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c. 1450
PREVIEW OF UNIT #4 to c.
1750
C. 1450 TO C. 1750
This period is often called the “Early
Modern Period”
Events that occur in this time period affect
two primary areas
1. They shape important regional political
units of today’s world
2. They Influence interrelationships among
modern cultures
C. 1450 TO C. 1750
This period is very distinct from the
c.600 to c.1450 era
Power centers shift away from the Middle East
and Asia toward western Europe
Beginning in 1450 western Europe is
transformed
From decentralized, quarreling kingdoms
To powerful centralized states that dominate
world trade by 1750
C. 1450 TO C. 1750
International trade grows in this time
period
Technological developments make
transportation faster & easier
Power centers do continue in the Middle
East and Asia, but balance of power
shifts westward
Europeans set out across the Atlantic & the
two hemispheres are joined
This joining shrinks the world and increases
interactions
C. 1450 TO C. 1750
This unit will deal with the following
1. Transformational developments in Europe
that lead to its rise
2. Relationships that form between the New
World and the Old World
Consequences of this formation
3. Impact of the new world economy on Africa
4. New Islamic Empires that develop in the
Middle East and India
5. Changes and continuities in Asia and
development of the Russian Empire
IMPORTANT THEMES C. 1450 TO C. 1750
Themes running through this period
1. The two hemispheres are joined in
sustained contact
World trade networks expand greatly
Few people live outside this expansion
2. Balance of power shifts
Kingdoms of western Europe claim lands of
Western Hemisphere & gain control of
older trade routes
IMPORTANT THEMES C. 1450 TO C. 1750
Themes running through this period
3. Land-based empires continue to
remain important
They expand their borders
They conquer many nomadic groups with
the power of gunpowder
4. Labor systems are transformed
Slavery is expanded into the New World
Slavery becomes central to economic
activities
IMPORTANT THEMES C. 1450 TO C. 1750
Themes running through this period
5. The natural environment is changed
drastically
Imported domestic animals trample grasslands &
alter native farming habits
New crop exchanges mean soil conditions change
in many areas
Much land is cleared for farming, including some
of the great rainforests
Population compositions change as disease
spreads to previously isolated people
HOW THE BIG TRANSFORMATIONS
OCCURRED DURING C. 1450 TO C. 1750
Three interrelated changes take place
1. Important cultural changes
 Renaissance, Reformation, & Enlightenmen t
 European minds became developed towards
invention
 They were able to escape the social and
intellectual boundaries of the Middle Ages
2. Political consolidation of strong centralized stat es
 Kings had enough money to control regional lands
and people
 They had enough money to sponsor trade
expeditions & diplomatic envoys to other
civilizations
HOW THE BIG TRANSFORMATIONS
OCCURRED DURING C. 1450 TO C. 1750
Three interrelated changes took place
3. Technological advances and the
development of capitalism
This allowed European states to increase their
riches through trade and territorial claims in
the new world
Europeans made good use of their innovations
By 1750 Europe was totally different
politically, socially, culturally, and
economically from 1450
SOME HIGHLIGHTS COMING
 Protestant Reformation followed by Catholic
Reformation
 Scientific Revolution, Renaissance &
Enlightenment: Locke, Hobbes, Smith, Montesquieu
 Zheng He’s voyages
 Columbian exchange
 Middle Passage & Atlantic Slave Trade
 Middle East Land-based Empires: Ottoman,
Safavid, & Mughal
 Rise of Russia: Peter the Great & Catherine the
Great
 Ming & Qing Dynasties
CHAPTER 16:
A NEW GLOBAL ECONOMY
University High School
DESIRE TO EXPLORE
Europeans were looking for a
trade route to the East by sea.
Europeans lacked gold to pay for
imports from Asia.
Europeans initially had many
disadvantages and fears
(ignorant; fearful; lacking
technology; Ottoman Empire)
Decreasing belief that the world
was flat and sea travel may lead
to falling off the earth
NEW TECHNOLOGY
Europeans developed
caravels (round-hulled
sailing ships with square
and lateen sails) that could
carry heavy armaments.
Improved compass, mapmaking
European knowledge of
Chinese explosives adopted
into gunnery.
