Shipping
B. Egypt & The Suez
C. Malta & Gibraltar
D. Oil Fields in Iraq
*E. Italy - June 10, 1940
F. British
1. 60,000 men; 300 planes
2. General Archibald Wavell
XVI. Opening Moves
A. Hitler moves to persuade Spain into Gibraltar
B. 10th Army - Libya Marshal Graziani attacked Egypt
C. O'Connor defeats Italians badly - Dec. 9, 1940
1. Over 100,000 Italians captured
2. 2,000 British casualties
D. English forces sent to Greece where Italians were also failing.
E. Italian East Africa conquered by Brits.
1. 230,000 prisoners by April 6, 1941
2. Addis Abba Falls
F. Admiral Angelo Iachino vs. Admiral Andrew Cunningham
G. Regia Marina base at Taranto attacked
1. 2 Battleships sunk / Ultra & Enigma
2. Aircraft Carriers sunk also.
XVII. JAPANESE STRIKE
A. Pearl Harbor
1. U.S. Losses & Battleships, etc.
2. Japanese do not hit repair facilities - major mistake
B. Japan invades U.S. & British possessions
1. Hong Kong - Malaya - Singapore - Thailand - Burma Fall
2. U.S. - Phillipines - Guam - Wake
3. Japs drive to New Guinnea
C. What next?
1. Raid Ceylon & Indian Ocean
2. Doolittle Raid - Turns Fleet to Midway
D. U.S. Strategy " Vitla Flanks"
1. U.S. to hold lifeline to Australia
2. Britain to hold India
a. U.S. raids in S. Pacific; Strike at Rabaul, etc.
b. Solomons become strategic Island group
E. Battle of Coral Sea (Fletcher U.S.)
1. Japanese want Port Moresby
2. Fleets collide; U.S. loses Lady Lex.; Yorktown damaged
3. Japs have Zuakaku & Shoakaku damaged and lose aircrews carrier Shoho.
XVIII. Midway
A. Japan
1. Large strike groups of capital ships
2. Yamamoto - in command of Battleship group
3. Nagumo - Hiryu, Soryu, Akagi, Kaga
B. U.S.
1. Yorktown, Enterprise, and Hornet
C. U.S. Intelligence had decoded Jap code!
1. We knew they were coming!
D. Attu & Kiska Operation planned as diversion ( failed)
1. Succeeds in taking objectives.
E. Fletcher - commanded Yorktown
F. Spruance - Enterprise and Hornet
G. Japanese launch attacks on Midway itself
1. First strike does superficial damage.
2. Second strike recommendedd - Japan rearms
3. Tone's plane spots Yorktown - Japs recover - 1st wave & rearm again
4. U.S. keeps attacking.
5. Americans attack piecemeal - get wiped out.
H. Dive bombers of Yorktown and Enterprise destroy Japanese carriers.-Akagi, Kaga,
Soryu.
1. Hiryu launches strike against Yorktown - she is crippled
2. Enterprise divebombers sink Hiryu
I. Americans retire to East under Spruance ( Task Force 16)
1. Japs moved in for night action; pull out at 2:00 a.m.; 6th turn back
J. Battle ends as a U.S. Victory; Japanese go on defensive for rest of War.
XIX. Operation Land Grab
A. U.S. forces retake Attu & Kiska May 7, 1943
B. MacArthur vs. Nimitz & King
C. MacArthur wants to move on Rabaul - leads to "Watch Tower" operation
D. July 2, 1942 - Set to begin Aug. 1st;
1. Guadalcanal & Tulagi added to operation
E. Admiral Ghormley - wanted delay; 1st Marines not ready/ Still in U.S. not
NewZealand
F. Van Volkenburgh - New Guinea
1. Japanese launch offensive overland against Port Moresby.
2. Landing at Buna - 16,000 men
3. General Horii Tomitaro - Use Kakoda trail/ make it to Imita Range
(Southern Foothills)
4. Second Jap. attack at Milne Bay halted by Aussies & U.S. Combat
engineers
G. Task Force 1 - 76 Ships for Guadal Canal
1. Three carriers (only 4 in U.S. fleet) - A new battleship + RAN Fletcher in
command - Saratoga
H. Aug. 8 - U.S. takes Guadal Canal & Tulagi
I. Fletcher pulls out.
J. Japanese 8th fleet under Mikawa Gunichi
1. Sail from Rabaul - head down the slot.
K. Battle of Savo Island
1. 5 allied cruisers; 2 destroyers - 1:30 A.M.
