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AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
MID-YEAR EXAM REVIEW GUIDE
Exam makeup: 100 multiple choice, 2 “free response essays”
Tips for answering APES free response questions:
1.
The following strategies were developed by faculty consultants to help you on exam day:
2.
Before beginning to solve the free-response questions, it is a good idea to read them all to determine which ones you
feel most prepared to answer. You can then proceed to solve the questions in a sequence that will allow you to perform
your best.
3.
In the exam booklet there is an insert that contains the same questions without the blank answer spaces. This can be
removed from the booklet and used for reference. No credit is given for anything written on the insert; be sure to write
your answers and do all your work for each problem in the pages provided in the answer booklet.
4.
Show all your work; partial credit is given for partial solutions to problems. If the answer is not correct, you are not
likely to receive credit for correct thinking if the person scoring the examination does not see evidence of this process
on paper. If you do work that you think is incorrect, simply put an "X" through it, instead of spending time erasing it
completely.
5.
Organize your answers as clearly and neatly as possible, showing the steps you took to reach your solution. If the
faculty consultants cannot easily follow your reasoning, you are less likely to receive credit for it.
6.
Many free-response questions are divided into parts such as a, b, c, and d, with each part calling for a different
response. Credit for each part is awarded independently, so you should attempt to solve each part. For example, you
may receive no credit for your answer to Part a, but still receive full credit for Part b, c, or d. If the answer to a later part
of a question depends on the answer to an earlier part, you may still be able to receive full credit for the later part, even
if that earlier answer is wrong.
7.
It is not necessary to simplify all numerical expressions or to carry out all numerical calculations. You will generally
receive most, if not full, credit for answers that contain expressions like sin 40° or ln 2, or that contain symbols for
irrational numbers.
8.
It is important to pay attention to units for quantities that have them. If you keep track of units as you do calculations, it
can help you express your answers in terms of the proper units. It is possible to lose points if the units are wrong or are
missing from the answer.
PART I
HUMANS AND SUSTAINABILITY: AN OVERVIEW
CHAPTER 1
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, THEIR CAUSES, AND SUSTAINABILITY
1.
Define exponential growth. Describe the connection between exponential growth and environmental problems.
2.
Distinguish between solar capital and natural capital. Evaluate the significance of these forms of capital in the
development of human societies.
3.
Distinguish between living on principal and living on interest. Analyze which of these behaviors humans are
currently illustrating. Evaluate the possibility of continuing to live in our current style.
4.
Define globalization. What factors affect globalization? Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of
globalization.
5.
Distinguish between developed countries and developing countries. Describe changes in the wealth gap between
these groups of countries.
6.
Distinguish between the following terms: physically depleted and economically depleted resources;
nonrenewable, renewable, and potentially renewable resources; reuse and recycle. Draw a depletion curve.
Explain how recycling and reuse affect depletion time.
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7.
Define sustainable yield. Describe the relationship between sustainable yield and environmental degradation.
Describe the tragedy of the commons. Summarize how most environmentalists alleviate this type of tragedy.
8.
Distinguish between the following terms: point source of pollution and nonpoint source of pollution;
nonpersistent, persistent, and nondegradable pollutants. Distinguish between pollution prevention and pollution
cleanup. Evaluate the effectiveness of these two approaches in decreasing pollution.
9.
Summarize underlying causes of environmental problems. Describe a simple model of relationships among
population, resource use, technology, environmental degradation, and pollution. Evaluate which model is most
useful to you. Assess which model would be most useful in explaining these relationships to young children and
which more closely resembles reality.
10. Summarize strategies humans can use to work closely with the earth.
CHAPTER 2
ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY: LEARNING FROM THE PAST
1. Define three major cultural and environmental changes that have occurred since humans were hunter-gatherers.
2. Describe the environmental history of the United States in terms of the Tribal and Frontier Eras, the Early
Conservation Era, and the Environmental Era.
3. Compare slash-and-burn agricultural practices with the modern advanced forms of farming. State the advantages
and disadvantages of each.
4. List individuals who made major contributions to conservation/environmental movements in the United States
and briefly describe these contributions.
5. Define environmental backlash. Briefly describe the effects of this backlash.
6. Summarize the key environmental events of the 1980s in the U.S.
7. Compare and contrast the environmental policies of the Clinton administration and the two Bush administrations.
PART II
SCIENCE AND ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
CHAPTER 3
SCIENCE, SYSTEMS, MATTER, AND ENERGY
1. Describe how science works. Distinguish between frontier and consensus science. Summarize the limits of
environmental science.
