Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
c. 1450 PREVIEW OF UNIT #4 to c. 1750 C. 1450 TO C. 1750 This period is often called the “Early Modern Period” Events that occur in this time period affect two primary areas 1. They shape important regional political units of today’s world 2. They Influence interrelationships among modern cultures C. 1450 TO C. 1750 This period is very distinct from the c.600 to c.1450 era Power centers shift away from the Middle East and Asia toward western Europe Beginning in 1450 western Europe is transformed From decentralized, quarreling kingdoms To powerful centralized states that dominate world trade by 1750 C. 1450 TO C. 1750 International trade grows in this time period Technological developments make transportation faster & easier Power centers do continue in the Middle East and Asia, but balance of power shifts westward Europeans set out across the Atlantic & the two hemispheres are joined This joining shrinks the world and increases interactions C. 1450 TO C. 1750 This unit will deal with the following 1. Transformational developments in Europe that lead to its rise 2. Relationships that form between the New World and the Old World Consequences of this formation 3. Impact of the new world economy on Africa 4. New Islamic Empires that develop in the Middle East and India 5. Changes and continuities in Asia and development of the Russian Empire IMPORTANT THEMES C. 1450 TO C. 1750 Themes running through this period 1. The two hemispheres are joined in sustained contact World trade networks expand greatly Few people live outside this expansion 2. Balance of power shifts Kingdoms of western Europe claim lands of Western Hemisphere & gain control of older trade routes IMPORTANT THEMES C. 1450 TO C. 1750 Themes running through this period 3. Land-based empires continue to remain important They expand their borders They conquer many nomadic groups with the power of gunpowder 4. Labor systems are transformed Slavery is expanded into the New World Slavery becomes central to economic activities IMPORTANT THEMES C. 1450 TO C. 1750 Themes running through this period 5. The natural environment is changed drastically Imported domestic animals trample grasslands & alter native farming habits New crop exchanges mean soil conditions change in many areas Much land is cleared for farming, including some of the great rainforests Population compositions change as disease spreads to previously isolated people HOW THE BIG TRANSFORMATIONS OCCURRED DURING C. 1450 TO C. 1750 Three interrelated changes take place 1. Important cultural changes Renaissance, Reformation, & Enlightenmen t European minds became developed towards invention They were able to escape the social and intellectual boundaries of the Middle Ages 2. Political consolidation of strong centralized stat es Kings had enough money to control regional lands and people They had enough money to sponsor trade expeditions & diplomatic envoys to other civilizations HOW THE BIG TRANSFORMATIONS OCCURRED DURING C. 1450 TO C. 1750 Three interrelated changes took place 3. Technological advances and the development of capitalism This allowed European states to increase their riches through trade and territorial claims in the new world Europeans made good use of their innovations By 1750 Europe was totally different politically, socially, culturally, and economically from 1450 SOME HIGHLIGHTS COMING Protestant Reformation followed by Catholic Reformation Scientific Revolution, Renaissance & Enlightenment: Locke, Hobbes, Smith, Montesquieu Zheng He’s voyages Columbian exchange Middle Passage & Atlantic Slave Trade Middle East Land-based Empires: Ottoman, Safavid, & Mughal Rise of Russia: Peter the Great & Catherine the Great Ming & Qing Dynasties CHAPTER 16: A NEW GLOBAL ECONOMY University High School DESIRE TO EXPLORE Europeans were looking for a trade route to the East by sea. Europeans lacked gold to pay for imports from Asia. Europeans initially had many disadvantages and fears (ignorant; fearful; lacking technology; Ottoman Empire) Decreasing belief that the world was flat and sea travel may lead to falling off the earth NEW TECHNOLOGY Europeans developed caravels (round-hulled sailing ships with square and lateen sails) that could carry heavy