2. Encounter Japanese
L. Canberra - Sunk; 12 hits, 2 torpedoes
M. Chokia - Mikawa Flag took hits - Staff room destroyed - Decides to pull out before
U.S. carriers can attack him in the morning.
N. Allies - 4 cruisers sunk; 2 destroyers & 1 cruiser damaged
O. KAKO - sunk by U.S. sub S-44 ( Henry Cruiser)
P. The following day:
1. Turner kept transports unloading until 9th & then pulled out.
2. Henderson Field - Key to Island
3. Ichiki Force lands & is wiped out - 1,000 men
4. Japs replay Coral Sea
5. Ryujo - sunk by U.S. carriers
6. Shokaku & Zuikaku - continue fight
7. Enterprise crippled by 3 bomb hits
8. "The Tokyo Express" - driven off by land based aircraft
9. Kawaguchi - 6,000 men; attacks Bushido
10. Wasp sunk by Jap sub during transport of reinforcements.
11. Oct. 9th - 164 Reg. American Division sent to Island
a. Hornet & Washington cover.
XX. Battle of Cape Esperance
A. Furutaka (Destroyer) sunk; several cruisers damaged
B. Japs forced to retreat
C. Ghormley relieved - Halsey takes over
D. Oct. 23 - Japs try to storm Henderson again & fail
1. 3,500 casualties to 5000 American
XXI. Battle of Santa Cruz Island
A. Hornet Sunk - Enterprise damaged again
B. Zuiho & Shokaku - badly damaged
XXII. Second Sea Battle in Slot
A. U.S. - 3 destroyers sunk; 2 crippled
B. Portland crippled/ Cruiser damaged
C. Japs. - 2 destroyers sunk
D. Battleship Hiei damaged; sunk following day by U.S. Aircraft
E. Transport group - 6 trans.. sunk / Cruiser sunk, 3 dam.
XXIII. Next Battle
A. South Dakota & Washington vs. Kirishima - (sunk 1 destroyer)
1. South dakota - 42 hits; didn't sink
2. U.S. loses 3 destroyers
XXIV. Battle of Tassafaronga
A. Japs sink one U.S. cruiser; three others crippled
*B. Feb. JAPS PULL OUT.