2. Define matter. Distinguish between forms of matter and quality of matter.
3. Define energy. Distinguish between forms of energy and quality of energy.
4. Define and explain mathematical models and how they are useful in predicting the behavior of a complex system.
5. Describe synergistic interactions within a complex system.
6. Describe how the law of conservation of matter and the law of conservation of energy govern normal physical
and chemical changes. Briefly describe the second law of energy (thermodynamics).
7. Define radioactivity. Distinguish between natural radioactivity, nuclear fission, and nuclear fusion.
8. Define a high-throughput economy. Explain where you would expect to see this type of economy.
9. Define a low-throughput economy. Explain where you would expect to see this type of economy.
10. Compare the sustainability of these two different types of economies for future generations of people.
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CHAPTER 4
ECOSYSTEMS: WHAT ARE THEY AND HOW DO THEY WORK?
1. Define ecology. List and distinguish among five levels of organization of matter that are the focus of the realm of
ecology.
2. List the characteristics of life.
3. Distinguish among lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and ecosphere. Briefly describe how the sun, gravity,
and nutrient cycles sustain life on Earth. Compare the flow of matter and the flow of energy through the
biosphere.
4. Define soil horizon. Briefly describe six soil layers. Using Figure 4-25 on p. 73 in the text, compare soil profiles
of five important soil types.
5. Describe a fertile soil. In doing so, be sure to refer to soil texture, porosity, loam, and acidity.
6. Distinguish between an open system and a closed system. Name and describe three types of biogeochemical
cycles.
7. Define abiotic component of an ecosystem. List three important physical factors and three important chemical
factors that have large effects on ecosystems.
8. Summarize the law of tolerance. Compare limiting factors in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
9. Define biotic component of an ecosystem. Distinguish between producers and consumers. List and distinguish
four types of consumers. Distinguish among scavengers, detritus feeders and decomposers. Distinguish between
photosynthesizers and chemosynthesizers; aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
10. Distinguish between food chains and food webs; a grazing food web and detrital food web. Apply the second law
of energy to food chains and pyramids of energy, which describe energy flow in ecosystems. Explain how there
may be exceptions to pyramids of numbers and biomass, but not energy.
11. Evaluate which ecosystems show the highest average net primary productivity and which contribute most to
global net primary productivity.
12. Briefly describe the historical development and distinguishing features of three approaches ecologists use to learn
about ecosystems: field research, laboratory research, and systems analysis.
13. Define ecosystem service. List five examples of ecosystem services. Distinguish among three types of
biodiversity. Briefly state two principles to sustain ecosystems.
CHAPTER 5
EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY
1. Briefly describe the evolution of life from chemical evolution to the development of eukaryotic cells.
2. Describe the tools available to researchers for learning the evolutionary history of life.
3. Briefly describe the theory of evolution, being sure to include the roles played by variation within the gene pool
and natural selection, extinction, speciation, and adaptive radiation.
4. Define natural selection and the three conditions that are necessary for evolution of a population by natural
selection. Summarize and address two common misconceptions about evolution.
5. Define coevolution.
6. Distinguish between a specialist and a generalist. Evaluate the conditions that favor these two approaches.
7. Define ecological niche. Distinguish between condition and resource; fundamental niche and realized niche. List
the factors that determine the realized niche.
8. Define speciation and compare allopatric speciation with sympatric speciation. Indicate which of these
mechanisms is more common.
9. Define extinction and distinguish between background extinction and mass extinction. Discuss the role of
humans on the rate of extinction at present.
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10. Discuss the pros and cons of artificial selection and genetic engineering. Consider the possible environmental
impacts on resource use, pollution, and environmental degradation.
11. Indicate what it is that has allowed humans to have such a profound influence on their environment.
CHAPTER 6
CLIMATE AND TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY
1. Distinguish between weather and climate. Summarize how warm fronts, cold fronts, high-pressure air masses,
and low-pressure air masses affect weather.
