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CORE EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT Key Vocabulary Instructional Strategies and Resources (Formative) I/R/M Content Statement ODE / TC Content Strand Quarter Taught The following information may be taught in any order; there is no ODE-recommended sequence. Evidence of Understanding (Summative) Content Topic Core Concepts Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.1 Science and the Environment IE.1-1 Understanding our Environment a. Environmental science is an interdisciplinary study of the environment. A goal of many environmental scientists is to understand and solve environmental problems. One important foundation of environmental science is the science of ecology. TC IE.1-1a Environmental Science Ecology In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.1 Science and the Environment IE.1-1 Understanding our Environment b. Environmental change has occurred throughout Earth’s history. TC IE.1-1b Agriculture R Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.1 Science and the Environment IE.1-1 Understanding our Environment c. Hunter-gatherer societies cleared grassland by setting fires and contributed to the extinction of some large mammals. TC IE.1-1c Agriculture Natural Resources Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.1 Science and the Environment IE.1-1 Understanding our Environment TC IE.1-1d Natural Resources Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.1 Science and the Environment IE.1-1 Understanding our Environment d. The agricultural revolution caused human population growth, habitat loss, soil erosion, and the domestication of plants and animals. e. The Industrial Revolution caused rapid human population growth and the increased use of fossil fuels. Most modern environmental problems began during the Industrial Revolution. TC IE.1-1e Pollution In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions R M I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes R Unit Test M Homework Analysis CORE EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.1 Science and the Environment IE.1-1 Understanding our Environment f. The major environmental problems we face today include resource depletion, pollution, and loss of biodiversity. TC IE.1-1f Pollution Biodiversity In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.1 Science and the Environment IE.1-2 The Environment and Society a. “The Tragedy of the Commons” was an influential essay that described the relationship between the short-term interests of the individual and the long-term interests of society. TC IE.1-2a Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.1 Science and the Environment IE.1-2 The Environment and Society b. The law of supply and demand states that when the demand for a product increases, while the supply remains fixed, the cost of the product will increase. TC IE.1-2b Law of Supply and Demand Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.1 Science and the Environment IE.1-2 The Environment and Society c. Environmental problems in developed countries tend to be related to consumption. In developing nations, the major environmental problems are related to population growth. TC IE.1-2c Ecological Footprint In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.1 Science and the Environment IE.1-2 The Environment and Society d. Sustainability is the condition in which human needs are met in such a way that a human population can survive indefinitely at a standard of living similar to the current one. TC IE.1-2d Sustainability In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis R Section quizzes Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Page 2 of 25 CORE EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.2 Tools of Environmental Science IE.2-1 Scientific Methods a. Science is a process by which we learn about the world around us. Science progresses mainly by the experimental method. TC IE.2-1a Experimental Method In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.2 Tools of Environmental Science IE.2-1 Scientific Methods b. The experimental method involves making observations, forming a hypothesis, performing an experiment, interpreting data, and communicating results TC IE.2-1b Hypothesis Prediction Experiment Variable Control Group Experimental Group Data In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Investigative Lab I Section quizzes M Unit Test Lab Assessment Homework Analysis Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.2 Tools of Environmental Science IE.2-1 Scientific Methods c. In cases in which experiments are impossible, scientists look for correlations between different phenomena. TC IE.2-1c Correlation In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions R Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.2 Tools of Environmental Science IE.2-1 Scientific Methods d. Good scientists are curious, honest, skeptical, and