PORTUGAL LEADS
Portugal led in navigation
Focused on: discovery,
destruction to Muslim
world, wealth
Henry the Navigator creates a
school for expeditions and
organized expeditions along
the coast of Africa
PORTUGAL LEADS (CONT.)
1498: Vasco de Gama
reached India, sailed around
the Cape of Good Hope
De Gama’s success led to
other expeditions: Brazil,
Mozambique, Indonesia,
Japan
Portugal claimed parts of
African coast and parts of
Brazil, India
SPAIN FOLLOWS
 Spain is full of
religious zeal and a
desire for riches
 1492: Christopher
Columbus reached the
Americas, thought he
was in India
 Ultimately, made 4
voyages
SPAIN FOLLOWS (CONT.)
1507: Amerigo Vespucci
believes Columbus discovered
a new world, America
1519-1521: Ferdinand
Magellan circumnavigated the
world
Spain claims Mexico, parts of
South America, Florida,
Philippines
Imports silver from America
Magellan
MAGELLAN’S GLOBAL VOYAGE
19
QUICK REVIEW QUESTION
• Name two Portuguese
explorers and where they
journeyed.
• Name two Spanish explorers
and where they journeyed.
DIVIDING TERRITORY
1493: Pope’s Line of Demarcation (Spain is
eager to claim dominion over new land)
1494: Treaty of Tordesillas (Brazil awarded to
Portugal)
NORTHERN EUROPEAN
EXPEDITIONS
In 16 th c., Northern Europe (France, England,
Holland) became interested in exploration
Spanish and Portuguese expeditions had already
slowed down; new gains had to be managed
Dutch and British ships were improved models
They mostly went northward in New World
British set up colonies in North America,
India
Tried to find an Arctic route to East
DUTCH TRADE ROUTES C.1650
23
FAST FORWARD FOR BRITISH SEA ROUTES
1750-1800 AS SHOWN BY SHIP LOGS
24
NORTHERN EUROPEAN
EXPEDITIONS
Dutch set up colonies
in SE Asian islands, Sri
Lanka, south Africa
French set up colonies
in mid-western,
southern US via
Mississippi, Canada
Dutch/British East
India Company: joint
stock and trade
company; amassed
huge fortunes
1600-1750
DUTCH AND BRITISH EAST INDIA
TRADING COMPANY
Joint stock and trade company
Shares were owned by wealthy
merchants and aristocrats
Created to pursue trade with
South Asia and Southeast Asia
Companies end up obtaining
land and ruling as the main
political entity
East India
Trading Company
DUTCH AND BRITISH EAST INDIA
TRADING COMPANY (CONT.)
Dutch and British
governments did not
regulate trading companies
Therefore, trading
companies could act
independently and ran all
administrative tasks
Able to amass huge
fortunes and even private
armies
Dutch East
India Company
EUROPEAN HOLDINGS
QUICK REVIEW QUESTION
•
•
What was the purpose of the Pope’s
Line of Demarcation?
What alteration is made to that line?
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
Exchange between New World and Old World
as a result of Columbus’s contacts
Food/Plants
New  Old World: potatoes, tomatoes, corn,
vanilla, rubber, cacao, avocado, tobacco,
pumpkin, peanut, cashews
New  Old World: peas, tea, rice, sugarcane,
wheat, lettuce, oat, coffee, citrus, apples,
bananas, garlic, onion, opium
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
Exchange between New World and Old World
as a result of Columbus’s contacts
Animals
New  Old World : turkey, llama, alpaca,
guinea pig
New  Old World : horses, goat, pig, sheep,
cow, chicken
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
Exchange between New World and Old World
as a result of Columbus’s contacts
Disease
New  Old World : syphilis, hepatitis
New  Old World : plague, chicken pox,
cholera, flu, leprosy, malaria, measles,
smallpox, typhoid, yellow fever
Concerns: American food spread plague?, not
condoned in Bible
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
DEVASTATION
Smallpox and measles caused
between 50-80% indigenous
populations to die.
Entire island populations gone
Native Americans had not
previously been exposed to these
diseases; had no natural
immunities
Europeans had “room” to create
new populations with their own
citizens and African slaves
COLONIAL EXPANSION
European guns, horses, and iron offered
advantages, especially where political
chaos and population losses had occurred.
Spain colonized the Americas first.
