Download Open-circuit Test

Active Learning Assignment
Sub: DC Machines and Transformer (2130904)
Topic: O.C & S.C Test, Sumpner or back to back Test,
Condition for maximum efficiency, All day Efficiency
Guided By: Prof. Hitesh Manani
Branch: Electrical Engineering
Div: B
Prepared By: (1) Abhishek Choksi
(2) Himal Desai
(3) Harsh Dedakiya
140120109005
140120109008
140120109012
Contents
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Open Circuit or no load test
Short Circuit or Impedance Test
Sumpner or Back to Back Test
Condition for Maximum Efficiency
All day Efficiency
References
Open-circuit Test
• A voltmeter, wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in
LV side of the transformer as shown in the figure below.
• The voltage at rated frequency is applied to that LV side
with the help of a variac of variable transformer.
• The HV side of the transformer is kept open. Now with help
of variac applied voltage is slowly increase until the
voltmeter gives reading equal to the rated voltage of the LV
side.
• After reaching at rated voltage, all three instruments reading
(Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter readings) are recorded.
• The ammeter reading gives the no load current I0 .
• As no load current I0 is quite small compared to rated
current of the transformer, the voltage drops due to this
electric current then can be taken as negligible.
• Since, voltmeter reading V can be considered equal to
secondary induced voltage of the transformer. The input
power during test is indicated by watt-meter reading.
• As the transformer is open circuited, there is no output
hence the input power here consists of core losses in
transformer and copper loss in transformer during no load
condition.
• The no load current in the transformer is quite small
compared to full load current so copper loss due to the
small no load current can be neglected.
• Hence the wattmeter reading can be taken as equal to core
losses in transformer.
• Therefore it is seen that the open circuit test on transformer
is used to determine core losses in transformer and
parameters of shunt branch of the equivalent circuit of
transformer.
Calculation
Short-circuit Test
• A voltmeter, wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in
HV side of the transformer as shown in figure.
• The voltage at rated frequency is applied to that HV side
with the help of a variac of variable transformer
• The LV side of the transformer is short circuited . Now with
help of variac applied voltage is slowly increase until the
ammeter gives reading equal to the rated current of the HV
side
• After reaching at rated current of HV side, all three
instruments reading (Voltmeter, Ammeter and Watt-meter
readings) are recorded
• The ammeter reading gives the primary equivalent of full
load current IL .
• As the voltage, applied for full load current in short circuit
test on transformer, is quite small compared to rated primary
voltage of the transformer, the core losses in transformer
can be taken as negligible here.
• Let’s, voltmeter reading is VSC . The input power during test
is indicated by watt-meter reading.
• As the transformer is short circuited, there is no output
hence the input power here consists of copper losses in
transformer
• Since, the applied voltage VSC is short circuit voltage in the
transformer and hence it is quite small compared to rated
voltage so core loss due to the small applied voltage can be
neglected.
• Hence the wattmeter reading can be taken as equal to copper
losses in transformer.
• Therefore it is seen that the Short Circuit test on transformer
is used to determine copper loss in transformer at full load
and parameters of approximate equivalent circuit of
transformer.
Calculation
Draw back of Open Circuit
and Short Circuit
• In O.C. test, there is no load on the transformer while in
S.C. circuit test only fractional load gets applied. In all O.C.
and S.C. tests, the loading conditions are absent. Hence the
results are inaccurate.
• In open and short circuit test iron losses and copper losses
are determined separately but in actual use both losses
occurs simultaneously.
• The temperature rise in the transformer is due to total loss
that occurs simultaneously during actual use, it can’t be
determined by O.C and S.C tests.
Sumpner or Back-to-Back Test
• Sumpner's test or back to back test on transformer is
another method for determining transformer efficiency,
voltage regulation and heating under loaded conditions.
• The figure above shows that the connection diagram of
back to back test on two similar transformers named T1 and
T2.
• Both transformers are connected to supply such that one
transformer is loaded on another.
• Primaries of the two identical transformers are connected
in parallel across a supply.
• Secondary are connected in series such that emf's of them
are opposite to each other.
• Another low voltage supply is connected in series with
secondary to get the readings, as shown in the circuit
diagram.
Working
Advantages of Sumpner’s Test
• Little much of power is required to conduct this test
• Under full load conditions transformers can be test using
this test.
• Simultaneously full load copper losses and iron losses are
measured
• The secondary current I2 can be varied at any value of the
current. Hence we can determine the copper losses at full
load condition or at any load.
• The transformer temperature increase can be noted.
Drawback of Sumpner’s Test
• Only limitation is that two identical transformers are
required. In practice exact identical transformers cannot be
obtained and as two transformers are required, the test is
not economical.
Efficiency of a transformer
Condition for Maximum Efficiency
All day efficiency
• The commercial Efficiency of a transformer is given by the ratio
of output power to input power
• The losses in the transformer can be classified into copper losses and
iron losses. The copper losses (hysteresis and Eddy Current Losses)
are independent of the load. The iron losses though are dependent on
the load.
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In the case of the distribution transformers, the load is continually
varying. It is low in the day time and high in the evenings and night.
Therefore, efficiency measured at any one point of the day would not
be an accurate reflection of the transformer's capability.
• Hence, We have the all day efficiency measurement of the
distribution transformers. The formula for the all day efficiency of the
distribution transformers is
• The All day Efficiency is always lesser than the commercial
efficiency of the transformer.
Reference
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U.A. Bakshi
B.L. Theraja
http://www.mytech-info.com
https://en.wikipedia.org