open to new ideas. TC IE.2-1d In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions R Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.2 Tools of Environmental Science IE.2-2 Statistics and Models a. Scientists use statistics to classify, organize, and interpret data. TC IE.2-2a In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment Statistics Page 3 of 25 CORE EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.2 Tools of Environmental Science IE.2-2 Statistics and Models b. Measures such as means and probabilities are used to describe populations and events. TC IE.2-2b Mean Distribution Probability Sample In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.2 Tools of Environmental Science IE.2-2 Statistics and Models c. Statistics is a powerful tool for evaluating information about the environment. TC IE.2-2c Risk In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.2 Tools of Environmental Science IE.2-2 Statistics and Models d. Scientists use models, including physical, graphical, conceptual, and mathematical models, to understand the systems they study. TC IE.2-2d Model Conceptual Model Mathematical Model In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.2 Tools of Environmental Science IE.2-3 Making Informed Decisions a. Making environmental decisions involves gathering information, considering values, and exploring consequences. TC IE.2-3a Value In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.2 Tools of Environmental Science IE.2-3 Making Informed Decisions b. Decisions about the environment should be made thoughtfully. Using a decisionmaking model will provide you with a systematic process for making knowledgeable decisions. TC IE.2-3b Decision-Making Model In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions R Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Page 4 of 25 CORE EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.3 The Dynamic Earth IE.3-1 The Geosphere a. The solid part of the Earth that consists of all rock, and the soils and sediments on Earth’s surface, is the geosphere. TC IE.3-1a Geosphere In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.3 The Dynamic Earth IE.3-1 The Geosphere b. Earth’s interior is divided into layers based on composition and structure. TC IE.3-1b Hydrosphere In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.3 The Dynamic Earth IE.3-1 The Geosphere c. Earth’s surface is broken into pieces called tectonic plates, which collide, separate, or slip past one another. TC IE.3-1c Crust Mantle Core Lithosphere Asthenosphere In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.3 The Dynamic Earth IE.3-1 The Geosphere d. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountain building are all events that occur at the boundaries of tectonic plates TC IE.3-1d Tectonic Plate In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.3 The Dynamic Earth IE.3-1 The Geosphere e. Earth’s surface features are continually altered by the action of water and wind. TC IE.3-1e Chemical Weathering Erosion In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Page 5 of 25 CORE EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.3 The Dynamic Earth IE.3-2 The Atmosphere a. The mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth is called the atmosphere. TC IE.3-2a Atmosphere In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.3 The Dynamic Earth IE.3-2 The Atmosphere b. The atmosphere is composed almost entirely of nitrogen and oxygen. TC IE.3-2b Atmosphere In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.3 The Dynamic Earth IE.3-2 The Atmosphere c. Earth’s atmosphere is divided into four layers based on changes in temperature that take place at different altitudes. TC IE.3-2c Troposphere Stratosphere Ozone In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes Unit Test Homework Analysis Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.3 The Dynamic Earth IE.3-2 The Atmosphere TC IE.3-2d Conduction Convection Greenhouse Effect In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes Unit Test Homework Analysis Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.3 The Dynamic Earth IE.3-3 The Hydrosphere and Biosphere d. Heat is transferred in the atmosphere by radiation, conduction, and convection. Some of the gases in the atmosphere slow the escape of heat from the Earth’s surface in what is known as the Greenhouse Effect. a. The hydrosphere includes all of the water at or near Earth’s surface. TC IE.3-3a Hydrosphere In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment Page 6 of 25 CORE EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.3 The Dynamic Earth IE.3-3 The Hydrosphere and Biosphere b. Water in the ocean can be divided into three zones – the surface zone, the thermocline, and the deep zone – based on temperature. c. The ocean absorbs and stores energy from sunlight, regulating temperatures in the atmosphere. TC IE.3-3b Water