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SOTERIA Coordination Meeting, Lapland March 2009 SIDC GROUND-BASED CONTRIBUTION TO SOTERIA Frédéric Clette SIDC - ROB 1 SOTERIA Coordination Meeting, Lapland March 2009 OUTLINE 1. 2. Production of solar images: Synoptic CCD images of the photosphere > WP2 Hα, CaII-K high-cadence > WP3 Recovery of past visual information: 3. Systematic 60-year catalog of sunspot groups from the Uccle visual drawings Image-based photospheric indices Areas of collaboration in red 2 SOTERIA Coordination Meeting, Lapland March 2009 SPACE CLIMATE SAMPLER Need for long-term detailed info: Global spatial patterns: Most studies limited to last 30-60 years (only « Grand Maximum ») Beyond, total sunspot index (1-D time series) Importance of hemispheric asymmetries and time delays. Butterfly diagrams (North-South asymmetries) Active longitudes (position of heliospheric current sheet, CME angular distribution) Dynamo: start and end of cycles > flux transport and decay Morphological sunspot group parameters: Dynamo: Dipole tilt and reconstruction of poloidal field (Babcock-Leighton mechanism) Signature of diffusive versus advective modes in kinematic dynamos? Signature of emerging flux rope « explosion »? Irradiance (TSI, SSI): Differences in ascending/descending phases of cycles Index families: strong emerging fields versus weak dispersed field (delay) 3 SOTERIA Coordination Meeting, Lapland March 2009 PRODUCTION OF SOLAR IMAGES Upgrade of the White-light telescope (D=150mm): New 2kx2k camera [July 2008] New optimized focal reducer under test 1kx1k images (2003-2008): 2-3/day Upgrade of the Hα telescope (D=80mm): New 0.5Å Fabry-Pérot monochromator New 2kx2k CCD camera [January 2008] 1kx1k images (2003-2007): mainly synoptic, <10/day 4 SOTERIA Coordination Meeting, Lapland March 2009 PRODUCTION OF SOLAR IMAGES CaII K CaII K telescope (D=132mm): Coming soon Telescope, filters & 2Kx2K camera delivered Barr filters: 2Å filters (cf. PSPT) Remaining tasks: Relay optics (Telecentric Barlow) Mechanical assembly Needed support: Optical Start design of operations: Early 2010 5 SOTERIA Coordination Meeting, Lapland March 2009 PRODUCTION OF SOLAR IMAGES Implementation of image calibration (flat-fielding): Software: Solar pointer [Spring 2010] Independent motorized telescope off points [mid-2009 to end-2009] flat-field extraction, limb-darkening extraction Image sorting & selection, event detection Coordination and common standards Support both to WP2 and WP3 6 SOTERIA Coordination Meeting, Lapland March 2009 PRODUCTION OF SOLAR IMAGES Need for coordination (G-B observation working group): File format: filenaming, FITS header keywords (WP6) Observing procedures: Synoptic (W-L, CaII K): cadence, image quality measure Flares & Moreton waves (Hα, CaII K + W-L?): cadence, (semi)automatic detection tools, event flags in header? Graphics format for real-time diffusion: file type, disk size, orientation, contrast/intensity settings Instrumentation: Imaging system documentation & comparison Exchange of practical & technical experience: optimization and homogenization, design. Core of ground-base solar patrol observing community? (Cf. JOSO) 7 SOTERIA Coordination Meeting, Lapland March 2009 RECOVERY OF PAST VISUAL INFORMATION ROB action items: Development of a « universal » sunspot drawing measurement software tool (DIGISUN) [mid-2009] Digitization of the Uccle drawing series [mid 2009-2011] : 1940-today, > 20000 drawings, 270 days/year (duty cycle: ~75%) Development of a sunspot group tracking software: connection of all observations of the same group in a chronological sequence [end 2010] Sunspot catalogs [2011]: Raw measurements (level 0) Active region catalog (level 1): lifetime history for each sunspot group (evolution, rotation rate, etc.) 8 SOTERIA Coordination Meeting, Lapland March 2009 RECOVERY OF PAST VISUAL INFORMATION Sunspot group Parameter Measure of Applications Group count & Wolf number (total) Emerging magnetic flux •Activity indices •Dynamo theory Group count & Wolf number (hemispheric) Asymmetry between North and South dynamos •Activity indices •Dynamo theory Sunspot count (per group) Single flux rope emergence •Dynamo theory (flux emergence) •Flare prediction Zürich classification (Brunner, 1939) Magnetic dipole size and complexity •Flare prediction McIntosh classification (McIntosh, 1990) Magnetic dipole size and complexity •Flare prediction Group size & E-W extent Magnetic dipole size •Dynamo theory (flux emergence) Main spot spacing Magnetic dipole