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Body system
Human Body Systems Mega Chart
What they do
Parts
Integumentary Oil glands
Musculatory
Remember,
muscles can’t
push, they can
only pull.
Produce sebum to make the skin waterproof
and resistant to invasion by bacteria
Sweat glands
Produce sweat to cool body and maintain
homeostasis; nitrogen waste is in the sweat
Hairs & hair follicles Follicles contain the hair; hair raises up to
catch a layer of warm air to warm the body
Sensory nerves
Receive information from the external
environment & pass it to the brain
Smooth muscle
Spindle shaped; lines all the “tubes” of the
body to regulate the passage of liquids &
solids through the body & light into the eye
Found in arteries, digestive tract, air tubes,
urinary tract, & reproductive structures
Striated muscle
Striped, moves muscles, usually voluntary,
though diaphragm also moves involuntarily
Cardiac muscle
Striped & branched; muscle tissue of the
heart, only
tendons
Skeletal
Compact bone
Haversian canals
Spongy bone
Red marrow
Yellow marrow
Epiphyses
Ligaments
Joints- ball & socket
- pivot
- hinge
-gliding
- saddle
Heavy fibers that tie muscles to bones so
muscles can move bones
Heavy layers of bone that cover spongy
bone & make up the middle of the long
bones; give strength to the bone; contains
yellow marrow
Channels through compact bone that carry
blood vessels & nerves to feed, clean, and
give sensation to bones & bone cells
Lies at ends of long bones & in cuboidal &
flat bones, covered by compact bone;
contains the red marrow
Produces red & white blood cells &
platelets
Nutrient rich fat found in the core of the
long bones; storage
Ends of long bones where the bond grows
Heavy fibers that tie bones to bones
Hip & shoulder; knob of one bone fits into
a socket made by other bones &/or muscles
Head on top of spine; allows head to swivel
to give animal greater field of view
Elbow, knee, finger joints; allows two
bones to move against each other
Vertebrae in spine; gives great flexibility to
the spine
Thumb; allows greater range of motion
with the thumb
What other systems they
interact
Immune
Excretory
Nervous
Circulatory, digestive,
nervous, excretory,
respiratory, &
reproductive
Skeletal & Respiratory
Circulatory
Skeletal
Musculatory
Nervous & Circulatory
Circulatory & Immune
Circulatory & Immune
Respiratory
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Digestive
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Trachea splits into two tubes going to the
two lungs; bronchi pass air to bronchioles
Smaller tubes that will branch & branch
again until they carry air to the alveoli
Millions of little air bags where CO2 & O2
are exchanged.
Takes in food & begins breaking it down by
chewing & with saliva
Throat- carries food to esophagus
Respiratory
Ureter
Urinary bladder
urethra
Drains the bladder to the outside
Ovaries
Produce eggs & hormones to maintain a
pregnancy or bring on the menses
Carries released egg from the body cavity
to the uterus; fertilization occurs here
Muscular organ where the embryo may
implant itself & grow to maturity;
contractions of the uterus cause birth
Neck of the uterus; stays closed during
pregnancy, but thins out to permit birth
Small intestine
Large intestine
Liver
pancreas
Renal arteries &
veins
Kidney
Nephron- makes
urine
Reproductive
Immune- barrier defense
Long muscular tube down through neck &
chest to stomach
Muscular bag that squishes & grinds food
while adding digestive acids & enzymes
Absorbs fats, proteins, and other nutrients
Absorbs water
Makes some of the digestive chemicals
Digestive & circulatory
including bile- for digesting protein; also
cleans the blood of toxins
Makes insulin & glucagon to control the
levels of sugar in the blood
Carry “dirty” blood to the kidneys and
clean, filtered blood away
Principal organ for removing nitrogen
circulatory
waste from the blood
Thousands of these tubular filtering systems
are found in the kidney to filter the blood &
remove waste, excess salt, & excess water
from blood- functional unit of the kidney
Drains the kidney into the bladder
Stores the urine
Stomach
Excretory
Takes in, filters & warms air
Throat, passes air to larynx
Voice box, protected from food by the
epiglottis, passes air to trachea
“Wind pipe,” passes air to bronchi
Fallopian tube
Uterus
Cervix
Endocrine
Vagina
Testes
Nervous
Brain
Spinal cord
Sensory nerves
Motor nerves
Interneurons
neurons
Circulatory
Heart
Atria
Ventricles
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Immune
Barrier defenses
B cells
T cells
Spleen
Birth canal- stretches to allow baby to be
born; also receives sperm
Male gonad- produces hormones & sperm
Endocrine
Runs the body; made up of white matter &
grey matter & 3 kinds of nerves, covered by
three membranes
Runs down the vertebral column through
openings in each vertebrae, carries nerve
tracts for both incoming & out going nerves
Receive info from internal & external
environment & carry it to the spinal cord &
brain
Receive commands from the brain & run to
a muscle or gland to activate it to do the
command
In spinal cord & brain; connect incoming to
outgoing nerves so the signal may pass in
as many directions as needed
Nerve cells consisting of cell bodies,
incoming dendrite fibers, & an outgoing
axon fiber
Pumps blood
Receives blood from body or lungs &
pumps it to a ventricle;
Humans have 2 of them
Ventricle receives blood from atria and
pumps it to the heart or lungs; humans have
2 of them
Carry blood away from heart to lungs or
body parts (organs, muscles, etc.), largest is
the aorta
Smaller, blood vessels carry blood to
capillaries
Tiny blood vessels with walls one cell thick
that feed & clean cells
Blood vessels that drain capillary beds into
larger & larger veins going back to heart
Drain blood from body or lungs into heart,
largest veins are the Vena Cavae
Lining of alimentary canal & respiratory,
Respiratory, digestive,
reproductive & excretory systems; Skin;
reproductive, & excretory
tears & conjunctiva of the eye
systems
Make antibodies to attack & kill bacteria,
remember virus & bacteria; give immunity
Make antiviral compounds like cytokinins
& interferons; attack cancers
Stores “extra” blood &
Lymph nodes
tonsils
Endocrine
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Ovary
Testes
Pineal
Thymus
Pancreas
Stores B-cells & T-cells, especially Bmemory cells. Pathogens are brought to it
so that B&T cells can start the attack!
Lymph nodes that surround the throat; there
are 3 kinds
“Master gland” controls other glands, also
triggers gonads to start puberty, regulates
growth, birth, and many other processes
Is controlled by hypothalamus, sends
chemical messages to other glands &
triggers gonads to start puberty, regulates
growth, birth, and many other processes
Stimulates & controls metabolism
Raises blood calcium levels
Lowers blood calcium levels
Produces epinephrine& norepinephrine to
manage emergency responses
Controls female secondary sex
characteristics and reproduction; produces
eggs, helps maintain pregnancy or start
menses
Controls male secondary sex characteristics
and reproduction; produces sperm
Controls biorhythms
Functions in immune response- helps
children develop immunity
Insulin & glucagon to control blood sugar
levels