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Contents 1 Origins Preface xi Maps, Figures, and Tables xxxiii Special Features xxxvii Versions and Supplements xxxix How to Use This Book xlii ca. 400,000–1100 b.c.e. 2 What do we mean by “the West” and “Western Civilization”? 4 Describing the West 4 What Is Western Civilization, and Why? 5 What was the significance of the advent of agriculture? 5 Paleolithic Life 6 Neolithic Life 6 What kind of civilization developed in Mesopotamia? 8 Environment and Mesopotamian Development 9 The Invention of Writing and the First Schools 10 Mesopotamian Thought and Religion 11 Sumerian Social and Gender Divisions 12 How did Mesopotamian culture spread in the Near East? 14 The Triumph of Babylon 15 Life Under Hammurabi 16 What were the characteristics of Egyptian civilization? 18 The God-King of Egypt 18 The Life of the Pharaoh’s People 20 The Hyksos in Egypt 23 The New Kingdom: Revival and Empire 24 How did foreign invasions alter the Near East? 26 The Rise of the Hittites 26 The Fall of Empires and the Survival of Cultures 28 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 29 Chapter Study Guide 30 Listening to the Past Gilgamesh’s Quest for Immortality 14 Individuals in Society Nefertiti, the “Great Wife” 25 xvii 00_McK_66887_FM_Comb_i_xlviii_1.indd 17 6/22/11 2:43 PM 2 Small Kingdoms and Mighty 3 The Development of Empires in the Near East ca. 1100–513 b.c.e. 32 What new kingdoms arose in the Near East after 1100 b.c.e.? 34 The End of Egyptian Power 34 The Rise of Phoenicia 35 What was unique about Hebrew civilization? 36 The Hebrew State 37 The Evolution of Jewish Religion 38 The Lives of the Hebrews 40 What explains the rise and fall of the Assyrians? 43 The Power of Assyria 43 Assyrian Rule and Culture 44 The Neo-Babylonian Empire 46 How did the Persian Empire differ from its predecessors? 46 The Land of the Medes and Persians 47 The Rise of the Persian Empire 47 Persian Religion 49 Persian Art and Culture 49 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 51 Chapter Study Guide 52 Listening to the Past The Covenant Between Yahweh and the Hebrews 40 Individuals in Society Cyrus the Great 50 Classical Greece ca. 2000–338 b.c.e. 54 How did geography shape the early history of the Greeks? 56 The Minoans and Mycenaeans 56 Homer, Hesiod, and the Epic 57 What was the polis and what was its role in Greek society? 59 Origins of the Polis 59 Governing Structures 60 What were the major developments of the Greek Archaic Age? 61 Overseas Expansion 61 The Growth of Sparta 63 The Evolution of Athens 64 How did war affect Greek civilization? 65 The Persian Wars 66 Growth of the Athenian Empire 67 The Peloponnesian War 68 Athenian Arts in the Age of Pericles 69 Daily Life in Periclean Athens 74 Gender and Sexuality 75 Greek Religion 78 The Flowering of Philosophy 79 How did Macedonia come to dominate Greece? 81 The Struggle for Hegemony 81 Philip II and Macedonian Supremacy 82 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 83 Chapter Study Guide 84 Listening to the Past Thucydides on the Great Plague at Athens, 430 b.c.e. 70 Individuals in Society Aspasia 77 xviii Contents 00_McK_66887_FM_Comb_i_xlviii_1.indd 18 6/22/11 2:43 PM 4 The Hellenistic World 5 The Rise of Rome 336–30 b.c.e. 86 How and why did Alexander the Great create an empire? 88 How did Alexander’s conquests change the world? 90 From Hellenic to Hellenistic 90 The Political Legacy 90 The Cultural Legacy 93 How did Greek culture shape the Hellenistic kingdoms? 94 Cities and Kingdoms 94 The Lives of the Greeks in the East 96 Greeks and Easterners 98 What new economic connections were created in this period? 99 Agriculture and Industry 99 Commerce 100 What was the lasting impact of Hellenism? 101 Religion in the Hellenistic World 102 Hellenism and the Jews 103 Philosophy and the People 104 Hellenistic Science 105 Hellenistic Medicine 108 ca. 750–31 b.c.e. 112 How did the Romans become the dominant power in Italy? 114 The Geography of Italy 114 The Etruscans and the Roman Settlement of Italy 115 The Roman Conquest of Italy 116 What were the key institutions of the Roman republic? 118 The Roman State 118 The Struggle of the Orders 120 How did the Romans build a Mediterranean empire? 120 Italy Becomes Roman 121 The Age of Conquest 122 The Punic Wars 122 Rome Turns East 124 How did expansion affect Roman society and culture? 