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GLOBAL STUDIES: Regents Review Packet
1. PRE-HISTORY
(1) Primary Sources: 1st hand account, diary, letter, etc….someone witnesses
the history, photo
(2) Secondary Sources: 2nd hand, textbook, encyclopedia
(3) Social Scientists:
(a) Archeologist: physical digging of history, past civilizations
(b) Economist: money, markets, supply/demand, taxes, resources
(c) Geographer: maps, landforms, climate, etc…
(4) Paleolithic Era: Nomadic, clans, fire, hunters/gatherers, old stone age
(5) Neolithic Revolution: turning point, permanent settlements, domestication
of animals, CREATES CIVILIZATIONS, population increases, food supply
(6) Elements of Civilization: cities, gov’t/laws, religion, art, public works, jobs
specialization, written language, social hierarchy
(7) Why did people settle near River Valleys? WATER!!!!! - irrigation, fertile soil,
trade, protection
2. MESOPOTAMIA (land between the Rivers)
(1) Fertile Crescent: Tigris and Euphrates River
(2) Sumerian Contributions: ziggurats, cuneiform (writing), wheel
(3) Code of Hammurabi: 1st law code, eye for an eye, social classes treated
differently (Babylonians)
(4) Phoenicians: alphabet and trade, carriers of civilizations
(5) Judaism: Hebrew People, leave (Diaspora), Torah, Ten Commandments,
Monotheism
3. EGYPT
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(1) Nile River: regular flooding, longest river, blue/white, cataracts (waterfalls)
“GIFT OF THE NILE”
(2) Social Classes (Hierarchy): rigid social class system, based on religion,
Pharaoh is God, slaves on the bottom
(3) Natural Barriers: Sahara Desert, Nubian (neighbor) Desert…can isolate
your civilization
(4) Religion: Polytheism (many gods), Mummification - Afterlife
(5) Technology: Pyramids, Aqueducts (waterways)
4. INDIA:
(1) Geography: Indus and Ganges River (sacred), Himalayan Mountains
(barrier), Deccan Plateau
(2) Caste System: social hierarchy of Hindus, STRICT/RIGID, NO SOCIAL
MOBILITY….brought by the Aryans (“untouchables” - beneath system)
(3) Karma: Judgement in life, determines reincarnation
(4) Dharma: duties in life a Hindu must follow, determines Karma
(5) Buddhism: Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)
(a) Four Noble Truths: suffering exists in the world
(b) Eightfold Path: way to end suffering, avoid attachments
(c) Nirvana: Enlightenment (similar to Moksha)
(d) Cultural Diffusion (Movement): Travels to China via Silk Road, and
then Japan (Zen Buddhism)
(6) Gupta Empire: Golden Age of India - Math and Science
5. CHINA
(1) Dynastic Rule: rise and fall of rulers of China
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(2) Mandate of Heaven: divine right of China
(3) Ethnocentrism: Chinese were superior to other cultures (middle kingdom)
(4) Geography: Himalayan mounts (isolation), Gobi Desert, Huang He (yellow
river), Yangtze Rivers, Silt (soil)
(5) Silk Road: trade network for the chinese throughout asia
Great Wall: technology, keep Mongolia out, Qin Dynasty
(6) Confucianism: philosophy, Filial Piety (respect), orderly society
(7) Legalism: harsh laws and punishments, linked with Code of Ham, Qin
(8) Daoism/Taoism: natural spirits, yin-yang, harmony
6. GREECE
(1) Geography of Ancient Greece: mountainous, separate city states,
archipelago
(2) City-State (Polis): isolated and development differently
(3) Athens: direct democracy, philosophers, education
(4) Pericles: leader of Athens
(5) Direct Democracy: all men who owned property had a vote
(6) Sparta: militarism
(7) Philosophers: socrates, plato, aristotle
(8) Contributions: math, parthenon, law, democracy
(9) Alexander the Great (Hellenistic Culture): combines greek, Persian, Egyptian
and Indian culture
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7. ROME
(1) Republic: representative government,
(2) Geography: along the Mediterranean sea, peninsula
(3) Contributions:
(a) Twelve Tables: law code of Rome
(b) Engineering: aqueducts, columns, domes
(4) Pax Romana: 200 year peace
(5) Fall of Rome: corruption, invasion of the north, too big to control, taxes,
no loyalty
(6) Rise of Christianity: religion, monotheism, christ, ten commandments,
spread throughout Europe (dark ages)
8. MIDDLE AGES
(1) Effects of the Fall of Rome: empire splits in half, west-medieval times, eastbyzantine empire
(2) Dark Ages: education falters, little technology, no advancements
(3) Charlemagne: tries to re-unify Europe, but it doesn't last, Holy Roman
Empire
(4) Black Death: plague that wipes out 1/3 of Europe, leads to trade and the
renaissance
(5) Code of Chivalry (similar to Feudal Japan): code of the Knights,
(6) Manorialism: self-sufficient small towns, church is center
(7) Feudalism: gov’t, social class system, decentralized
(8) Crusades: holy wars, trade increases, cultural diffusion
(9) Guilds: trade unions
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(10) Commercial Revolution: banking, money and businesses that develop
(11) Role of the Church: dominated the society, powerful, spread
(12) Gothic Architecture: pointed, gargoyles, churches, spires,
9. ISLAM
(1) Religious Beliefs: FIVE PILLARS!!!!!!