XXV. Soviet Moves
A. Occupation of Baltic States (June 1940)
1. Added to U.S.S.R. as 14th / 15th / 16th Republics
B. Bessarabia & Bukovina ceded to U.S.S.R.
I. Hitler Retaliates
A. Rumania & Hungary - Vienna
1. Hungary - get N. Transylvania
B. King Carol III Flees Rumania
1. General Ion ANtonescu takes over
C. Ploesti Oil Fields
1. Rumania occupied by German troops
II. Yugoslavia
A. Premier Cvetkovic arrested
1. Prince Paul captured
2. Dusan Simovi'c Pro-Serb
B. 2nd & 12th Armies Attack Greece & Yugo - April 6, 1941- "Operation Punishment"
III. Britain Aids Greece
A. Keep all in War.
B. Wanted to look loyal to U.S.A. & U.S.S.R.
C. Greece has valuable bases for East Med.
D. Yugo - Vital resources for Germany.
IV. Battle for Greece
A. Send 56,000 men
B. Defeat Italian Navy at Cape Matapan
1. Destroys Italian numerical superiority
2. Keeps them out of Greece actions
C. Athens Falls April 27th.
D. British retreat to Crete
V. Battle of Crete
A. General Karl Student - Head of Airborne Corps
B. General Bernard Fryberg - British Commander
C. German Plan : Capture 3 Airfields
1. Melme, Retimo, HerAklion
D. May 20 - Attack Begins - Operation Mercury
E. 7th Airborne - Alpine Division
F. May 26 - All 3 Aerodromes were in German hands
G. Many British ships lost in evacuation
H. 3rd "Dunkirk" For Britain
I. Battle Significance
1. Germans never again tried a large airborne operation.
2. British Defeat - Pro-Axis feelings in Arab world
3. Turkey remains neutral
4. Italy becomes satellite of Reich
VI. North Afrika
A. Jan. 11, 1941 - Afrika Korps (Deutsches)
1. Formed under Erwin Rommel - DAK
B. Rommel - born 1891
1. Military instructor for Hitler youth & S.A. in 1933
2. In 1935 - Full colored - Fuhrer's HQ Seventh Light in France
3. Captured Eight British Generals; 25,000 men; 15th PZ.; 5th Mot.
4. Rommel under Italian Command - initially
5. He ignored; began offensive
6. "Parallel War" collapses
C. DAK Land in Tripoli Feb. 14, 1941
D. March 24 - April 25 - launches offensives
1. El-Agheil-Wavell defeated
2. Retake Benghazi on April 4th.
3. Tobruk encircled - April 13th
4. 500 miles recaptured
E. Rommel's Tactics
1. "Sword and Shield"
2. Anti-tank guns vs. Enemy tanks
3. Tanks vs. enemy infantry & artillery
F. Reasons for Rommel's Halt
1. Lack of Fuel / Ammo
2. Lack of Replacements
3. Forward Airbases
4. Terraine
VII. Political Situation in Middle East
A. Pro-Axis - Iran; Shah Reza Pahlaui /overthrown in June 1941 by Soviets&Brits.
B. Pro-Axis - Iraq; Rashid Ali /British Force Corp.
C. Jewish immigration causes unrest in Palestine, Jordan, Egypt
D. Vich control Syria & Lebanon
E. British invade after Baghdad Falls.
VIII. Soviet Weaknesses
A. Leadership
B. Organization
C. Technical - Airpower, Radar, Infrastrusture
D. Germany
1. 116 Inf. (14 motorized); 19 Panzer, 9 Reservists
E. Leningrad - Army Group North - Von Leeb 18 Inf.
1. First Panzercorps - Hopner - 3 Pz. Div.; PZ. GroupIV
F. Moscow - Army Group Center - Von Bock; 42 Inf.
1. Guderian (PZ. GroupII) & Hoth (PZ. Group III) - 9 Panzer
G. Kiev - Army Group South - Rundstedt
1. 52 INK Div.
2. Kleist - Panzer Group I Spanzer
3. Rumanian Armies - 3rd & 4th - 15 Div. Part of 52
4. Hungarian motorized Corps - 2 Div.
5. Italian Corps
H. Germany - 3,332 tanks - 250 assault guns
1. 410 PZ I; 746 II; 149 35+'s; 623 38+; 965 - III; 439 IV
IX. First Day - Soviets start with 15,000 Tanks & 9,000 Aircraft
A. 1,489 Soviet Aircraft destroyed on ground; 322 Air; 4,990 1st week
B. Kirponos - Southwest Front - makes a good fight
1. 6 - mechanized corps.
C. West Front - Pavlov - 4 mech. corps.
D. Guderian captures Minsk - June 27th; 290,000 men
1. 2,585 tanks; 1,449 guns; Pavlov shot
2. Timoshen takes over
3. Smolensk Falls Aug. 5th; 250,000 men; 2,000 tanks & guns
E. Army Group N. surrounds Lenningrad at Luga - 20,000 men captured
F. Directive 33 - Hitler turns Guderian's Panzers South & Hoth - North
X. 19th of July
A. Officer Corps protest - von Brauchitsch, Halder, Jodl, von Bock, von Rundstedt,
Guderian & Hoth.
