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Heart
The Structure and composition of
mammalian blood
The function of blood in the
transport substance
Oxygen
 It is carried from the lungs to the tissues by
red blood cells in the form of
oxyhaemoglobin.
Carbon Dioxide
 It is carried from the tissues to the lungs by
plasma in the form of hydrogen carbonate
ions.
Food
 Blood carries absorbed food substances
such as glucose, amino acids, vitamins and
minerals form the small intestine
to various parts of the body.
Urea
 The nitrogenous waste product which
made in liver will dissolves in plasma and
transport to kidneys for excreting in
form of urine.
Hormones
 Hormones are secreted by endocrine
glands into the blood and dissolve in
plasma which transport through the body..
Antibodies
 Antibodies are transported place to place
to against foreign materials.
Heat
 Blood transports the heat which is
produced during respiration especially
muscles and liver.
 This is used to prevent overheating and
helps to keep the rest of the body warm.
The role of Haemoglobin

It is responsible for carrying oxygen form lungs to
all parts of the body in form of oxyhaemoglobin.
in lungs
haemoglobin + oxygen ---------------------- >oxyhaemoglobin
(purplish red)
< ------------------- -(bright red)
in tissues
 This reaction is reversible.
 Oxyhaemoglobin will give up oxygen and
change back into haemoglobin when
reached the tissue which need oxygen.
 Oxyhaemoglobin can change back into
haemoglobin and the liberated oxygen
which can diffuse into the tissue cells.
The blood group
There are four different blood groups. They are A,
B, AB and O.
 Mixing the wrong types of blood can be fatal as it
can cause the red blood cells to agglutinate to
form clots that is large enough to block the blood
vessels.
 Blood is determined by proteins which present on
the surface of RBC called Antigens.
 Plasma also contains Antibodies which will react
to RBC that have wrong antigen.

The Table of blood group
Antibodies in
plasma
Can donate
blood to
Can receive
blood from
A
Antigen on
red blood
cells
A
Anti-B
A and AB
A and O
B
B
Anti-A
B and AB
B and O
AB
A and B
No anti-A and
anti-B
AB only
o
No antigen
Both anti-A
and anti-B
All Groups
(universal
donors)
All Groups
(universal
recipients)
O only
Blood Group
 If group A blood was transfused into a
group B person, the anti-A antibodies in the
recipient's plasma would react with the
antigen A on the donor's red blood cells
and cause them to clump together.
The structure and function of the
blood vessels.
 Arteries carry blood away from the heart to
the parts of the body.
 The branch of arteries into smaller vessels
called arterioles which eventually form
very tiny vessels called capillaries.
 Veins carry blood back form the organ to
the heart. The branch of veins called
veinules.
The structure and action of the
heart
 Heart receive blood form the coronary
arteries and the wastes removed away by
coronary veins.
Auricles
 Receive blood form vein and drain blood
into the ventricles.
 Right auricle receives deoxygenated blood
form venae cavae which collect blood from
all parts of the body except the lungs.
 Left auricle receives oxygenated blood
from the pulmonary veins which come form
the lungs.
Ventricles
Ventricles pump blood out of the heart to other
parts of the body.
 Thicker and more muscular walls than the
auricles.
 Deoxygenated blood was pumped into the lung
form right ventricle via the pulmonary artery.
 Oxygenated blood was pumped into the aorta
which circulate around the body.
 The wall of left ventricle has a thicker wall of
muscle than right ventricle for pumping the blood
around the body.

Valves
 They are used to prevent the backflow of
the blood.
Tricuspid valve
made up of 3 parts
 present on the right hand side lying
between the right auricle and right
ventricle.

Bicuspid valve
 made up of 2 parts
 present on the left hand side lying between
the left auricle and left ventricle
Semilunar valve
 pocket shaped valves
 situated at the entrances of the aorta and
the pulmonary artery
Heart Beat
 Heart beat is controlled by the contraction
and relaxation of the cardiac muscles.
 Systole -- the heart becomes smaller and
squeezes blood out when they contact.
 Diastole -- the heart becomes larger that
allow the blood flow into the auricles and
ventricles.
Auricular Systole -- 0.1 sec
 The muscles of both the left and right
auricles contract which squeesing blood
into the ventricles.
Ventricular Systole -- 0.1 sec
 The muscles of the ventricles contact.
The
tricuspid and bicuspid valves are forced
shut by the pressure of the blood,
producing the first heart sound "lub". The
semilunar valves are forced open by the
pressure of the blood, and the blood is then
forced out of the ventricles into the
arteries.
Diastole -- 0.4 sec
 All the muscles of the four chambers relax.
 The blood pressure in the ventricles
decreases.
 This causes the closing of the semilunar
valves.
 The second heart sound 'dup' is produced.
Cardiovascular disease
Coronary artery disease
 The artery will become narrow and blocked
when accumulate of cholesterol.
 The heart cannot obtain oxygen or
nutrients form the blood within its
chambers.
 The heart stops beating because of the
downstream forem the obstruction dies.
Blood circulation in Man
 It is a Double circulation in the human.
 The blood enter the liver via Hepatic artery
and leave by the Hepatic vein.
 The blood enter the kidney via the Renal
Artery and leave by the Renal vein.
The formation of the tissue fluid
 Tissue fluid is formed from the leaking of
the plasma and white blood cells into the
tissue form the capillaries.
 It is important for bathing the cells and
keeping them in the right condition.
 It forms an essential link between the
bloodstream and the cells for providing a
medium for exchange of materials between
blood and cells.
The lymphatic system and its
function
 The tissue fluid returns to the capillaries by
osmosis. The excess drains into lymph
capillaries.

Lymph capillaries ----> Lymph vessels -->Subclavian veins
---->Superior vena cava ---->Pulmontary artery
 There is no pump in the lymphatic system.
 It contains valves to prevent back flow of
the tissue fluid.
Lymph nodes

It is full of tiny spaces like a sponge.
 They used as a filter because a large
amount of white blood cells present to kill
the bacteria toxins in the lymph.