size •Dynamo theory (flux emergence) Main spot dipole orientation Magnetic dipole tilt •Dynamo theory (dipolar flux regeneration) Group latitude •Inclusion in a specific solar cycle •Latitude of the « dynamo wave » •Dynamo theory (flux generation) Group longitude •Longitude of flux emergence •Rotation rate •Dynamo theory (flux generation) •Differential rotation (convection theory) 9 SOTERIA Coordination Meeting, Lapland March 2009 RECOVERY OF PAST VISUAL INFORMATION Byproduct: application of the « group history » tool to other WP2 sunspot catalogs [2011] Would allow the combination of datasets and filling in data gaps (temporal, resolution threshold). Need to apply common standards (classification, group position) Prospects for other data sets (already scanned or not) [2011 or post-SOTERIA]: Candidates? (Konkoly, Kanzelhöhe, Zürich-Locarno + Drawings available in which form? (paper, microfilm, digitized) Duration and number? Saklnate-Pleso, Catania?) DIGISUN prototype 10 SOTERIA Coordination Meeting, Lapland March 2009 IMAGE-BASED INDICES ROB action items: Survey of past photospheric indices (end 2009) Design of new index definitions (end 2009) Computation of whole set of indices on SOTERIA data sets (2010) Analysis of figure of merit of the various indices (2011): dependency on detector type, optical parameters, images quality/seeing, level of solar activity, seasonal effects, etc. Input needed: Survey of available sunspot parameters in past catalogs Specification of sunspot parameters to be measured in SOTERIA data sets: mainly SDD (SOHO/MDI, Debrecen) + Kanzelhöhe, Uccle, …? 11 SOTERIA Coordination Meeting, Lapland March 2009 IMAGE-BASED INDICES Input & coordination needed (All WP2 or WG?): Existing Sunspot catalogs (+ faculae?): DPD (Konkoly), Kanzelhöhe (hemispheric?), Uccle + others? New catalogs produced by SOTERIA WP2: SOHO/MDI continuum Choice of a common tool for all data sets (KO?) Index correlation tools: Timeline of availability? Identify now the need to add new measurements (sunspot parameters)? Sunspot extraction tools: Which valid catalogs do we have at our disposal? Which parameters do they contain? Input from WP5 “Irradiance”: proxies validation (mutual information measure ?) Byproduct (WP6): catalog standardization Application-oriented selection and definition of sunspot and faculae descriptors USET/Uccle 12 SOTERIA Coordination Meeting, Lapland March 2009 IMAGE-BASED INDICES Sunspot parameters Measurement Interest Limitation Sunspot count (total) Proportional to total magnetic flux No clustering info Mixes both hemispheres Sunspot count (hemispheric) Splitting North/South No clustering info Sunspot area (total) Proportional to total magnetic flux No clustering info Mixes both hemispheres Sunspot area (hemispheric) Splitting North/South No clustering info Umbral area Isolates strong core magnetic field No clustering info Only complementary info Penumbral area Isolates weaker peripheral field No clustering info Only complementary info Group count (total) Actual magnetic dipole count No measure of dipole magnitude Mixes both hemispheres Group count (hemispheric) Splitting North/South No measure of dipole magnitude Group classification Magnetic complexity Various classification schemes 13 SOTERIA Coordination Meeting, Lapland March 2009 IMAGE-BASED INDICES Facular parameters Measurement Interest Limitation Facular area (total) Proportional to total magnetic flux No clustering info Mixes both hemispheres Facular area (hemispheric) Splitting North/South No clustering info Facular plage count (total) Count of weakly magnetized regions No measure of plage extent Mixes both hemispheres Facular plage count (hemispheric) Splitting North/South No measure of plage extent Facular plage classification Magnetic association (active region, isolated, polar) Classification dependant on chronological history. Facular contrast Link with magnetic field strength Complex dependencies (center-limb geometry, etc.) 14 SOTERIA Coordination Meeting, Lapland March 2009 CONCLUSION Joint work needed to answer three questions: What is the sunspot information that is needed and that we can extract? How do we measure it? How can we adjust current and future observations towards a more homogeneous standard? Focus on what we can gain by working together: Facilitating seamless access to parallel data sets Combining data sets: the total has more value than the sum of separate data sets. Increasing the compatibility of future observations as a necessary step towards real operational GB networks. 15