armaments. Improved compass, mapmaking European knowledge of Chinese explosives adopted into gunnery. PORTUGAL LEADS Portugal led in navigation Focused on: discovery, destruction to Muslim world, wealth Henry the Navigator creates a school for expeditions and organized expeditions along the coast of Africa PORTUGAL LEADS (CONT.) 1498: Vasco de Gama reached India, sailed around the Cape of Good Hope De Gama’s success led to other expeditions: Brazil, Mozambique, Indonesia, Japan Portugal claimed parts of African coast and parts of Brazil, India SPAIN FOLLOWS Spain is full of religious zeal and a desire for riches 1492: Christopher Columbus reached the Americas, thought he was in India Ultimately, made 4 voyages SPAIN FOLLOWS (CONT.) 1507: Amerigo Vespucci believes Columbus discovered a new world, America 1519-1521: Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigated the world Spain claims Mexico, parts of South America, Florida, Philippines Imports silver from America Magellan MAGELLAN’S GLOBAL VOYAGE 19 QUICK REVIEW QUESTION • Name two Portuguese explorers and where they journeyed. • Name two Spanish explorers and where they journeyed. DIVIDING TERRITORY 1493: Pope’s Line of Demarcation (Spain is eager to claim dominion over new land) 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas (Brazil awarded to Portugal) NORTHERN EUROPEAN EXPEDITIONS In 16 th c., Northern Europe (France, England, Holland) became interested in exploration Spanish and Portuguese expeditions had already slowed down; new gains had to be managed Dutch and British ships were improved models They mostly went northward in New World British set up colonies in North America, India Tried to find an Arctic route to East DUTCH TRADE ROUTES C.1650 23 FAST FORWARD FOR BRITISH SEA ROUTES 1750-1800 AS SHOWN BY SHIP LOGS 24 NORTHERN EUROPEAN EXPEDITIONS Dutch set up colonies in SE Asian islands, Sri Lanka, south Africa French set up colonies in mid-western, southern US via Mississippi, Canada Dutch/British East India Company: joint stock and trade company; amassed huge fortunes 1600-1750 DUTCH AND BRITISH EAST INDIA TRADING COMPANY Joint stock and trade company Shares were owned by wealthy merchants and aristocrats Created to pursue trade with South Asia and Southeast Asia Companies end up obtaining land and ruling as the main political entity East India Trading Company DUTCH AND BRITISH EAST INDIA TRADING COMPANY (CONT.) Dutch and British governments did not regulate trading companies Therefore, trading companies could act independently and ran all administrative tasks Able to amass huge fortunes and even private armies Dutch East India Company EUROPEAN HOLDINGS QUICK REVIEW QUESTION • • What was the purpose of the Pope’s Line of Demarcation? What alteration is made to that line? COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE Exchange between New World and Old World as a result of Columbus’s contacts Food/Plants New Old World: potatoes, tomatoes, corn, vanilla, rubber, cacao, avocado, tobacco, pumpkin, peanut, cashews New Old World: peas, tea, rice, sugarcane, wheat, lettuce, oat, coffee, citrus, apples, bananas, garlic, onion, opium COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE Exchange between New World and Old World as a result of Columbus’s contacts Animals New Old World : turkey, llama, alpaca, guinea pig New Old World : horses, goat, pig, sheep, cow, chicken COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE Exchange between New World and Old World as a result of Columbus’s contacts Disease New Old World : syphilis, hepatitis New Old World : plague, chicken pox, cholera, flu, leprosy, malaria, measles, smallpox, typhoid, yellow fever Concerns: American food spread plague?, not condoned in Bible COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE DEVASTATION Smallpox and measles caused between 50-80% indigenous populations to die. Entire island populations gone Native Americans had not previously been exposed to these diseases; had no natural immunities Europeans had “room” to create new populations with their own citizens and African slaves COLONIAL EXPANSION European guns, horses, and iron offered advantages, especially where political chaos and population losses had occurred. Spain colonized the Americas