B. Kirponos - Stalin orders to hold Kiev
C. Kiev taken Sept. 26; 900 tanks, 3,719 guns, 665,000 men
D. Viazma pocket - Hoth & Hopner - 1,242 tanks, 5,492 guns, 663,000 prisoners
E. 14th of November - Guderian; 600 tanks to 50
F. 28th Barbarosa halted
*G. Totals:
1. Major pockets - 2,250,000 prisoners; 150 divisions; 9,032 tanks; 16, 179 guns
2. Minor pockets - 736,000 men; 4,960 tanks; 9,033 guns;
German casualties-800,000
3. No withdrawal order by Hitler
H. Brauchitsch relieved
I. Runstedt & Leeb resign
J. Bock goes on sick leave
K. Guderian & Hopner - disagree with Kluge who takes over army group center; so they
are dismissed by Hitler.
L. Dec. 11 - Hitler declares War on U.S.
I. 1942
A. Case Blue:
1. Drive to the Caucasus
2. Batumi - Baku
B. Occupation of Crimea - Sevastople
1. Manstein's 11th Army; Rum. 4th & 3rd
2. Capture Crimea and Press on to Rostov-On-Don
C. General List
1. Drives into Caucasus, towards Grozny - August
D. Paulus
1. 6th Army drives on Stalingrad
2. August 20th - Reaches OUtskirts
3. Battle carries on until Nov. 19
4. 85% of city destroyed
E. Soviet
1. 62nd Army - General Vasily I. Chuikov
2. Nov. 19 - Soviet Counter Attack Begins
3. Overrun Hungarians in North; Rumania in South
4. Nickolay Vatutin - North on Don
5. Fyodor Tolbukhin - South
F. 6th Army surrounded by the 23rd
1. Withdrawal to begin on 25th
2. Hitler Halts - supply by Air; needed 500 tons, received 100 tons
G. Manstein leads Relief:
1. Dec. 24th - Pushed back
2. Feb. 3rd - Paulus surrenders 91,000 men; only 5,000 would return
II. German Rearmament
A. Feb. 9, 1942 - Albert Speer becomes armaments minister
1. Pushes German production to utmost
B. Soviet Offensives of 1943 - Blunted by Manstein
1. Italian 8th ARmy badly mauled.
2. German counter strokes successful - Kursk Operation held back.
3. Citadel planned for May 1943; delayed till July
a. 50 div. including: 16 Panzer & Mot.; 2,200 tanks - begins July 5th.