(a) Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca
(b) Prayer: 5 times a day
(c) Other: Allah is the only God, fasting
(2) Mohammad: The Prophet of Islam
(3) Sunni/Shiite: Split in the Islamic Religion over who should lead (sunni is
the majority)…lead to conflict (division)
(4) Locations: Mecca and Medina, Middle East, North Africa and Asia
(5) Ottoman Empire: Modern Turkey, Constantinople->Istanbul, Trade along
the Black Sea, geography!
(6) Mughal Empire: Taj Mahal, Sikhism
10. BYZANTINE EMPIRE:
(1) Location: Eastern Roman Empire
(2) Justinian: Emperor
(3) Code of Justinian: Law code, influences modern codes, organized
(4) Influences: Golden Age, Hagia Sofia, Domes, Eastern Orthodox Church
11: AFRICA
(1) Geography: Nile River (gift, floods), Sahara Desert (isolates)
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(a) Rift Valleys: location of early humans
(2) Bantu: migration of people, spread language to south Africa
(3) Mali/Ghana: West African Trade Empires (GOLD AND SALT)
(4) Mansa Musa: brings islam to west africa, cultural diffusion
(5) Trans-Saharan Trade: Gold and Salt, Timbuktu (city)
(6) Animism: natural spirits, paired with Shintoism
12. JAPAN:
(1) Geography: chain of islands, rocky, LITTLE RESOURCES (eventually need
to imperialize)
(2) Feudal Society: no central gov’t, Emperor-Shogun-Daimyo-SamuraiPeasant-Merchants
(3) Samurai: Knights of Japan, CODE OF BUSHIDO!
(4) Tokugawa: Isolated Japan, last of the Samurai era
(5) Shintoism: Spirits in Nature, link to Animism
13. MONGOLIA
(1) Genghis Khan: leader of the Mongols (large empire)
(2) Kublai Khan: expands empire, takes over China
(3) Warfare: Bow and Horse (stirrup), once they won they were fair
(4) Marco-Polo: explorer who went to Mongolian China
(5) Pax Mongolia: period of peace
14. RENAISSANCE
(1) Definition: Rebirth of Roman Culture in Europe, classics
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(2) Why does it begin in Italy: location
(3) Medici: wealthy family that financed painters - “patrons”
(4) Leonardo Da Vinci: “renaissance man”, mona lisa, last supper
(5) Michaelangeo: famous painter and sculptor, statue of david,
(6) Humanism: belief in the individual person
(7) Writers: dante, shakespeare
(7) Impact of the Renaissance: education, leads to Scientific Rev, starts the
modern era
15. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
(1) Definition: scientific questioning and achievement, quick change
(2) Copernicus/Galileo: Heliocentrism, Telescope
(3) Heliocentric: SUN IS THE CENTER
(4) Newton: Gravity
(5) Impact: CHURCH LOSES POWER!!!!!!!
16. PROTESTANT REFORMATION
(1) Definition: people who break away from the Catholic Church (CHANGE)
(2) Martin Luther: monk
(a) 95 Thesis: complaints with the church, mainly Indulgences
(b) Vernacular: wanted bible printed in common languages, printing
press used to print the bible
(c) Division of Europe: Europe splits into different Christian groups,
religious wars (End of Unity)
(3) Indulgences: paying down your sins (corrupt)
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(4) King Henry VIII: England
(a) Act of Supremacy: Split with Catholic Church, creates Anglican
Church….