Cycle Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.3 The Dynamic Earth IE.3-3 The Hydrosphere and Biosphere TC IE.3-3c Water Cycle Evaporation Condensation Precipitation Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.3 The Dynamic Earth IE.3-3 The Hydrosphere and Biosphere d. Surface currents in the ocean affect the climate of the land flow near. TC IE.3-3d Salinity Fresh Water Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.3 The Dynamic Earth IE.3-3 The Hydrosphere and Biosphere e. The biosphere is the narrow layer at the surface of the Earth where life can exist. TC IE.3-3e Biosphere Introduction to Environmental Science 1 IE.3 The Dynamic Earth IE.3-3 The Hydrosphere and Biosphere f. Earth is a closed system because energy enters and leaves Earth, but matter does not. TC IE.3-3f Closed System Open System In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Page 7 of 25 CORE EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.1 Water WA.1-1 Water Resources a. Only a small fraction of Earth’s water supply is fresh water. The two main sources of fresh water are surface water and groundwater. TC WA.1-1a Surface Water Groundwater In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.1 Water WA.1-1 Water Resources TC WA.1-1b River System Watershed 2 WA.1 Water WA.1-1 Water Resources TC WA.1-1c Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.1 Water WA.1-1 Water Resources Groundwater Aquifer Porosity Permeability Recharge Zone Aquifer Groundwater In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Water, Air, and Land Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.1 Water WA.1-2 Water Use and Management b. River systems drain the land that makes up a water-shed. The amount of water in a river system can vary in different seasons and from year to year. c. Groundwater accumulates in underground formations called aquifers. Surface water enters an aquifer through the aquifer’s recharge zone. d. If the water in an aquifer is pumped out faster than it is replenished, the water table drops, which can affect humans and animals that depend on the groundwater. a. There are three main types of water use, residential, industrial, and agricultural. Worldwide, most water use is agricultural. TC WA.1-2a Potable In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.1 Water WA.1-2 Water Use and Management b. Dams and water diversion projects are built to manage surface-water resources. Damming and diverting rivers can have environmental and social consequences. TC WA.1-2b Pathogen Dam Reservoir In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis TC WA.1-1d I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Page 8 of 25 CORE EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.1 Water WA.1-2 Water Use and Management Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.1 Water WA.1-3 Water Pollution Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.1 Water WA.1-3 Water Pollution Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.1 Water WA.1-3 Water Pollution Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.1 Water WA.1-3 Water Pollution c. Water conservation is necessary to maintain an adequate supply of fresh water. Desalination and transporting water are options to supplement local water supplies. a. Water can become polluted by chemical, physical, or biological agents. Most water pollution in the United States is caused by nonpoint-source pollutants. TC WA.1-2c Desalination TC WA.1-3a Water Pollution Point-Source Pollution Nonpoint-Source Pollution b. Groundwater pollution is difficult to clean up because aquifers recharge slowly and because pollutants cling to the materials that make up an aquifer. c. Ocean pollution is mainly caused by coastal, nonpoint-source pollutants. TC WA.1-3b Wastewater Artificial Eutrophication TC WA.1-3c Thermal Pollution Biomagnification d. Government legislation, such as the Clean Water Act of 1972, has succeeded in reducing surfacewater pollution. Future challenges include reducing nonpoint-source pollution and groundwater pollution. TC WA.1-3d Water Pollution Point-Source Pollution Nonpoint-Source Pollution In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Page 9 of 25 CORE EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.2 Air WA.2-1 What Causes Air Pollution? a. Primary Pollutants are pollutants put directly in the air by human activity. TC WA.2-1a Air Pollution Primary Pollutant In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.2 Air WA.2-1 What Causes Air Pollution? TC WA.2-1b Secondary Pollutant In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.2 Air WA.2-1 What Causes Air Pollution? b. Secondary pollutants are formed when a primary pollutant comes into contact with other primary pollutants or with naturally occurring substances and a chemical reaction takes place. c. Most air pollution comes from vehicles and industry. TC WA.2-1c Air Pollution I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.2 