C. Katiusha Rockets
1. Nebelwefers
2. Stavka
3. Panther
4. Tiger
5. Elephant - Ferdinand
D. T-34 / 85
1. KV - 1
2. Su - 85
3. Su - 100
4. Su - 152
5. Guderian - Inspector - General
E. " The Second Front " - U.S. / Britain decided at conference Dec. 22, 1941 Jan. 14 1942 to save Russia
1. U.S. wanted invasion of France
2. Britain wanted peripheral strat. in Med. " Soft Underbelly"
III. Why Europe First?
A. 1st - Britain on Last Legs due to U-boats
B. 2nd - Germany technically more advanced
C. 3rd - Threatened control of Atlantic which is vital for U.S.
D. 4th - Distance was huge for invasion of Japan
1. Distance for large scale invasion of Europe - short
E. " Victory At Midway" - June 4, 1942
F. Conference ends with Torch.
G. Invasion of N. Afrika - Morocco, Algeria - Oct., Nov. 1942 - Britain wins.
H. Lord Mountbatten - Commando Commander probes Atlantic Wall.
IV. Battle of Atlantic
A. U-boats
B. Tirpitz & Bismark - 45,500 tons
C. U.S. Arctic Convoys
D. 1940 - 4 million tons sunk; 1941E. 1942 - 9 million
F. Admiral Doenitz - U-boat Commander "Wolf Pack"
G. German Tech.
1. See Kuhe or sea cows
2. Schnorkels
3. Kriegsmarine different code
H. St. Nazaire Raid: Failure
1. Dieppe - Aug. 19, 1942 - Failure
V. North Afrika
A. 1941 - Eighth Army Born
1. 700 tanks - 600 field guns
2. 34,000 support vehicles
3. Auchinleck vs. Rommel
4. Operation Crusader - Failure
B. Japan enters War; British withdrawal
C. Tobruk taken June 21.
D. Oct. 2 - Egypt entered
E. El-Alamein-Quattara depression
F. Operation BattleAxe - Failure
G. Monty
H. Torch
1. Darlan
2. De Gualle
I. Casablanca - Italy
1. Tunis
J. Japs pushed back along Kokoda in Nov.
1. harding relieved; Eichelberger takes over
K. Gona taken (Dec. 9th) / Buna taken (Dec. 18th) / Buna mission - Jan 2.
L. Sanananda - Last Jap stronghold
1. Taken Jan. 22nd
VI. Cartwheel
A. 13 separate operations to take Rabaul
B. U.S. 5th Airforce under Kenny destroyed
C. Entire Jap fleet - wipes out 51st div. in Battle of Bismark Sea.
D. P-38's and Corsair's introduced in late 1942 & early 1943
E. Japanese "I" Operation is a failure
F. Yamamoto shot down
1. LST - Landing Ship Tank
2. LCI - Landing Craft Inf.
3. LCVP - Landing Waft Vehicles & Personnel *Most Common
4. AMTRAC - Amphibious Tractor
G. 6th Army attacks woodlark & Kiriwina
H. Halsey attacks New Georgia - Target Munda
1.. Aug. 5th -It Falls.