2. Describe at least five different factors that contribute to global air-circulation patterns.
3. Distinguish between a tornado and a tropical cyclone. Describe how ocean currents generally redistribute heat.
4. Describe an upwelling and how it might be affected by an El Niño–Southern Oscillation.
5. Define greenhouse effect. Name greenhouse gases. State the significance of the greenhouse effect.
6. Describe the general effects of the following microclimates: windward and leeward sides of a mountain, forests,
and cities.
7. Describe how climate affects the distribution of plant life on Earth. Draw connections between biomes and the
following plants, which are particularly adapted for different biomes: succulent plants, broadleaf evergreen
plants, broadleaf deciduous plants, and coniferous evergreen plants.
8. Compare the climate and adaptations of plants and animals in deserts, grasslands, and forests. Describe the
distinctive qualities of a chaparral ecosystem. Be sure to distinguish among the three major kinds of forests.
9. Compare the biodiversity and stratification in the three major kinds of forests.
10. Describe how a mountain ecosystem is like an “island of biodiversity.”
CHAPTER 7
AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY
1. Summarize the distribution of light, salt, and temperature in different aquatic life zones.
2. Evaluate the significance of the ecological contributions of the oceans.
3. Briefly describe the characteristics and ecological significance of coral reefs. Describe environmental and
economic problems of coral reefs.
4. Distinguish between coastal and inland wetlands. Describe the ecological functions performed by wetlands.
Describe environmental problems associated with coastal and inland wetlands.
5. List and compare the four zones of a lake. Distinguish between oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes. Describe
stratification and a turnover in a lake.
6. Define watershed. List and distinguish the three zones of a river system.
CHAPTER 8
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
1. Describe the three characteristics that define a biological community.
2. Distinguish among the following roles played by species and give one example of each: native species, nonnative
species, indicator species, and keystone species. Explain why these labels are important.
3. Distinguish among the following species interactions and give one example of each: interspecific competition,
predation, and symbiosis. Distinguish between interference competition and exploitation competition. Summarize
the competitive exclusion principle. List two strategies species use to reduce competition.
4. List two strategies that predators use to capture their prey. List at least five strategies that prey use to defend
themselves against predators.
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5. Distinguish among three forms of symbiotic relationships and give one example of each: parasitism, mutualism,
and commensalism.
6. Define succession. Distinguish between primary and secondary succession. Describe how humans affect
communities.
CHAPTER 9
POPULATION ECOLOGY
1. Describe the various types of population distribution patterns that can occur in nature and comment on which is
most common and why.
2. Define birth rate, death rate, immigration, and emigration. Write an equation to mathematically describe the
relationship between these rates and the rate of population change.
3. Define limiting factor. Give an example of a resource that would be limiting in an ecosystem.
4. Define exponential growth.
5. Compare a J-shaped growth curve with an S-shaped growth curve and comment on the factors that produce the
sigmoid (S-shaped) curve.
6. Define carrying capacity and explain what determines the carrying capacity of an ecosystem.
7. Explain density-dependent population controls and density-independent population controls.
8. List the four general types of population fluctuations in nature. Indicate which of these is most common.
9. Discuss the relationships between predators and prey and the possible interactions upon each other.
10. Define r-selected species and K-selected species and compare the two. Give an example for each type of species
reproductive pattern.
11. Describe the three general types of survivorship curves in nature.
12. Explain the genetic effects on a population that has undergone bottleneck, genetic drift, or inbreeding due to
isolation of the population.
13. List the nine major ways that humans have altered natural ecosystems and comment on the effects of these
alterations for the future of the planet.
CHAPTER 10
APPLYING POPULATION ECOLOGY:
THE HUMAN POPULATION
1. Define birth rate, death rate, emigration rate, and immigration rate. Write an equation to mathematically
describe the relationship between these rates and the rate of population change. p.178
2. Define doubling time. What is the rule of 70?
3. Distinguish between replacement-level fertility and total fertility rate. Describe how total fertility rate affects
population growth. List at least five factors that affect birth and fertility rates and five factors that affect death
rate.
4. Summarize changes over time in the U.S. population growth rate. Give reasons for the high rate of teen
pregnancy in the United States compared to the rate in other industrialized countries. Draw connections between
population growth and environmental degradation in California.
5. Define infant mortality rate. Explain why it is considered a good indicator of quality of life.
6. Compare rates of population growth in developed countries and developing countries. Explain the differences
you find.
7. Using population age structure diagrams, explain how the age structure of a country creates population growth
momentum. Summarize problems associated with a baby boom and a declining population.