Air WA.2-1 What Causes Air Pollution? d. The air pollution that hangs over cities and reduces visibility is called smog. TC WA.2-1d Smog Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.2 Air WA.2-1 What Causes Air Pollution? e. Pollution can be trapped near the surface of Earth by a temperature inversion. TC WA.2-1e Temperature Inversion Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.2 Air WA.2-2 Air, Noise, and Light Pollution a. Air pollution may have both long- and short-term effects on human health. TC WA.2-2a Air Pollution In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment Page 10 of 25 CORE EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.2 Air WA.2-2 Air, Noise, and Light Pollution TC WA.2-2b Air Pollution Sick-Building Syndrome Asbestos WA.2-2 Air, Noise, and Light Pollution b. The air indoors may be more polluted than the air outside. Plastics, cleaning chemicals, and building materials are major sources of indoor air pollution. c. Noise is a pollutant that affects human health and the quality of life. Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.2 Air TC WA.2-2c Decibels Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.2 Air WA.2-2 Air, Noise, and Light Pollution d. Inefficient lighting diminishes our view of the night sky and wastes energy. TC WA.2-2d Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.2 Air WA.2-3 Acid Precipitation a. Acid precipitation is precipitation such as rain, sleet, or snow that contains a high concentration of acids. TC WA.2-3a Acid Precipitation Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.2 Air WA.2-3 Acid Precipitation TC WA.2-3b pH Acid Shock Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.2 Air WA.2-3 Acid Precipitation b. Acid shock occurs when a sudden influx of acidic water enters a lake or stream and causes a rapid change in pH that harms aquatic life. Pollutants released in one geographical area may fall to the ground hundreds of kilometers away as acid precipitation – sometimes in another country. TC WA.2-3c Pollutants Acid Precipitation In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Page 11 of 25 CORE EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.3 Atmosphere and Climate Change WA.3-1 Climate a. Climate is the long-term prevailing weather conditions at a particular place. TC WA.3-1a Climate In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.3 Atmosphere and Climate Change WA.3-1 Climate TC WA.3-1b Latitude Topography El Nino La Nina In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.3 Atmosphere and Climate Change WA.3-1 Climate TC WA.3-1c Angle of Incidence 2 WA.3 Atmosphere and Climate Change WA.3-2 The Ozone Shield TC WA.3-2a Ozone Layer UV Light In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Water, Air, and Land b. Factors that determine climate include latitude, global atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns, topography, and solar and volcanic activity. Latitude is the most important determining factor of climate. c. The angle at which the sun’s rays strike Earth changes as Earth moves around the sun. This change in angle is what causes the seasons to change. a. The ozone layer in Earth’s stratosphere absorbs most of the ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun. Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.3 Atmosphere and Climate Change WA.3-2 The Ozone Shield b. Chlorofluorocarbons are humanmade chemicals that break down ozone molecules and deplete the ozone layer. TC WA.3-2b Chlorofluorocarbons Ozone Hole I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.3 Atmosphere and Climate Change WA.3-2 The Ozone Shield c. Ozone levels measured over the polar regions have been decreasing over the past several decades. TC WA.3-2c Polar stratospheric Clouds In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Page 12 of 25 CORE EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.3 Atmosphere and Climate Change WA.3-2 The Ozone Shield d. Thinning of the ozone layer increases the amount of ultraviolet light that reaches Earth’s surface. TC WA.3-2d Ozone layer In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.3 Atmosphere and Climate Change WA.3-3 Climate Change a. Gases that absorb and radiate infrared radiation from the sun are called greenhouse gases. The important greenhouse gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. TC WA.3-3a Greenhouse Gases Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.3 Atmosphere and Climate Change WA.3-3 Climate Change TC WA.3-3b Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.3 Atmosphere and Climate Change WA.3-3 Climate Change b. Global warming is the gradual increase in global temperature. This increase in temperature correlates to the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. c. Because climate patterns are complex, scientists use computer models to attempt to model climate change. Global Warming