Calvin - another reformer, predestination
(5) Counter-Reformation: church tries to stop the reformation
(a) Council of Trent: church meets to fix problems
17. ABSOLUTISM
(1) Definition: Total Control of the king/queen
(2) Machiavelli: “ends justify the means”, wrote “the prince”, supports
absolutism
(3) Peter/Catherine the Great: Westernize (modernize) Russia
(4) Louis XIV: Sun King of France
(5) Hobbes: Enlightenment supporter
(a) Expansion: Warm Water Port on Black Sea
18. LIMITED MONARCHY
(1) Definition: king/queen shares power with parliament
(2) Magna Carta: limited the kings power
(3) Queen Elizabeth: Expands England, defeats Spanish Armada
(4) Glorious Revolution: English Bill of Rights (William and Mary)
19. AGE OF EXPLORATION
(1) Mercantilism: Mother Country and Colony, More Exports than Imports…
EXPLOITS (take advantage)..economic system
(2) Columbus: Explorer who “discovers” new world
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(3) Encounter: meeting of Columbus and Natives
(4) Aztec/Inca/Maya: Terrace Farming (adapted to their environments), Roads,
“Had civilization BEFORE the Europeans”
(5) Conquistadors: Spanish conquerors…
(6) Columbian Exchange: exchange of goods between Americas and
Europe…Disease, Livestock, Fruits/Vegetables
(7) Middle Passage/Triangle Trade: Slave trade….natives died from disease,
labor shortage
20. ENLIGHTENMENT
(1) Definition: turning point in government…people start believing
in rights…education
(2) John Locke: life, liberty, property, (NATURAL RIGHTS)..two
treatises of government
(3)Natural Rights: life, liberty, property…governments protect right
(4)“Consent of the Governed”: the people have a say/vote…
democracy
(5)Montesquieu: separation of powers, branches, checks and
balances
(6)Voltaire: freedom of speech
(7)Natural Law: law in nature works in society
(8)Enlightened Despots: king/queen who also believes in
enlightenment…Catherine the Great
(9) Adam Smith: economic philosopher
(10) Laissez Faire: hands off government
(11) Influences: free market, supply/demand, capitalism
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21. FRENCH REVOLUTION
(1) Influences on the French Revolution: enlightenment, American rev
(2) Background Causes of the French Revolution: third estate wants
more political power…debt, king Louis XVI
(3) Bastille Day: immediate cause…prison
(4) Reign of Terror: period of mass murder, guillotine, affects all classes,
committee of public safety
(5) Robespierre: Jacobin, leader of revolution, kills the king
(6) Effects of Revolution: Declaration of the rights of man, king is
removed, middle class grows (bourgeoisie), (7) Napoleon: son of the rev, Napoleonic Code, Dictator/emperor,
invades Russia and FAILS because of weather
turn back the clock on the
(8) Congress of Vienna (Metternich):
revolutions…attempt to rebalance map of Europe
22. LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS
(1) Causes: French rev, enlightenment
(2) Spanish Class Pyramid (Encomienda): Slaves-native americansmestizos-creoles-peninsulares, birth
(3) Hacienda: plantations of latin America
(4) Simon Bolivar: liberator….andes mountains were a barrier
(5) Gran Colombia: united latin america
(6) Toussaint L’Overture: slave rebellion in Haiti
(7) Modern Problems: drug cartels, poverty, revolutions, dictators, land
distribution
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23. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
(1) Causes: industrialization, scientific rev, expansion, population,
agricultural
(2) Britain: natural resources, island, coal, empire, iron, navigable rivers,
energy, stable government, education
(3) Urbanization: movement of people from farms to the cities!!!!!!