124 Marcus Cato: The Traditional Ideal 125 Scipio Aemilianus: Greek Culture and Urban Life 127 What led to the fall of the Roman republic? 128 Unrest in Rome and Italy 129 Civil War 131 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 109 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 135 Chapter Study Guide 110 Chapter Study Guide 136 Listening to the Past Alexander’s Prayer to Establish a “Brotherhood of Man” 92 Listening to the Past Cicero and the Plot to Kill Caesar 132 Individuals in Society Archimedes, Scientist and Inventor 106 Individuals in Society Queen Cleopatra 134 Contents xix 00_McK_66887_FM_Comb_i_xlviii_1.indd 19 6/22/11 2:44 PM 6 The Pax Romana 7 Late Antiquity 31 b.c.e.–284 c.e. 138 How did Augustus create a foundation for the Roman Empire? 140 The Principate and the Restored Republic 140 Administration of the Provinces 141 Roman Expansion into Northern and Western Europe 142 The Flowering of Latin Literature 145 Social Changes 146 The Legacy of Augustus 148 How did the Roman state develop after Augustus? 148 The Julio-Claudians and the Flavians 148 The Age of the Five Good Emperors 149 What was life like in Rome during the golden age? 150 Life in Imperial Rome 150 Provincial Life 152 How did Christianity grow into a major religious movement? 156 Unrest in Judaea 156 The Life and Teachings of Jesus 157 The Spread of Christianity 159 The Appeal of Christianity 159 Christians and Pagans 160 What explains the chaos of the third century? 161 Civil Wars and Foreign Invasions 161 Turmoil in Farm and Village Life 162 The Crisis of the Third Century 162 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 163 Chapter Study Guide 164 Listening to the Past Augustus’s Res Gestae 142 Individuals in Society Bithus, a Typical Roman Soldier 154 250–600 166 How did Diocletian and Constantine try to reform the empire? 168 Political Measures 168 Economic Issues 168 The Acceptance of Christianity 169 How did the Christian church become a major force in Europe? 171 The Church and Its Leaders 171 The Development of Christian Monasticism 172 Monastery Life 173 Christianity and Classical Culture 174 Christian Teachings about Gender and Sexuality 174 Saint Augustine on Human Nature, Will, and Sin 175 What were the key characteristics of barbarian society? 176 Social and Economic Structures 177 Chiefs and Warriors 178 Barbarian Law 178 Barbarian Religion 179 What were the consequences of the barbarian migrations? 179 Celtic and Germanic People in Gaul and Britain 180 Visigoths and Huns 182 Barbarian Kingdoms and the End of the Roman Empire 182 How did the church Christianize barbarian societies? 185 Missionaries’ Actions 186 The Process of Conversion 187 How did the Byzantine Empire preserve the legacy of Rome? 188 Sources of Byzantine Strength 188 The Law Code of Justinian 189 Byzantine Intellectual Life 190 The Orthodox Church 191 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 193 Chapter Study Guide 194 Listening to the Past Gregory of Tours on the Conversion of Clovis 184 Individuals in Society Theodora of Constantinople 192 xx Contents 00_McK_66887_FM_Comb_i_xlviii_1.indd 20 6/22/11 2:44 PM 8 Europe in the Early Middle Ages 9 State and Church in the High Middle Ages 600–1000 196 1000–1300 228 What were the origins of Islam and how did it spread? 198 The Arabs 198 The Prophet Muhammad 198 The Teachings and Expansion of Islam 200 Life in Muslim Spain 201 Muslim-Christian Relations 202 Science and Medicine 203 How did the Franks build and govern a European empire? 204 The Merovingians 204 The Rise of the Carolingians 206 The Warrior-Ruler Charlemagne 207 Carolingian Government and Society 208 The Imperial Coronation of Charlemagne 210 What were the accomplishments of the Carolingian Renaissance? 211 The Carolingian Renaissance 211 Scholarship and Religious Life in Northumbria 212 What were the consequences of the ninth-century invasions? 215 Vikings in Western Europe 215 Slavs and Vikings in Eastern Europe 217 Magyars and Muslims 221 How did conflict shape European development during this period? 222 Decentralization and the Origins of “Feudalism” 222 Manorialism, Serfdom, and the Slave Trade 223 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 225 Chapter Study Guide 226 Individuals in Society The Venerable Bede 213 Listening to the Past Eirik’s Saga 218 How did monarchs try to centralize political power? 