2. Halsey bypasses Kolombangara & attacks Vella Lauella
I. MacArthur moves against Lae & Salamaua
1. Lae taken Sept. 16th; Salamaua taken Sept. 12th
2. Follow-up attack at Finshafen by Aussies
J. Halsey attacks Bougainville - Oct. 27th
*K. New Zealand & U.S. troops land
L. Admiral Koga Mineichi replaces Yamamoto
M. 5th & 13th Airforces bomb Rabaul
1. Rabaul Reduced and Bypassed
VII. Next Target?
A. Nimitz breaks fleet away from solomons.
1. Central Pacific (Fleet in Element)
2. More direct Route.
3. All Navy Operation ( Control)
a. 1st Gilberts
b. 2nd Marshalls
c. Carolines & (4th?) Marianas
B. Strategic Committee Plan favored Central Oacific Drive - just like Orange
C. Why not Drop South Pacific?
1. Too much Invested Politically
2. Army already there (interservice operations)
3. Two Drives Keep Japs Guessing
D. MAy 12, 1943 - Trident meetings
1. U.S. dictates strategy in Pacific
2. Britain delays Burma campaign
3. U.S. gets date for Channel Attack - May, 1944
4. Sicily - target in Medit.
E. Gilberts attack facilitates change in command structure
F. Six Essex Class Carriers Built
1. Six Escort Independent Class
2. F6F Hellcat built to defeat the Zero
VIII. TARAWA Atoll
A. 5,000 troops & 200 guns
B. Betio has Air Strip - 800 wide, 2 1/2 miles long
C. Marines receive LVT or Landing Vehicle Tracked or "Alligators"
1. 75 in the battalion, got some more
2. 1/2 of assualt waves went in on LCVP's draw 4' of water - Reef problem
3. Planned for November
D. Also attack Makin Island, Northern Gilberts
1. 3,000 tons of shells dumped on Tarawa
2. Fails to Destroy Jap Positions
3. Maryland ceases fire early
E. 1st Wave hits the beach - Marines forced to wade in 700 yds.
1. 30% make it to shore
F. 2nd Wave - less
G. 3rd - Wiped Out
1. Marine casualties - 1,500 dead / wounded
2. 3,500 on shore - 3 days of fighting
H. Corrections
1. Amtracs ordered - heavy armament and firepower
2. New Command Ships - better radio communication
3. More Shelling
4. Rocket & Strafiony Attacks
I. Makin
1. Four Days for army to take escort carrier - Liscomb Bay / Sunk by Sub
IX. Marshall's
A. Kwajalein : Center of Group
B. All Argued against - Nimitz overides
C. Task Force 58 - 12 Carriers; 8 Battleships; under Maitscher (650 planes) destroys Jap
Airpower; 4 marine to take Is. 7th Infantry
D. Island taken with significantly less losses
X. Eniwetok
A. Mitscher destroys Jap base at Truk in Carolines - Feb 17, 1944
B. U.S. losses - 300; Japs - 1,000 dead
XI. MacArthur
A. Strikes at Los Negros to gain Seeadler Bay; Cavalry takes Island
B. Japs try to break out of Emperor Augusta Bay, but Fail - 15,000 - 62,000
*C. Next Attack - Hollandia " Code Name" Reckless
1. Japs encounter in New Guinea; 18th Army under Adachi destroyed
D. Biaktaken - Japs try to retake Fleet used; but pulled out - Philippines await
I. Italy (while Kursk is Going On)
A. U.S. & Britain invade Italian mainland
B. Objective:
1. Knock Itlay out of War &
2. Divert German Forces form East
3. Air Offensive against S. Europe
4. Supply Partisans (Greeks & Tito)
C. Landing takes place: on July 10 - Sicily
1. Montgomery - 8th Army - South of Syracuse
2. Patton's - 7th Army - Gela
3. Hans Hube - German Commander
D. Italian 6th RAmy collapses
E. U.S. & U.K. Drive to Messina
F. Island falls on 17th of August
G. July 25 - Mussolini dismissed - King takes over
H. July 28, 1943 - Itlay makes Peace with Allies
1. "Marshal Pietro Bagdoglio"