(4) Positive Effects: middle class grew, cheaper, faster, mass production, (5) Negative Effects: pollutions, overworked, child labor, harsh conditions,
tenements (6) Unions: work to fix the problems, shorter day, more money, fair
treatment (7) Karl Marx: communist manifesto, proletariat (workers) vs. owners…
revolution, classless society
24. NATIONALISM
(1) Define Nationalism: pride in your country
(2) Unification: leads to independence and unity movements
(3) Otto Von Bismarck and Blood/Iron: German Chancellor, Industry and
Military, Prussia
(4) Garibaldi, Cavour, Mazzini: Italian unification movement, Sword,
Brain, Soul – 1871, nationalists
(5) Irish: got to love the Irish
(a) Religion: catholic vs protestant, northern ireland
(b) Potato Famine: potato crop failed, caused mass migration
25. IMPERIALISM:
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(1) Define Imperialism: one industrialized country takes over smaller
nations for resources/markets
(2) Berlin Conference (Mad Scramble): Europeans carve up Africa and
imperialize
(3) White Man’s Burden: Europeans had an “obligation” to civilize the
natives
(4) Social Darwinism: survival of the fittest…strong versus the weak,
technology
(5) India: British take over, Jewel of empire
(a) Sepoy Rebellion: repel foreign invasion
(6) China (Sphere’s of Influence): carved into different trade zones, only
resources
(a) Boxer Rebellion: repel foreign invasion
(7) Japan:
(a) Before Imperialism: isolated, samurai, held back, Tokugawa
(b) Meiji Restoration: modernization, copy western nations,
Opening of Japan
(c) Imperial Japan: needs natural resources, treat countries
poorly
26. WWI: 1914-1918
(1) Causes (Background): LONG TERM, build up under the surface, “powder keg”
(a) M: Militarism-buildup of weapons
(b) A: Alliances-Central and Allied Powers
(c) I: Imperialism-take over weaker nations
(d) N: Nationalism-pride creates tension
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(2) Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: Austrian Prince that was killed
by Gavrila Princip (Serbian)…caused by imperialism
(3) Trench Warfare: style of fighting in WWI, caused massive causalities, new
weapons
(4) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: Russia exits war early, give up land to Germany,
caused by the Communist (Bolshevik) Revolutions under Lenin (1917)
(5) Treaty of Versailles: End of WWI, harsh punishments on Germany,
reparations ($$$), war guilt, land taken….causes Rise of Dictators
(6) Effects of WWI: League of Nations (FAILS), many deaths, WWII, new
nations created (Poland)
27. RISE OF DICTATORS: COUNTRIES NEED STABILITY!!!!
(1) Economy After WWII: Worldwide Depression
(2) Russian Revolution of 1917 (Bolshevik Revolution): Communist, Lenin/Stalin,
Peace-Land-Bread
(3) Josef Stalin: dictator of the USSR
(a) Purges: wipe out enemies, prisons (Gulog)
(b) Collectivization: socialize, combine the farms (fails)
(c) Five-Year Plans (Command Economy): economic plans to create
industry
(4) Totalitarian: Total control over a society by one person/one party
(5) Fascism: dictatorial gov’t, censorship, secret police, absolute power
(6) Benito Mussolini: Fascist leader of Italy
(7) Francisco Franco: Fascist leader of Spain
(8) Germany: In dire need of being fixed after WWI
(a) Hyperinflation: $$$ gets devalued and is useless
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(b) Weimar Republic (1919-1933): failed republic of Germany after WWI
(c) Nazi: Hitler’s political party, National Socialist German Workers
Party
(d) Hitler: Dictator of the Nazi Party
(e) Mein Kampf: Autobiography, racial language
(f) Propaganda: brainwashing of the population
(g) Kristallnacht: start of the Holocaust, Jewish society is attacked
“Night of the broken glass”
28. WWII: 1939-1945
(1) Appeasement (Munich Conference): giving into Hitler to prevent war (give up
land)
(2) Blitzkrieg: lightning war
(3) Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan
(4) Invasion of Poland: September 1st, 1939, Germany/USSR invade Poland,
Starts WWII
(5) Pearl Harbor: Attack on the United States by Japan
(6) D-Day: Invasion of the beaches of Normandy, reclaim France from
Germany
(7) Rape of Nanking: attack against the Chinese by Japan…brutal
(8) Island Hopping: strategy to reclaim islands taken by Japan
(9) Atomic Bomb: Nuclear Weapon
(a) Hiroshima & Nagasaki: August 6/9, 1945-ends WWII
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(b) Effects: radiation, Cold War-Arms Race
29. COLD WAR (1945-1991): War of tension between America and USSR
(1) Iron Curtain: divides Europe into east (communist) and west (democracy)
…imaginary (symbolic)
(2) Containment: goal is to STOP THE SPREAD of communism
(3) Marshall Plan: $$$ given to Europe to prevent them from becoming
communist (TRUMAN DOCTRINE)
(4) Alliances:
(a) NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Democratic)