In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis TC WA.3-3c Climate I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis TC WA.3-3d Climate In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Water, Air, and Land 2 WA.3 Atmosphere and Climate Change WA.3-3 Climate Change d. Climate change could produce a number of potentially serious environmental problems. I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Page 13 of 25 CORE EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT Water, Air, and Land 3 WA.4 Land WA.4-1 How We Use Land a. Land is covered with forest, cropland, pastures, roads, and towns. TC WA.4-1a Forest Cropland Pastures In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment Water, Air, and Land 3 WA.4 Land WA.4-1 How We Use Land TC WA.4-1b Urban Rural In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Water, Air, and Land 3 WA.4 Land WA.4-1 How We Use Land b. Urban areas are mostly covered with houses, roads, business, and industrial and municipal structures. Rural areas have less dense human populations and include forest land, cropland, rangeland, and other land cover types. c. Urban areas need very large areas of rural ecosystems to supply them with water, food, wood, and other ecosystem services. TC WA.4-1c Urban Ecosystem Services I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Water, Air, and Land 3 WA.4 Land WA.4-2 Urban Land Use a. Urbanization is the migration of people from rural to urban areas. TC WA.4-2a Urbanization In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation Water, Air, and Land 3 WA.4 Land WA.4-2 Urban Land Use TC WA.4-2b Infrastructure 3 WA.4 Land WA.4-2 Urban Land Use TC WA.4-2c Urban Sprawl Heat Island In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Water, Air, and Land b. When cities grow more rapidly than infrastructure can be built, they tend to suffer from substandard housing and traffic problems. c. Unplanned growth of a city results in urban sprawl, as lowdensity development spreads into the surrounding countryside. I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Page 14 of 25 CORE EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT Water, Air, and Land 3 WA.4 Land WA.4-2 Urban Land Use d. Land-use planning is essential if urban areas are to be pleasant places to live. TC WA.4-2d Land-Use Planning Geographic Information System (GIS) In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Water, Air, and Land 3 WA.4 Land WA.4-3 Land Management and Conservation a. Farmland is used to raise crops and livestock. TC WA.4-3a Farmland In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment Water, Air, and Land 3 WA.4 Land b. Rangeland is land used primarily for grazing livestock. Rangeland is easily degraded by overgrazing. TC WA.4-3b Rangeland Overgrazing 3 WA.4 Land TC WA.4-3c Deforestation Reforestation Water, Air, and Land 3 WA.4 Land c. Trees are harvested for many purposes. Deforestation can cause soil erosion and may threaten forest plants and animals with extinction. d. National lands are used for many purposes, including lumber, mining, and recreation. Wilderness is national land that is protected from all exploitation for the benefit of future generations. TC WA.4-3d Conservation In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Water, Air, and Land WA.4-3 Land Management and Conservation WA.4-3 Land Management and Conservation WA.4-3 Land Management and Conservation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Page 15 of 25 CORE EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT Water, Air, and Land 3 WA.5 Food and Agriculture WA.5-1 Feeding the World a. The foods produced in the greatest amounts worldwide are grains, the seeds of grass plants. TC WA.5-1a Grains In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment Water, Air, and Land 3 WA.5 Food and Agriculture WA.5-1 Feeding the World TC WA.5-1b Famine Malnutrition 3 WA.5 Food and Agriculture WA.5-1 Feeding the World TC WA.5-1c Diet Poverty Malnutrition Water, Air, and Land 3 WA.5 Food and Agriculture WA.5-1 Feeding the World TC WA.5-1d Yield Green Revolution Water, Air, and Land 3 WA.5 Food and Agriculture WA.5-2 Crops and Soils a. The basic processes of farming are plowing, fertilization, irrigation, and pest control. Modern agricultural methods have replaced traditional methods in much of the world. TC WA.5-2a Topsoil Fertilization Irrigation Pest Control In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Water, Air, and Land b. Malnutrition is a condition that occurs when people do not consume enough Calories or do not eat a sufficient variety of foods to fulfill all of the body’s needs. c. More food is needed each year to feed the world’s growing population. Poverty and violence are the main reasons for hunger in the world today. d. The green revolution introduced new crop varieties with increased yields through the application of modern agricultural techniques. Water, Air, and Land 3 WA.5 