I. Kesselring - takes control of Italy (Operation Axis)
J. Sept. 3rd - Armistice signed
II. Invasion of Italy
A. U.S. 5th Army - Mark Clark - Salerno
B. U.K.8th Army - Monty - Reggio
C. Oct. 12 - Allies try again to hit Gustav line
D. British break through Dec. 27th
III. Anzio
A. Jan. 22, 1944 - U.S. 6th Army Corps gets bottled up
B. Allies move against Monte Cassino taken on May 18 by Poles.
C. June 5, 1944 - Rome Falls to Clark
D. Germans retreat to Gothic Line
IV. Allied Air Offensive
A. Sir Arthur Harris - RAF 1942
B. British use: Lancaster - 22,000 lb. Grandslam bombs
C. May 1942 - 1st 1,000 bomber raid - *Night
D. U.S. 8th Airforce begins daylight bombing
E. August 1942 - General Ira Eaker
F. Schweinfurt - ball bearing; Oct. 14, 1942
1. 60 B-17's lost; 138 damaged out of 291
2. No Long Range Fighters
3. P-51 developed
4. P-47 Thunderbolt
V. Teheran
A. Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill
B. Stalin - position of strength - Stalingrad Victory
C. Roosevelt - wants closer relations with Soviet Russia
D. Churchill wary of Stalin
E. Nov. 28th - Dec. 1, 1943
1. Soviets agree to declare war on Japan after Germany defeated.
F. Soviets - Get Polish territory to Curzon Line.
G. Poland gets to Oder-neisse.
H. Soviets claim Konigsburg.
I. Offensive for Balkans dismissed.
J. Roosevelt favors Stalin over Churchill.
K. U.N. to be formed
I. D-Day
A. Pluto - Pipe lines under the ocean
B. "Funnies" - Special Vehicles developed by Allies to cope with beach obstacles &
defenses
C. Mulberries - Artificial Harbors
D. "Atlantic Wall" - Fortifications from France to Denmark. German defense network.
E. Operation Bodyguard - Deception Plan directed at German Festung Europa.
II. Over Lord - June 6, 1944
A. Pas de Calais - closest to Britain
B. Normandy - French Province
C. Cherbourg - Port in Normandy
D. Caen - British Objective
III. German Command
A. Rundstedt - called back in charge of West
B. Rommel - Army Group "B" - N. of Paris
1. Sepp Dierrichs Panzers (15th Korps) - Hitler
C. Rommel - Stop enemy on beaches
D. Rundstedt - Let them on beach & then fight mobile battle
IV. Allied Command
A. IKE
B. Monty - Gold, Juno, Sword
C. Bradley - Utah & Omaha
D. Airpower - 101st, 82nd / British Airborne, 9 Inf. Divisions come in on beaches
1. Mighty 8th - U.S. Airforce
E. Cerbourg captured June 27th
F. Allies slowed by BOCAGE - country St. Lo
G. Rommel wants to withdraw to Seine R.
H. Hitler says, "No!"
I. Rundstedt tells Keitel to ask for terms
J. Hitler cans him. Kluge takes over
K. Rommel injured - replaced by Model - "The Fuhrer's Fireman."
1. V - Weapons - Vergeltung "Vengeannee"
2. V-I - V-II
- Me - 262
V. Attempt on Hitler on July 20th
A. Abwehr - Adm. Canari's wiped out by SS - Himler All Powerful.
B. Rommel Forced Suicide
C. Kluge & Beck - Suicide
D. July 26th ST. Lo - Cobra
1. Patton breaks out
2. Falaise Pocket - german lose 50,000 + & All of Equipment
a. 12th SS Panzer "Hitlerjugend"; 300 left out of 21,300 - 10 tanks
E. Aliies land in S. France "Anvil"
F. Drive to Paris - liberated by LeClerk
VI. The Marianas
A. Nimitz takes jump to Saipan - 1,000 miles from Eniwetok
1. Saipan - 1,200 miles from Tokyo
2. Tinian
3. Guam - U.S. Possession
*. All three were large Islands with various terraine
*. Assault under Admiral Spruance 5th Fleet
B. Saipan - 2nd & 4th Marine; 27th Infantry (North Attack Force)
1. Supported by: Mitscher's task Force 58 - 15 carriers; 7 battleships(new)
2. Try to Blitzkrieg Is. with Armored Amphibs, but beach is too rough after
shelling
C. June 15, - D-Day - 8,000 men in 1st wave - heavy casualties
1. Japanese counter at night with tanks, but are shot up.
2. Turner and Mitscher take on Jap Fleet
D. Japs - 9 carriers, 400 planes; U.S. - 900 planes
E. Japs counted on Land Based Aircraft to help out!
F. Task Force 58 - To cover Saipan against all attacks
G. Japanese have Range Advantage with Aircraft
H. Japs attack first - Wiped out by U.S. Fighters
1. One hit on S. Dakota
2. Japs lose around 300 planes to U.S. 29 / "Great Marianas Turkey Shoot"
I. U.S. Subs Albacore & Cavalla Sank Shokaku & Taiho - largest carrier in Jap Fleet.
J. Night Fell.
K. U.S. finds Japs with 3 hours daylight remaining
1. Hiyo Sunk + 2 Oilers ; 3 other Carriers damaged
L. 80 planes lost but only 16 pilots
1. Saipan ended July 9th 1944 - 14,000 U.S. casualties
2. 30,000 Jap dead; 8,000 suicides by civilians
M. Tinian
1. Turner to attack town; gets overruled; White Beach plan implemented
2. July 24th - 15,000 troops landed; Island overun in 8 days.
3. 3 Days before: July 21st - marines attack Guam.
a. Apraharbor 1st Target; 3rd marine
4. 77th Inf. - Japs counterattacks & got wiped out. August 10 - It was Secure.