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8. Summarize key factors used to influence population size: immigration policy, family planning, economic
rewards and penalties, empowering women. Summarize the current attitudes toward immigration policy in the
United States.
9. List the four stages of the demographic transition. List social, biological, political, and economic issues that can
be addressed to help developing countries undergo a demographic transition. List three factors that may limit the
effectiveness of a demographic transition in influencing population size.
10. Compare and evaluate the population policies of India and China. Summarize what we have learned from
decades of trying to influence human population growth. List the major goals of the UN Conference on
Population and Development.
PART III
SUSTAINING BIODIVERSITY
CHAPTER 11
SUSTAINING TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY:
MANAGING AND PROTECTING ECOSYSTEMS
1. List five types of public lands in the United States. Explain the mission and principles of management of each.
Summarize the “takings issue” currently being used by the Wise-Use Movement.
2. Distinguish between old growth and second-growth forests, and give one example of each. Distinguish between a
second-growth forest and a tree farm.
3. List five reasons why forests are commercially important. List five reasons forests are ecologically important.
4. Summarize the range of estimates of rates of tropical deforestation. Explain why there is so much variation
among estimates. List five ways that tropical forests touch lives in the temperate zones. Summarize the impact of
deforestation on some of the world’s indigenous cultures. Describe a plan to protect indigenous peoples.
5. List three factors underlying causes of tropical deforestation. List six human activities that actually destroy the
tropical forests. Evaluate Japan’s environmental track record. Summarize the fuelwood crisis.
6. Distinguish between the goals of even-aged management and uneven-aged management. List four types of tree
harvesting, indicating which type of management they are most likely to be used for.
7. Distinguish among surface fires, crown fires, and ground fires. Summarize threats to forests from fires,
pathogens, and air pollution and strategies for dealing with each threat.
8. Distinguish among industrial forestry, “New Forestry,” and sustainable forestry. List eight ways to move toward
sustainable forestry management. List at least five ways to reform federal forest management. List three ways to
reduce demand for wood products. Explain the roles that straw and kenaf can play in reducing demand for wood.
9. List ways to help reduce the interlocking problems of tropical deforestation and the fuelwood crisis. Address
scientific data collection, economic strategies, policy-making strategies, cultural strategies, and strategies to
reduce demand for fuelwood.
10. Summarize Costa Rica’s efforts to protect and restore forests. Evaluate the “debt-for-nature” experiment in
Bolivia. Describe one case where individual actions made a difference in helping to reduce forest destruction.
11. Define wilderness. Describe a biosphere reserve. Summarize the status of the national Wild and Scenic Rivers
System and the National Trails System.
12. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of whole ecosystem and species-by-species approaches to increasing
sustainability. Explain how gap analysis can be used as a tool to improve conservation efforts.
CHAPTER 12
SUSTAINING BIODIVERSITY: THE SPECIES APPROACH
1. Describe the economic, medical, scientific, ecological, aesthetic, recreational, and ethical significance of wild
species. Define biophilia. Summarize your position toward protection of different species.
2. Describe the general process of extinction. Compare past extinctions to present extinctions. Start with E. O.
Wilson’s estimates for habitat destruction and loss of biodiversity. Calculate a range of estimations of
biodiversity loss based on high and low assumptions.
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3. Distinguish among local extinction, ecological extinction, and biological extinction. Distinguish between
threatened and endangered species. List nine characteristics that make species extinction prone.
4. List three root causes of extinction of wildlife. List eight human activities that directly increase the wildlife
extinction rate. Summarize the condition of the world’s fisheries and the causes of those conditions.
5. Explain how bioinformatics is being used to help protect wild species.
6. State and briefly describe the most far-reaching international treaty to protect wildlife. List four strategies that
have been used recently to weaken the Endangered Species Act. List three recommendations for strengthening
the Endangered Species Act. State three guidelines that conservation biologists would use to determine “priority
species.”
7. Assess the advantages and disadvantages of using wildlife refuges, gene banks, botanical gardens, and zoos to
protect wildlife.
8. Describe how wildlife populations can be managed by manipulating the successional stage of the habitat and by
sport hunting. Evaluate whose interests are generally the most influential in determining wildlife management
priorities.
9. Describe freshwater and marine fishery management and how it can be improved. Analyze the lessons to be
learned from the decline of the whaling industry.