(b) Warsaw Pact (Satellite States/Soviet Bloc): (USSR Nations) Communist
(5) Berlin Wall: Physical wall that divides east and west Berlin (democracy/
communism)…symbol of the cold war (falls in 1989)
(6) Korean War: 38th Parallel, North = Communist, South=Democratic, ex. of
containment
(7) Vietnam War: North=communist, South=Democratic, HO CHI MINH, Allies
lose, still communist, “southeast Asia conflict”
(8) Arms Race: competition of nuclear weapons, USSR vs US (nuclear
proliferation)…SALT treaties (reduction)
(9) Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro, marxist, 1959, COMMUNISM
(10) Cuban Missile Crisis: nuclear tension in Cuba, USSR backs down
(11) Perestroika and Glasnost: openness, bringing reforms to the economy of
USSR….DETENTE (easing of tension) leader - Gorbachev
(12) Collapse of USSR: Becomes Russia again, wall falls, democratic
elections
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(13) China: falls to communism after WWII, 1949 (RED)
(a) Mao Zedong: leader of Communist China, gains support of
peasants
(b) Long March: communist peasant rebellion
(c) Great Leap Forward: economic policy, collectivization
(d) Deng Xiaoping: reforms communist china
(e) Four Modernizations: brings freedom into Chinese economy, not
political
(f) Tiananmen Square: democratic protests in China (students-tank)
(g) One Child Policy: only have one child in china, population control
30. GENOCIDES
(1) Ethnic Cleansing: targeted removal of a specific population
(2) Armenia: Turkey (ottoman) committed genocide against this country
(3) Holocaust: Genocide of 6 million Jews and 6 million others in Europe
(a) Nuremberg Trials: “crimes against humanity”, Nazi’s put on trial
(4) Cambodia (Pol Pot-leader): Southeast Asia, Killing Fields, Year Zero,
Communist, Khmer Rouge (Gov’t Name)
(5) Balkans (Slobodan Milosevic): Genocide in Bosnia, former Yugoslavia
(6) Africa (modern genocides): Tribalism
(a) Rwanda: Hutu and Tutsi, waring tribes (1990s)
(b) Darfur: In the Sudan (2000s)
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31. MIDDLE EAST (post WWII)
(1) India: 1947 (free and independent democracy)
(a) Gandhi: leader of independence movement
(b) Civil Disobedience: non-violent protests, peaceful lawbreaking
(c) Salt March: boycott of British goods/taxes
(d) Partition: split with Pakistan (muslim), India (Hindu)
(2) Israel: Modern State, 1948, post WWII
(a) Zionism/Balfour Declaration: Belief that Israel should have their own
country
(b) Six Day War: territorial gains from palestine and Egypt
(c) Occupied Territories: gaza strip, west bank, jerusalem, Sinai
Peninsula, Golan Heights
(d) Camp David/Oslo Accords (PLO): peace accords between Israel and
Egypt (Egypt Anwar Sadat)
(3) OPEC: organization of petroleum exporting countries (cartel of OIL
countries)
(4) Suez Canal: connects Red Sea with Mediterranean Sea, King Nassar
(5) Turkey: Former Ottoman Empire
(a) Secular: non-religious, in this case not muslim based
(b) Ataturk: Father of Turkey, modernization and westernization
(6) Iranian Revolution (1979): Islamic revolution
(a) Shah: Modernized Iran, got overthrown
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(b) Iranian Revolution: Islamic based
(i) Ayatollah Khomeini: leader, muslim, anti-western
(c) Theocracy: religious based government
(i) Sharia Law: Islamic law codes in gov’t
(7) Gulf War: War between Iraq and Kuwait, then USA (Coalition)…over
Oil….Saddam Hussein gets overthrown in Gulf War 2
(8) Islamic Fundamentalism: radicalized muslim movements
(a) Jihad: holy war against the west
(b) Terrorism: modern issue in middle east, bombings
(c) Arab Spring: revolutions across the middle east, 2011
32. GLOBALIZATION
(1) Apartheid in Africa: Segregation of the Races
(a) Segregation (Pass Laws): white/black,
(b) Nelson Mandela (ANC): African National Congress
(i) Background: leader of resistance movement
(ii) Protests: boycotts, civil disobedience
(c) Effects: Mandela becomes President
(2) Problems in Africa: lots of problems! lack of water in the north
(a) Tribalism: broken up and not united (BERLIN CONFERENCE)
(b) AIDS: disease and lack of medical care (sub-saharan)
(c) Poverty: little stable governments, low education, low resources
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(3) Environmental Concerns: lack of water
(a) Desertification: deserts are expanding
(b) Deforestation: forests are declining and being cut down
(4) NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement
(5) WTO: World Trade Organization
(6) Burma-Myanmar (Aung San Suu Kyi): first women leader of Burma,
independence leader, pro democratic, was in jail
(7) Nuclear Proliferation: buildup of nuclear weapons
(a) WMDs: weapons of mass destructions
(b) North Korea/Iran: two most dangerous nations currently
(8) Human Rights: concerns with certain governments and their mistreatments
of their populations
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