230 England 231 France 233 Central Europe 234 Sicily 235 The Iberian Peninsula 236 How did the administration of law evolve in this period? 238 Local Laws and Royal Courts 238 King Versus Archbishop 239 The Magna Carta 239 Law in Everyday Life 240 What led to conflict between the papacy and secular leaders? 241 The Gregorian Reforms 241 Emperor Versus Pope 243 The Popes and Church Law 244 What were the causes and consequences of the Crusades? 245 Background and Motives 245 The Course of the Crusades 246 Crusades Within Europe 251 Consequences of the Crusades 251 How did Christianity spread during the High Middle Ages? 254 Northern Europe 255 Eastern Europe 255 Christendom 256 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 257 Chapter Study Guide 258 Listening to the Past An Arab View of the Crusades 248 Individuals in Society The Jews of Speyer 252 Contents xxi 00_McK_66887_FM_Comb_i_xlviii_1.indd 21 6/22/11 2:44 PM 10 The Life of the People in 11 The Creativity and Challenges the High Middle Ages 1000–1300 260 What was village life like in medieval Europe? 262 Slavery, Serfdom, and Upward Mobility 262 The Manor 263 Work 264 Home Life and Diet 266 Health Care 268 Childbirth and Child Abandonment 268 How did religion shape everyday life in medieval Europe? 269 Christian Life in Medieval Villages 269 Saints and Sacraments 270 Muslims and Jews 271 Rituals of Marriage and Birth 274 Death and the Afterlife 275 What roles did nobles play in medieval society? 276 Origins and Status of the Nobility 276 Childhood 277 Youth and Marriage 277 Power and Responsibility 278 What roles did monks and nuns play in medieval life? 279 Monastic Revival 280 Life in Convents and Monasteries 282 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 285 Chapter Study Guide 286 Listening to the Past The Pilgrim’s Guide to Santiago de Compostela 272 Individuals in Society Hildegard of Bingen 284 of Medieval Cities 1100–1300 288 What led to Europe’s economic growth and reurbanization? 290 The Rise of Towns 290 Merchant and Craft Guilds 292 The Revival of Long-Distance Trade 294 Business Procedures 295 The Commercial Revolution 298 What was life like in a medieval city? 298 City Life 299 Servants and the Poor 300 Popular Entertainment 300 How did universities serve the needs of medieval society? 301 Origins 301 Legal Curriculum 303 Medical Training 304 Theology and Philosophy 305 Abelard and Heloise 305 Thomas Aquinas 306 Life at a University 306 How did literature and architecture express medieval values? 307 Vernacular Literature and Drama 307 Churches and Cathedrals 308 How did urban growth shape European religious life? 313 Heretical Groups 313 The Friars 313 The Friars and Papal Power 316 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 317 Chapter Study Guide 318 Individuals in Society Francesco Datini 296 Listening to the Past Courtly Love Poetry 310 xxii Contents 00_McK_66887_FM_Comb_i_xlviii_1.indd 22 6/22/11 2:44 PM 12 The Crisis of the Late Middle Ages 13 European Society in the Age of the Renaissance 1300–1450 320 1350–1550 352 How did climate change shape the late Middle Ages? 322 Climate Change and Famine 322 Social Consequences 323 How did the Black Death reshape European society? 323 Pathology 324 Spread of the Disease 324 Care of the Sick 326 Economic, Religious, and Cultural Effects 327 What were the consequences of the Hundred Years’ War? 329 Causes 329 English Successes 330 Joan of Arc and France’s Victory 332 Aftermath 333 Why did the church come under increasing attack? 335 The Babylonian Captivity and Great Schism 335 Critiques, Divisions, and Councils 336 Lay Piety and Mysticism 338 What explains the social unrest of the late Middle Ages? 340 Peasant Revolts 340 Urban Conflicts 342 Sex in the City 344 Fur-Collar Crime 346 Ethnic Tensions and Restrictions 346 Literacy and Vernacular Literature 347 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 349 How did politics and economics shape the Renaissance? 354 Trade and Prosperity 354 Communes and Republics of Northern Italy 355 City-States and the Balance of Power 356 What new ideas were associated with the Renaissance? 358 Humanism 358 Education 360 Political Thought 361 Christian Humanism 364 The Printed Word 365 How did changes in art reflect new Renaissance ideals? 