Food and Agriculture WA.5-2 Crops and Soils b. Fertile soil is soil that can support the growth of healthy plants. Soil conservation methods are important for protecting and managing topsoil and reducing erosion. TC WA.5-2b Erosion Desertification Compost Salinization In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment Page 16 of 25 CORE EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT Water, Air, and Land 3 WA.5 Food and Agriculture WA.5-2 Crops and Soils TC WA.5-2c Pesticide Biological Pest Control In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis TC WA.5-2d Genetic Engineering In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis WA.5-3 Animals and Agriculture c. Pests cause considerable crop damage. The use of pesticides has both positive and negative effects on the environment. Integrated pest management can minimize the use of chemical pesticides. d. Genetic engineering is the process of transferring genes from one organism to another. Plants that result from genetic engineering are called genetically modified plants. a. Overharvesting has reduced the populations of many aquatic organisms worldwide. Water, Air, and Land 3 WA.5 Food and Agriculture WA.5-2 Crops and Soils Water, Air, and Land 3 WA.5 Food and Agriculture TC WA.5-3a Domesticated Overharvesting In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment Water, Air, and Land 3 WA.5 Food and Agriculture WA.5-3 Animals and Agriculture b. Aquaculture is the raising of aquatic animals, and shares many similarities to agriculture on land. TC WA.5-3b Aquaculture I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis 3 WA.5 Food and Agriculture WA.5-3 Animals and Agriculture c. Livestock are important for the production of food and other products. Worldwide meat production per person has increased greatly over the past several decades. TC WA.5-3c Livestock Ruminant In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Water, Air, and Land I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Page 17 of 25 CORE EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT Mineral and Energy Resources 3 ME.1 Mining and Mineral Resources ME.1-1 Minerals and Mineral Resources a. A mineral is a naturally occurring, usually inorganic solid that has a characteristic chemical composition, an orderly physical structure, and a characteristic set of physical properties TC ME.1-1a Mineral In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment Mineral and Energy Resources 3 ME.1 Mining and Mineral Resources ME.1-1 Minerals and Mineral Resources b. Minerals are valuable and economical to extract are known as ore minerals TC ME.1-1b Mineral Ore Mineral I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Mineral and Energy Resources 3 ME.1 Mining and Mineral Resources ME.1-1 Minerals and Mineral Resources TC ME.1-1c Ore Mineral Mineral and Energy Resources 3 ME.1 Mining and Mineral Resources ME.1-1 Minerals and Mineral Resources TC ME.1-1d Metal Conductivity Heat Resistance Corrosion Resistance Mineral and Energy Resources 3 ME.1 Mining and Mineral Resources ME.1-2 Mineral Exploration and Mining c. Ore minerals may form from the cooling of magma, the circulation of hot-water solutions through rocks, and the evaporation of water that contains salts. d. Metals are important economically because of their electrical and thermal conductivity, durability, and heat and corrosion resistance. a. Mining companies conduct mineral exploration to identify areas where there is a high likelihood of finding valuable mineral resources in quantities worth mining. TC ME.1-2a Mining In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation Mineral and Energy Resources 3 ME.1 Mining and Mineral Resources ME.1-2 Mineral Exploration and Mining b. Room-and-pillar mining, longwall mining, and solution mining are subsurface mining methods. TC ME.1-2b Subsurface Mining Longwall Mining Solution Mining Room-and-Pillar Mining In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment Page 18 of 25 CORE EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT Mineral and Energy Resources 3 ME.1 Mining and Mineral Resources ME.1-2 Mineral Exploration and Mining c. Open-pit mining, surface coal mining, quarrying, and solar evaporation are surface-mining methods. TC ME.1-2c Surface Mining Open-Pit Mining Surface Coal Mining Quarrying Solar Evaporation Minerals Placer Deposits Mineral and Energy Resources 3 ME.1 Mining and Mineral Resources ME.1-2 Mineral Exploration and Mining d. Minerals are concentrated by wind and water into surface deposits called placer deposits. TC ME.1-2d Mineral and Energy Resources 3 ME.1 Mining and Mineral Resources ME.1-2 Mineral Exploration and Mining e. Smelting is the process in which ore is melted at high temperatures to separate impurities from the molten metal. TC ME.1-2e Smleting Mineral and Energy Resources 3 ME.1 Mining and Mineral Resources ME.1-3 Mining Regulations and Mine Reclamation TC ME.1-3a