CHAPTER 13
SUSTAINING AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY
1. Discuss the importance of aquatic systems research and its potential environmental and economic benefits.
Describe the ecological services provided by aquatic systems.
2. Discuss how humans have impacted aquatic systems and how these actions have affected aquatic resource
availability.
3. Describe the problems associated with marine environment protection. Discuss the roles of legislation,
regulation, and economic pressures.
4. Describe freshwater and marine fishery management and how it can be improved. Analyze the lessons to be
learned from the decline of the whaling industry.
5. Distinguish between coastal and inland wetlands. Describe the ecological functions performed by wetlands.
Describe environmental problems associated with coastal and inland wetlands.
6. Discuss the problems caused by human development of lake and river resources, including eutrophication,
introduction of alien species, and management for flood control and power generation. Describe how some rivers
are being protected from development.
PART IV
SUSTAINING NATURAL RESOURCES
CHAPTER 14
FOOD AND SOIL RESOURCES
1. List four major types of agriculture. Compare the energy sources, environmental impacts, yields, and
sustainability of traditional and industrial agriculture.
2. Evaluate the green revolution. What were its successes? Its failures? Summarize the benefits and problems of
livestock production over the history of agriculture.
3. Define interplanting, and explain its advantages. List and briefly describe four types of interplanting commonly
used by traditional farmers.
4. Summarize the state of global food production. Define malnutrition, undernutrition, and overnutrition. Indicate
how many people on Earth suffer from these problems and where these problems are most likely to occur. List
six steps proposed by UNICEF to deal with malnutrition and undernutrition. Describe a strategy to reduce
overnutrition.
5. Discuss the use of genetic engineering techniques to improve the human food supply.
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6. Describe the problems of soil erosion and desertification. Describe both world and U.S. situations, and explain
why most people are unaware of this problem.
7. Describe the problems of salinization and waterlogging of soils and how they can be controlled.
8. Define soil conservation. List nine ways to approach the problem of soil erosion. Be sure to distinguish between
conventional-tillage and conservation-tillage farming. Describe a plan to maintain soil fertility. Be sure to
distinguish between organic and inorganic fertilizers.
9. Summarize environmental impacts from agriculture.
10. Summarize food distribution problems. Describe the possibilities of increasing world food production by
increasing crop yields, cultivating more land, and using unconventional foods and perennial crops.
11. Discuss problems associated with the production of livestock on rangeland.
12. Describe trends in the world fish catch since 1950. Assess the potential for increasing the annual fish catch and
use of aquaculture. Distinguish between fish farming and fish ranching.
13. Assess the pros and cons of agricultural subsidies and international food relief. Describe strategies that you feel
would be most sustainable.
CHAPTER 15
WATER RESOURCES
1. Briefly describe Earth’s water supply. Compare amounts of saltwater and freshwater. Compare amounts of
frozen freshwater and water available for human use. Define watershed and groundwater.
2. Summarize water use in the United States and the world.
3. List four causes of water scarcity. Describe the factors that play into a positive feedback loop creating water
stress. Assess the significance of water resources for international relations.
4. List five ways to increase the water supply. List advantages and disadvantages of each strategy. Summarize a key
lesson learned from the following case studies: the Colorado River; Egypt’s Aswan High Dam; the California
Water Project; the James Bay project; the Aral Sea disaster.
5. Describe the role of groundwater in supplying freshwater. Assess our current use of groundwater: Is it
sustainable use? Determine which principles are best illustrated by the Ogallala Aquifer experience. Distinguish
between riparian rights and prior appropriation as to the regulation of water use.
6. State the percentage of water wasted throughout the world. Briefly describe measures that can be taken to reduce
water losses through irrigation, industry, and home use.
7. Describe the history of the development of the Columbia River Basin. Summarize the lessons learned from the
problems that were generated and the plans to address those problems.
8. List three ways that humans contribute to flooding. List four strategies humans employ to minimize the risks of
flooding. Analyze the water problems of Bangladesh. What key principles are illustrated by this case study?
9. List and describe four ways humans control flooding. Evaluate which of these strategies is likely to have the best
long-term results.
10. Describe the pieces that contribute to a picture of sustainable water use.
CHAPTER 16
GEOLOGY AND NONRENEWABLE MINERAL RESOURCES
1. Briefly describe the layers of the earth’s interior. Describe the internal and external Earth processes responsible
for forming Earth’s landscape. Be sure to distinguish three different tectonic plate boundaries and the geologic
features often found at each. Explain how this knowledge is significant for understanding mineral deposits and
evolution.
