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Heart The Structure and composition of mammalian blood The function of blood in the transport substance Oxygen It is carried from the lungs to the tissues by red blood cells in the form of oxyhaemoglobin. Carbon Dioxide It is carried from the tissues to the lungs by plasma in the form of hydrogen carbonate ions. Food Blood carries absorbed food substances such as glucose, amino acids, vitamins and minerals form the small intestine to various parts of the body. Urea The nitrogenous waste product which made in liver will dissolves in plasma and transport to kidneys for excreting in form of urine. Hormones Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands into the blood and dissolve in plasma which transport through the body.. Antibodies Antibodies are transported place to place to against foreign materials. Heat Blood transports the heat which is produced during respiration especially muscles and liver. This is used to prevent overheating and helps to keep the rest of the body warm. The role of Haemoglobin It is responsible for carrying oxygen form lungs to all parts of the body in form of oxyhaemoglobin. in lungs haemoglobin + oxygen ---------------------- >oxyhaemoglobin (purplish red) < ------------------- -(bright red) in tissues This reaction is reversible. Oxyhaemoglobin will give up oxygen and change back into haemoglobin when reached the tissue which need oxygen. Oxyhaemoglobin can change back into haemoglobin and the liberated oxygen which can diffuse into the tissue cells. The blood group There are four different blood groups. They are A, B, AB and O. Mixing the wrong types of blood can be fatal as it can cause the red blood cells to agglutinate to form clots that is large enough to block the blood vessels. Blood is determined by proteins which present on the surface of RBC called Antigens. Plasma also contains Antibodies which will react to RBC that have wrong antigen. The Table of blood group Antibodies in plasma Can donate blood to Can receive blood from A Antigen on red blood cells A Anti-B A and AB A and O B B Anti-A B and AB B and O AB A and B No anti-A and anti-B AB only o No antigen Both anti-A and anti-B All Groups (universal donors) All Groups (universal recipients) O only Blood Group If group A blood was transfused into a group B person, the anti-A antibodies in the recipient's plasma would react with the antigen A on the donor's red blood cells and cause them to clump together. The structure and function of the blood vessels. Arteries carry blood away from the heart to the parts of the body. The branch of arteries into smaller vessels called arterioles which eventually form very tiny vessels called capillaries. Veins carry blood back form the organ to the heart. The branch of veins called veinules. The structure and action of the heart Heart receive blood form the coronary arteries and the wastes removed away by coronary veins. Auricles Receive blood form vein and drain blood into the ventricles. Right auricle receives deoxygenated blood form venae cavae which collect blood from all parts of the body except the lungs. Left auricle receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins which come form the lungs. Ventricles Ventricles pump blood out of the heart to other parts of the body. Thicker and more muscular walls than the auricles. Deoxygenated blood was pumped into the lung form right ventricle via the pulmonary artery. Oxygenated blood was pumped into the aorta which circulate around the body. The wall of left ventricle has a thicker wall of muscle than right ventricle for pumping the blood around the body. Valves They are used to prevent the backflow of the blood. Tricuspid valve made up of 3 parts present on the right hand side lying between the right auricle and right ventricle. Bicuspid valve made up of 2 parts present on the left hand side lying between the left auricle and left ventricle Semilunar valve pocket shaped valves situated at the entrances of the aorta and the pulmonary artery Heart Beat Heart beat is controlled by the contraction and relaxation of the cardiac muscles. Systole -- the heart becomes smaller and squeezes blood out when they contact. Diastole -- the heart becomes larger that allow the blood flow into the auricles and ventricles. Auricular Systole -- 0.1 sec The muscles of both the left and right auricles contract which squeesing blood into the ventricles. Ventricular Systole -- 0.1 sec The muscles of the ventricles contact. The tricuspid and bicuspid valves are forced shut by the pressure of the blood, producing the first heart sound "lub". The semilunar valves are forced open by the pressure of the blood, and the blood is then forced out of the ventricles into the arteries. Diastole -- 0.4 sec All the muscles of the four chambers relax. The blood pressure in the ventricles decreases. This causes the closing of the semilunar valves. The second heart sound 'dup' is produced. Cardiovascular disease Coronary artery disease The artery will become narrow and blocked when accumulate of cholesterol. The heart cannot obtain oxygen or nutrients form the blood within its chambers. The heart stops beating because of the downstream forem the obstruction dies. Blood circulation in Man It is a Double circulation in the human. The blood enter the liver via Hepatic artery and leave by the Hepatic vein. The blood enter the kidney via the Renal Artery and leave by the Renal vein. The formation of the tissue fluid Tissue fluid is formed from the leaking of the plasma and white blood cells into the tissue form the capillaries. It is important for bathing the cells and keeping them in the right condition. It forms an essential link between the bloodstream and the cells for providing a medium for exchange of materials between blood and cells. The lymphatic system and its function The tissue fluid returns to the capillaries by osmosis. The excess drains into lymph capillaries. Lymph capillaries ----> Lymph vessels -->Subclavian veins ---->Superior vena cava ---->Pulmontary artery There is no pump in the lymphatic system. It contains valves to prevent back flow of the tissue fluid. Lymph nodes It is full of tiny spaces like a sponge. They used as a filter because a large amount of white blood cells present to kill the bacteria toxins in the lymph.