Subsidence Soil Degradation Pollution Mineral and Energy Resources 3 ME.1 Mining and Mineral Resources TC ME.1-3b Legislation Mineral and Energy Resources 3 ME.1 Mining and Mineral Resources ME.1-3 Mining Regulations and Mine Reclamation ME.1-3 Mining Regulations and Mine Reclamation a. Some of the environmental consequences of mining may include air and noise pollution, water contamination, displacement of wildlife, erosion and sedimentation, soil degradation, subsidence, and underground mine fires. b. The U.S. government has enacted legislation that regulates mining and attempts to minimize the impact of mining on the environment. c. Federal and state agencies issue permits to mining companies, issue violations and assess penalties when mining companies do not comply with standards set by their permits, and ensure that abandoned mine lands are reclaimed. TC ME.1-3c Reclamation In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Page 19 of 25 CORE EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.2 Nonrenewable Energy ME.2-1 Energy Resources and Fossil Fuels a. Most of the world’s energy needs are met by fossil fuels, which are nonrenewable resources. TC ME.2-1a Fossil Fuels Nonrenewable Resource Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.2 Nonrenewable Energy ME.2-1 Energy Resources and Fossil Fuels b. Coal is abundant in North America and Asia. In the United States, coal is primarily used to produce electricity. TC ME.2-1b Coal Electric Generator Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.2 Nonrenewable Energy ME.2-1 Energy Resources and Fossil Fuels TC ME.2-1c Petroleum Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.2 Nonrenewable Energy ME.2-1 Energy Resources and Fossil Fuels c. Petroleum can be refined into fuels to power vehicles and machines. Petroleum can also be used to manufacture many other products. d. Natural gas is often found above oil deposits. In general, burning natural gas releases fewer pollutants than burning coal or oil. TC ME.2-1d Natural Gas Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.2 Nonrenewable Energy ME.2-1 Energy Resources and Fossil Fuels TC ME.2-1e Pollution Habitat Destruction Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.2 Nonrenewable Energy ME.2-1 Energy Resources and Fossil Fuels e. The extraction, transportation, and use of fossil fuels cause many environmental problems, including air and water pollution and habitat destruction. f. Calculations of fossil-fuel reserves predict that oil production will peak and then decline in the early 21st century. TC ME.2-1f Oil Reserves Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.2 Nonrenewable Energy ME.2-2 Nuclear Energy a. Nuclear energy is energy that exists within the nucleus of an atom. When uranium nuclei are bombarded with neutrons, they undergo fission and release large amounts of energy. TC ME.2-2a Nuclear Energy Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment Page 20 of 25 CORE EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.2 Nonrenewable Energy ME.2-2 Nuclear Energy Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.2 Nonrenewable Energy ME.2-2 Nuclear Energy b. In a nuclear power station, the heat generated by fission is used to heat water to form steam. The steam drives turbines that generate electricity. c. The main advantages of nuclear power are that the fuel is compact and the power stations generally do not pollute. The main disadvantage is that nuclear power produces radioactive waste, which will be dangerous for centuries. TC ME.2-2b Nuclear Fission TC ME.2-2c Nuclear Power Radioactive Waste In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Page 21 of 25 CORE EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.3 Renewable Energy ME.3-1 Renewable Energy Today a. Renewable energy is energy from a source that replenishes itself quickly and enough so that it will not be used faster than it can be produced. TC ME.3-1a Renewable Energy In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.3 Renewable Energy ME.3-1 Renewable Energy Today TC ME.3-1b Passive Solar Heating Active Solar Heating In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.3 Renewable Energy ME.3-1 Renewable Energy Today b. Solar energy can be used to heat a house directly or to heat another material, such as water, which can then be used to heat a house. Solar cells can also be used to generate electricity. c. Wind power is the fastest growing source of energy in the world. TC ME.3-1c Wind Power I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.3 Renewable Energy ME.3-1 Renewable Energy Today TC ME.3-1d Biomass Fuel Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.3 Renewable Energy ME.3-1 Renewable Energy Today d. Many people in developing countries get most of their energy from biomass such as fuelwood or manure. Biomass is increasingly used in developed countries to generate electricity. e. Hydroelectric energy is electricity