Download The Human Body as a Whole

The Human Body as a Whole
Mrs. Bailey
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Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy deals with the structure
(morphology) of the body and its parts,
in other words, what are things called?
Physiology studies the functions of these
parts, in other words, how do these things
work?
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Refer to page 8
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BODY SYSTEMS
Refer to page 8
1.  Integumentary System
2.  Skeletal System
3. Muscular System
4. Nervous System
5. Endocrine System
6. Cardiovascular System
7. Lymphatic System
8. Respiratory System
9. Digestive System
10. Urinary System
11. Reproductive System
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What are the major organs within each of the following body systems …
Integumentary System?
Skin
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Skeletal System?
Bones & Ligaments
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Muscular System?
Skeletal Muscles & Tendons
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Nervous System?
Brain, Spinal cord, Nerves, Eye, Ear, Nose, Tongue, Skin
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Endocrine System?
Pituitary gland, Adrenals, Pancreas, Thyroid, Parathyroids, etc.
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Cardiovascular System?
Heart, Arteries, Veins, Capillaries
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Lymphatic System?
Lymph nodes, Lymphatic vessels, Spleen, Thymus, Tonsils
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Respiratory System?
Lungs, Bronchial tree, Trachea, Larynx, Nasal cavity
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Digestive System?
Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small and Large Intestines, Liver, Pancreas
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Urinary System?
Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra
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Reproductive System?
Male: Testes, Vas deferens, Prostate, Seminal vesicles, Penis
Female: Ovaries, Fallopian tubes, Uterus, Vagina, Breasts
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BODY REGIONS
The abdominal cavity can be divided into nine regions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Right Hypochondriac Region
Epigastric Region
Left Hypochondriac Region
Right Lumbar Region
Umbilical Region
Left Lumbar Region
Right Iliac Region
Hypogastric Region
Left Iliac Region
Refer to page 15
Refer to page 14 (Table 1.3) for Descriptive Terms for Body Regions.
STUDY …
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Directional Terms
1. SUPERIOR - means that a body part is above another part or is closer to the head.
2. INFERIOR - means that a body part is below another body part or toward the feet.
3. ANTERIOR – means toward the front.
4. VENTRAL – also means toward the front
5. POSTERIOR – is the opposite of anterior; it means toward the back.
6. DORSAL - also is the opposite of anterior; it means toward the back.
7. MEDIAL – relates to an imaginary midline dividing the body in right and left halves
Sample: The nose is medial to the eyes.
8. LATERAL – means toward the side with respect to the imaginary midline.
Sample: The ears are lateral to the eyes.
9. PROXIMAL – describes a body part that is closer to a point of attachment or closer
to the trunk of the body than another part.
Sample: The elbow is proximal to the wrist.
10. DISTAL – is the opposite of proximal. It means that a particular body part is
farther from the point of attachment or farther from the trunk of the body than
another part. Sample: The fingers are distal to the wrist.
11. SUPERFICIAL – means situated near the surface.
12. PERIPHERAL – also means outward or near the surface.
13. DEEP – describes parts that are more internal.
14. CORTEX - the outer layer of an organ
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15. MEDULLA - the inner portion of an organ.
Let’s practice our Directional Terms …
a. The thorax is
to the abdomen.
b. The heart is
c. The hand is
to the lungs.
to the elbow.
d. The navel is on the
e. The skin is
side of the body.
to the muscles.
f. The legs are
to the trunk.
g. The ears are on the
side of the head.
h. The knee is
to the foot.
i. The brain is
to the cranium.
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Body Planes
Reference positions that gives meaning to the
directional terms used to describe the body parts and regions.
Refer to
page 15
Which plane shows bilateral
symmetry? _______________
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HOMEOSTASIS
The relatively constant states maintained by the body
Examples:
1.  Thermoregulation
2.  Regulation of blood O2/CO2 level
3. Glucoregulation
4. Osmoregulation
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HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMS
SENSOR
INTEGRATOR
EFFECTOR
detects some
physiological
parameter
constantly
when significant
changes occur
sums up
information
from sensors
“target” whose activity is
altered in order to compensate
to bring parameter back into its
normal range
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Negative feedback - a reaction in which the system responds
in such a way as to reverse the direction of change. Since this tends
to keep things constant, it allows the maintenance of
homeostasis.
For example, when the concentration of carbon dioxide in the
human body increases, the lungs are signaled to increase their
activity and expel more carbon dioxide.
Positive feedback - the response is to amplify the change
in the variable. This has a de-stabilizing effect, so does not result
in homeostasis. Positive feedback is less common in naturally
occurring systems than negative feedback, but it has its
applications.
For example, in nerves, a threshold electric potential triggers the
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generation of a much larger action potential.
Thermoregulation
Keeping a constant body temperature
•  The body’s enzymes work best at 37°C (body temperature)!
•  The temperature of the body is monitored by the hypothalamus.
•  If you are too cold or too hot the hypothalamus sends nerve
impulses to the skin.
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Thermoregulation
SENSOR
Temperature receptors in skin
INTEGRATOR
Hypothalamus
EFFECTOR
Muscles
Refer to page 24
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Regulation of Blood O2/CO2 level
Keeping a constant blood gas level
• 
Homeostasis of blood gases is primarily
controlled by changes in ventilation – the rate and
depth of breathing
•  Respiratory centers, located in the brainstem, are
the integrators that control the nerves which
affect the inspiratory and expiratory muscles.
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Regulation of Blood O2/CO2 level
Refer to
page 730
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Glucoregulation
Keeping a constant blood sugar level
•  Insulin is a hormone that reduces the level of glucose in the
blood. When you eat carbohydrates (potatoes, bread, rice or
pasta) your digestive system releases lots of glucose. This glucose
is absorbed into the blood. The sugar level must be returned to
normal as soon as possible.
•  When the blood sugar level rises, the islets of Langerhans in the
pancreas release insulin into the blood. Insulin makes the liver
turn glucose into glycogen, which is stored. This brings the blood
sugar level down. When blood sugar levels are low, the pancreas
stops producing insulin, releasing glucose into the blood.
This is an example of negative feedback.
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Glucoregulation
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Glucoregulation
•  SENSOR
Periphery brain neurons
•  INTEGRATOR
Brain
•  EFFECTOR
Pancreas
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Osmoregulation
keeping a constant amount of water and salts in the blood
•  Osmoregulation is monitored by the hypothalamus.
•  When the hypothalamus senses too little water in the blood it
sends messages to the pituitary gland which releases the antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH stops the kidneys removing
water from the blood.
•  If you have too much water in your body it moves into your cells
by osmosis, causing the cells to swell up and possibly burst. Too
much water in the blood stops the hypothalamus signaling the
pituitary gland to make ADH, so water is removed from the
blood by the kidneys.
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Osmoregulation
Pituitary Gland secretes
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Osmoregulation
•  SENSOR
Hypothalamus
•  INTEGRATOR
Hypothalamus
•  EFFECTOR
Pituitary gland
•  Responding organ
Kidney
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