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Chapter Twelve Preventing Infectious Diseases © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 7 Pathogens (Disease Producing Agents) 1. 2. 3. Viruses Prion Bacteria 4. 5. 6. 7. Fungi Protozoa Rickettsia Parasitic worms © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chain of Infection Figure 12-1 © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 5 Stages of an Infection 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Incubation Prodromal Clinical Decline Recovery © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Mechanical and Cellular Body Defenses © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Immune Response Figure 12-2 © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Immunizations 90% of children receive the following under the age of 2 years: Diptheria Hepatitis B Whooping cough Haemophilus influenza B Tetanus © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Immunizations (cont’d) 90% of children receive the following at the age of 2 years: Rubella (German measles) Measles (red measles) Mumps Polio Chicken pox Pneumonia related infections © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Causes and Management of Selected Infectious Diseases 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The common cold (acute rhinitis) Influenza Tuberculosis Pneumonia Mononucleosis Chronic fatigue syndrome © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Causes and Management of Selected Infectious Diseases (cont’d) • • • • • • • Bacterial meningitis Lyme disease Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome Toxic shock syndrome Hepatitis A,B,C,D,E West Niles Virus SARS (Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome) © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Sexually Transmitted Diseases HIV/AIDS Most devastatingly infectious disease of modern times Over 816,149 Americans have been diagnosed with AIDS [Dec. 2001] Cause – virus that attacks helper T-cells of the immune system © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. HIV/AIDS Spread via • blood • semen • vaginal secretions Not transmitted by saliva, sweat, or tears Most HIV positive people are asymptomatic © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. HIV/AIDS Symptoms Eventually the following may appear (HIV with symptoms) • tiredness • fever • loss of appetite/weight • diarrhea • night sweats • swollen glands (neck, armpit, groin) © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Diagnosis of HIV Infection 1. 2. 3. ELISA (enzyme-link immunosorbent assay) Western blot Home tests (Home Access, Confide) © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Treatment for HIV/AIDS No cure at this time Combination drugs reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors; both assist the body by disallowing replication of the virus in various cycles HARRT (highly active antiretroviral therapy) © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Prevention of HIV Infection Abstaining from sexual activity Monogamy Using condoms with chemical barrier Sobriety Regular STD check-ups Never share needles Avoid unprotected anal intercourse © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Other Prevalent STD’s Chlamydia HPV Gonorrhea Herpes simplex Syphilis Pubic lice Yeast and protozoa infections (vagina) Cystitis/urethritis © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter Twelve Preventing Infectious Diseases © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.