2. Distinguish between internal and external geologic processes. Discuss how these processes affect human
activities and natural ecosystems.
3. List and define three broad classes of rock. Briefly describe the rock cycle, and indicate interrelationships among
these classes.
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4. Describe how earthquakes are caused. Describe how the severity of earthquakes is measured. Describe how
losses can be reduced. Describe what causes a volcano. Describe how prediction of volcanic activity has
improved.
5. List three types of mineral resources, and give one example of each. Clarify the relationship between identified
resources and reserves.
6. Distinguish between subsurface and surface mining. Briefly describe the environmental impacts of mining.
7. Draw a hypothetical depletion curve. Project how this curve would be affected by the following changes in
assumptions: (a) recycling of the resource is increased, (b) discoveries of new deposits of the resource are made,
(c) prices rise sharply, and (d) a substitute for the resource is found.
8. Visually illustrate distribution of the world’s nonfuel mineral resources. State which foreign sources are most
critical to U.S. needs. State which of those sources are potentially politically unstable.
9. List environmental impacts of extracting, processing, and using mineral resources. Summarize the U.S. 1872
Mining Law. List seven ways to reform this law.
CHAPTER 17
NONRENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
1. How much of the total energy used to heat the earth and the earth’s buildings comes from commercial energy?
List five key questions to ask about each energy alternative to evaluate energy resources. Define net energy, and
state its significance in evaluating energy resources.
2. Distinguish among primary, secondary, and tertiary oil recovery. List the advantages and disadvantages of using
conventional oil, oil from oil shale, and oil from tar sands to heat space and water, produce electricity, and propel
vehicles.
3. Distinguish among natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, liquefied natural gas, and synthetic natural gas. List the
advantages and disadvantages of using natural gas as an energy source.
4. List and describe three types of coal. Indicate which is preferred for burning and which is most available. List
and briefly describe three methods for extracting coal. List advantages and disadvantages of using coal as a fuel
source.
5. Briefly describe the components of a conventional nuclear reactor. List advantages and disadvantages of using
conventional nuclear fission to create electricity. Be sure to consider the whole nuclear fuel cycle, including
disposal of radioactive wastes, safety and decommissioning of nuclear power plants, and the potential for
proliferation of nuclear weapons.
6. Summarize current thinking about disposal of low-level and high-level radioactive wastes.
7. List and briefly describe three ways to decommission a nuclear power plant. List findings of a 1987 commission
that brought the credibility of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to safeguard the nuclear power industry into
question.
8. Describe the potential use of breeder nuclear fission and nuclear fusion as energy sources.
CHAPTER 18
ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
1. List the advantages and disadvantages of improving energy efficiency so that we do more with less. Define life
cycle cost and cogeneration, and describe their potential for saving energy. Describe changes that can be made in
industry, transportation, buildings, lights, and appliances that would improve energy efficiency.
2. List the advantages and disadvantages of using direct solar energy to heat air and water for buildings. Distinguish
between active and passive solar heating. Compare the following solar technologies and evaluate the advantages
and disadvantages of each: solar power tower, solar thermal plant, nonimaging optical solar concentrator, and
solar cooker.
3. List the advantages and disadvantages of using water in the forms of hydropower, tidal power, wave power,
ocean thermal currents, and solar ponds to produce electricity.
4. List the advantages and disadvantages of using wind to produce electricity.
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5. List the advantages and disadvantages of using biomass to heat space and water, produce electricity, and propel
vehicles. Consider burning wood, agricultural wastes, and urban wastes as well as conversion of biomass to
biofuels.
6. List the advantages and disadvantages of using hydrogen gas to heat space and water, produce electricity, and
propel vehicles. State the energy source that is needed to produce hydrogen to create a truly sustainable future.
Describe constraints to a solar–hydrogen revolution.
7. Distinguish among dry steam, wet steam, and hot water sources of geothermal energy. List the advantages and
disadvantages of using geothermal energy for space heating, high-temperature industrial heating, and electricity
production.
8. Analyze the interactions of economic policy and energy resources. In particular, consider the results of using
free-market competition, keeping energy prices low, and keeping energy prices high.
9. List four ways that the United States could build a more sustainable energy future.
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