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Chapter Twelve
Preventing Infectious Diseases
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
7 Pathogens
(Disease Producing Agents)
1.
2.
3.
Viruses
Prion
Bacteria
4.
5.
6.
7.
Fungi
Protozoa
Rickettsia
Parasitic
worms
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Chain of Infection
Figure 12-1
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
5 Stages of an Infection
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Incubation
Prodromal
Clinical
Decline
Recovery
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Mechanical and
Cellular Body Defenses
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Immune Response
Figure 12-2
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Immunizations
90% of children receive the following under
the age of 2 years:





Diptheria
Hepatitis B
Whooping cough
Haemophilus influenza B
Tetanus
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Immunizations (cont’d)
90% of children receive the following at the
age of 2 years:






Rubella (German measles)
Measles (red measles)
Mumps
Polio
Chicken pox
Pneumonia related infections
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Causes and Management of
Selected Infectious Diseases
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The common cold (acute rhinitis)
Influenza
Tuberculosis
Pneumonia
Mononucleosis
Chronic fatigue syndrome
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Causes and Management of Selected
Infectious Diseases (cont’d)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bacterial meningitis
Lyme disease
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
Toxic shock syndrome
Hepatitis A,B,C,D,E
West Niles Virus
SARS (Sudden Acute Respiratory
Syndrome)
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
HIV/AIDS



Most devastatingly infectious
disease of modern times
Over 816,149 Americans have
been diagnosed with AIDS [Dec.
2001]
Cause – virus that attacks helper
T-cells of the immune system
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
HIV/AIDS

Spread via
• blood
• semen
• vaginal secretions


Not transmitted by saliva, sweat,
or tears
Most HIV positive people are
asymptomatic
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
HIV/AIDS Symptoms

Eventually the following may appear
(HIV with symptoms)
• tiredness
• fever
• loss of appetite/weight
• diarrhea
• night sweats
• swollen glands (neck, armpit, groin)
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Diagnosis of HIV Infection
1.
2.
3.
ELISA (enzyme-link immunosorbent
assay)
Western blot
Home tests (Home Access, Confide)
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Treatment for HIV/AIDS



No cure at this time
Combination drugs reverse
transcriptase inhibitors and protease
inhibitors; both assist the body by
disallowing replication of the virus in
various cycles
HARRT (highly active antiretroviral
therapy)
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Prevention of HIV Infection







Abstaining from sexual activity
Monogamy
Using condoms with chemical barrier
Sobriety
Regular STD check-ups
Never share needles
Avoid unprotected anal intercourse
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Other Prevalent STD’s




Chlamydia
HPV
Gonorrhea
Herpes simplex




Syphilis
Pubic lice
Yeast and protozoa
infections (vagina)
Cystitis/urethritis
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Chapter Twelve
Preventing Infectious Diseases
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.