generated by the energy of moving water. In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions TC ME.3-1e Hydroelectric Energy I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.3 Renewable Energy ME.3-1 Renewable Energy Today f. Geothermal energy comes from heat generated within Earth and can be used to generate electricity. TC ME.3-1f Geothermal Energy In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Page 22 of 25 CORE EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.3 Renewable Energy ME.3-2 Developing Energy Technologies a. Alternative energy sources are energy sources that are still in development. TC ME.3-2a Alternative Energy In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.3 Renewable Energy ME.3-2 Developing Energy Technologies TC ME.3-2b Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) 4 ME.3 Renewable Energy ME.3-2 Developing Energy Technologies TC ME.3-2c Hydrogen Gas In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Mineral and Energy Resources Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.3 Renewable Energy ME.3-2 Developing Energy Technologies b. Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) uses the temperature difference between layers of ocean water to generate electricity. c. Hydrogen gas may be one of the fuels of the future. It can be made by combining energy with a compound that contains hydrogen and produces only water as a waste product when burned. d. Hydrogen fuel cells may be the engines of the future. Many experiments with them are now underway. TC ME.3-2d Fuel Cells I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.3 Renewable Energy ME.3-2 Developing Energy Technologies f. Energy efficiency is the percentage of energy put into a system that does useful work. Energy conservation means saving energy. TC ME.3-2e Energy Efficiency Energy Conservation In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Page 23 of 25 CORE EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.4 Waste ME.4-1 Solid Waste a. Every year, people in the United States generate more than 10 billion metric tons of solid waste. TC ME.4-1a Solid Waste In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.4 Waste ME.4-1 Solid Waste TC ME.4-1b Biodegradable In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.4 Waste ME.4-1 Solid Waste TC ME.4-1c Municipal Solid Waste 4 ME.4 Waste ME.4-1 Solid Waste TC ME.4-1d Landfill Leachate Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.4 Waste ME.4-2 Reducing Solid Waste a. Source reduction is a method by which we can produce less waste, recycle, and reuse materials. TC ME.4-2a Source Radiation In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Mineral and Energy Resources b. Materials that are biodegradable, such as newspapers and cotton fibers, can be broken down by biological processes. Materials that are not biodegradable, such as plastics, are a major cause of disposal problems. c. Municipal solid waste makes up only a small fraction of the total solid waste generated, but it still amounts to over 236 million tons per year. d. Landfills and incinerators are two facilities used for disposing solid waste. Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.4 Waste ME.4-2 Reducing Solid Waste b. Recycling is the process of reusing materials or recovering valuable materials from waste or scrap. TC ME.4-2b Recycling In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment Page 24 of 25 CORE EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.4 Waste ME.4-2 Reducing Solid Waste c. A compost pile made from plant and animal matter can be spread on gardens and fields to enrich the soil. TC ME.4-2c Compost In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions Lab Investigation I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.4 Waste ME.4-2 Reducing Solid Waste d. Degradable plastic is a type of plastic that is partially made from living things. TC ME.4-2d Degradable Plastic Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.4 Waste ME.4-3 Hazardous Waste a. Hazardous waste is any waste that is a risk to the health of humans or other living things. TC ME.4-3a Hazardous Waste Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.4 Waste ME.4-3 Hazardous Waste TC ME.4-3b Mineral and Energy Resources 4 ME.4 Waste ME.4-3 Hazardous Waste b. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and the Superfund Act were established to regulate solid and hazardous waste disposal and to protect humans and the environment from waste contamination. c. Activities at home can create hazardous waste. Household hazardous wastes should be properly disposed of at designated collection sites. Deep-Well Injection In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis TC ME.4-3c Surface Impoundment In Class Questions Lecture Class Discussions I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis I Section quizzes M Unit Test Homework Analysis Lab Assessment Page 25 of 25