first. Hispaniola, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico 1528 CE: Francisco Pizarro attacked the divided Incan empire, founded Lima COLONIAL EXPANSION Early colonies: Loose colonial administrations led by gold-hungry Europeans They became more formal administrations as agricultural settlements were established under bureaucrats who arrived from Europe QUICK REVIEW QUESTION • What are some of the advantages European invaders have over indigenous tribes? MERCANTILISM Mercantilism: an economic theory popular during 17 th /18 th Prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its capital Government should export more than import Utilize colonies to import raw materials from; minimizes costs MERCANTILISM INCREASING WESTERN POWER Challenges for European traders: Muslim traders remained active along the east African coast, Middle East, and Indian Ocean Piracy in the Caribbean Omani-European rivalry in Indian Ocean Soon, Western Europe dominated oceanic shipping; increased European profit INCREASING WESTERN POWER 1571: Battle of Lepanto Spanish fleet defeated Ottoman fleet Any hope of successful Muslim rivalry ended European-controlled ports in Africa, Indian Ocean, SE Asia Mostly ports, not inland territory Western enclaves in existing cities where traders had special rights UNEQUAL LABOR SYSTEMS Human labor was vital to producing low-cost goods Population loss from disease increase in imported slave labor in New World Estate agriculture (peasants forced into labor without legal freedom to leave) Beyond slave trade, much of Africa untouched still by Europeans QUICK REVIEW QUESTION • What are the three tenets of Mercantilism? • Why is the Battle of Lepanto significant? ASIAN INVOLVEMENT China renounced pursuing international trade in 1433 Most European trade occurred through Macao (a Portuguese colony) Europeans frustrated that Chinese clang to tradition and avoided European developments Europeans sent American silver to China to pay for goods REMBER VOYAGES OF ZHENG HE 45 ASIAN INVOLVEMENT Japan turned to isolationism in 16 th century But, interested in Western gunnery Ultimately, threatened samurai dominance and aggravated feudal wars India’s Mughal Empire Encouraged small port enclaves Sold textiles and spices for New World silver Ultimately, world trade is not a major interest for Indians Same for Ottomans, Safavids, and Russians THE GUN POWDER EMPIRES OTTOMAN, SAFAVID, & MUGHAL EMPIRES 47 THE EXPANSIONIST TREND 1700s: Indian Mughal Empire began to fall apart British and French East India Companies increased roles in international trade and administration British and French struggled to control India British will take over as colonists after defeating French in several battles Eastern Europe included in world economy Growing market for grain Prussia, Poland, Russia Landlords and serfs BRITISH AND FRENCH NORTH AMERICA English colonies along the Atlantic received religious refugees (Calvinists) France developed New France in Canada with 55,000 settlers by 1755 supported by the Catholic Church BRITISH AND FRENCH NORTH AMERICA (CONT.) Seven Years War (1756-1763): Britain and France fought in Europe and America over colonies North American native groups pushed westward because of colonists Colonists did not combine with natives, unlike in Latin America By 1700’s, 23% of population of southern colonies were of African origin AFRICAN COASTAL TRADING Europeans set up small ports Sold Asian and European items for slaves Negotiated with West African kings and merchants Generally did not go inland because of disease, climate, geography AFRICAN COASTAL TRADING (CONT.) Inland settling 1 st Exception: Cape Colony of the Dutch at Cape of Good Hope, 1652 Coastal station to supply ships bound for Asia Boers (Dutch farmers) populated region 2 nd Exception: Portuguese expeditions into Angola for slaves RESULTS OF A NEW WORLD Profits from colonies brought in wealth and capital Most white settlers transplanted Western ideas into New World Slavery spread World economy brought benefits to many (sugar) Increased colonial rivalries New foods and wider trade patterns developed Imports of silver increased QUICK REVIEW QUESTION • Describe how global Asian involvement changes during this period. • What was the Seven Years’ War? Why is it important?