Hispaniola, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico
1528 CE: Francisco Pizarro attacked the divided
Incan empire, founded Lima
COLONIAL EXPANSION
Early colonies:
Loose colonial
administrations led by
gold-hungry Europeans
They became more
formal administrations
as agricultural
settlements were
established under
bureaucrats who arrived
from Europe
QUICK REVIEW QUESTION
• What are some of the advantages
European invaders have over
indigenous tribes?
MERCANTILISM
Mercantilism: an economic theory popular during
17 th /18 th
Prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its
capital
Government should export more than import
Utilize colonies to import raw materials from;
minimizes costs
MERCANTILISM
INCREASING WESTERN POWER
Challenges for European
traders:
 Muslim traders remained active
along the east African coast,
Middle East, and Indian Ocean
 Piracy in the Caribbean
 Omani-European rivalry in Indian
Ocean
Soon, Western Europe
dominated oceanic shipping;
increased European profit
INCREASING WESTERN POWER
1571: Battle of Lepanto
 Spanish fleet defeated Ottoman
fleet
 Any hope of successful Muslim
rivalry ended
European-controlled ports in
Africa, Indian Ocean, SE Asia
 Mostly ports, not inland territory
 Western enclaves in existing
cities where traders had special
rights
UNEQUAL LABOR SYSTEMS
Human labor was vital to
producing low-cost goods
Population loss from disease
increase in imported slave
labor in New World
Estate agriculture (peasants
forced into labor without
legal freedom to leave)
Beyond slave trade, much of
Africa untouched still by
Europeans
QUICK REVIEW QUESTION
• What are the three tenets of
Mercantilism?
• Why is the Battle of Lepanto
significant?
ASIAN INVOLVEMENT
China renounced pursuing
international trade in 1433
Most European trade occurred
through Macao (a Portuguese
colony)
Europeans frustrated that
Chinese clang to tradition and
avoided European
developments
Europeans sent American
silver to China to pay for
goods
REMBER VOYAGES OF ZHENG HE
45
ASIAN INVOLVEMENT
Japan turned to isolationism in 16 th century
But, interested in Western gunnery
 Ultimately, threatened samurai dominance and
aggravated feudal wars
India’s Mughal Empire
Encouraged small port enclaves
Sold textiles and spices for New World silver
Ultimately, world trade is not a major interest for
Indians
Same for Ottomans, Safavids, and Russians
THE GUN POWDER EMPIRES
OTTOMAN, SAFAVID, & MUGHAL EMPIRES
47
THE EXPANSIONIST TREND
1700s: Indian Mughal Empire began to fall apart
 British and French East India Companies increased roles
in international trade and administration
 British and French struggled to control India
 British will take over as colonists after defeating French
in several battles
Eastern Europe included in world economy
Growing market for grain
Prussia, Poland, Russia
Landlords and serfs
BRITISH AND FRENCH
NORTH AMERICA
English colonies along
the Atlantic received
religious refugees
(Calvinists)
France developed New
France in Canada with
55,000 settlers by 1755
supported by the
Catholic Church
BRITISH AND FRENCH
NORTH AMERICA (CONT.)
Seven Years War (1756-1763):
Britain and France fought in
Europe and America over colonies
North American native groups
pushed westward because of
colonists
 Colonists did not combine with
natives, unlike in Latin America
By 1700’s, 23% of population of
southern colonies were of African
origin
AFRICAN COASTAL TRADING
Europeans set up small
ports
Sold Asian and European
items for slaves
Negotiated with West
African kings and
merchants
Generally did not go
inland because of disease,
climate, geography
AFRICAN COASTAL TRADING
(CONT.)
Inland settling
1 st Exception: Cape Colony of
the Dutch at Cape of Good
Hope, 1652
Coastal station to supply ships
bound for Asia
Boers (Dutch farmers)
populated region
2 nd Exception: Portuguese
expeditions into Angola for
slaves
RESULTS OF A NEW WORLD
Profits from colonies brought in wealth and
capital
Most white settlers transplanted Western
ideas into New World
Slavery spread
World economy brought benefits to many
(sugar)
Increased colonial rivalries
New foods and wider trade patterns developed
Imports of silver increased
QUICK REVIEW QUESTION
• Describe how global Asian
involvement changes during this
period.
• What was the Seven Years’ War?
Why is it important?