367 Patronage and Power 367 Changing Artistic Styles 369 The Renaissance Artist 370 What were the key social hierarchies in Renaissance Europe? 373 Race and Slavery 373 Wealth and the Nobility 374 Gender Roles 375 How did nation-states evolve in this period? 376 France 376 England 377 Spain 377 Chapter Study Guide 350 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 381 Individuals in Society Meister Eckhart 339 Chapter Study Guide 382 Listening to the Past Christine de Pizan, Advice to the Wives of Artisans 342 Listening to the Past Perspectives on Humanist Learning and Women 362 Individuals in Society Leonardo da Vinci 372 Contents xxiii 00_McK_66887_FM_Comb_i_xlviii_1.indd 23 6/22/11 2:44 PM 14 Reformations and Religious Wars 15 European Exploration and Conquest 1500–1600 384 1450–1650 416 What were the central beliefs of Protestant reformers? 386 The Christian Church in the Early Sixteenth Century 386 Martin Luther 387 Protestant Thought 389 The Appeal of Protestant Ideas 391 The Radical Reformation and the German Peasants’ War 391 Marriage and Sexuality 394 How did politics shape the course of the Reformation? 395 The Rise of the Habsburg Dynasty 396 Religious Wars in Switzerland and Germany 396 How did Protestantism spread beyond German-speaking lands? 398 Scandinavia 398 Henry VIII and the Reformation in England 398 Upholding Protestantism in England 400 Calvinism 401 The Reformation in Eastern Europe 403 How did the Catholic Church respond to the new religious situation? 404 Papal Reform and the Council of Trent 404 New Religious Orders 407 Why did religious violence escalate in this period? 407 French Religious Wars 409 The Netherlands Under Charles V 410 The Great European Witch-Hunt 411 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 413 Chapter Study Guide 414 Listening to the Past Martin Luther, On Christian Liberty 392 Individuals in Society Teresa of Ávila 408 What were the limits of world contacts before Columbus? 418 The Trade World of the Indian Ocean 418 The Trading States of Africa 420 The Ottoman and Persian Empires 420 Genoese and Venetian Middlemen 421 How and why did Europeans undertake voyages of expansion? 422 Causes of European Expansion 422 Technology and the Rise of Exploration 423 The Portuguese Overseas Empire 424 The Problem of Christopher Columbus 425 Later Explorers 429 Spanish Conquest in the New World 431 Early French and English Settlement in the New World 434 What was the impact of conquest? 434 Colonial Administration 435 Impact of European Settlement on the Lives of Indigenous Peoples 435 Life in the Colonies 436 The Columbian Exchange 437 How did Europe and the world change after Columbus? 437 Sugar and Slavery 439 Spanish Silver and Its Economic Effects 441 The Birth of the Global Economy 442 How did expansion change European attitudes and beliefs? 443 New Ideas About Race 444 Michel de Montaigne and Cultural Curiosity 444 William Shakespeare and His Influence 445 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 447 Chapter Study Guide 448 Listening to the Past Columbus Describes His First Voyage 428 Individuals in Society Juan de Pareja 438 xxiv Contents 00_McK_66887_FM_Comb_i_xlviii_1.indd 24 6/22/11 2:44 PM 16 Absolutism and Constitutionalism in Europe 17 Toward a New Worldview 1540–1789 488 ca. 1589–1725 450 What made the seventeenth century an “age of crisis”? 452 Peasant Life in the Midst of Economic Crisis 452 The Return of Serfdom in the East 453 The Thirty Years’ War 454 Achievements in State-Building 456 Warfare and the Growth of Army Size 456 Popular Political Action 457 Why did France rise and Spain fall in this period? 457 The Foundations of Absolutism 458 Louis XIV and Absolutism 459 Life at Versailles 460 French Financial Management Under Colbert 461 Louis XIV’s Wars 462 The Decline of Absolutist Spain in the Seventeenth Century 463 What explains the rise of absolutism in Austria and Prussia? 465 The Austrian Habsburgs 465 Prussia in the Seventeenth Century 466 The Consolidation of Prussian Absolutism 467 What was distinctive about Russia and the Ottoman Empire? 468 The Mongol Yoke and the Rise of Moscow 468 The Tsar and His People 468 The Reforms of Peter the Great 471 The Growth of the Ottoman Empire 474 Where and why did constitutionalism triumph? 477 Absolutist Claims in England 477 Religious Divides and the English Civil War 478 Cromwell and Puritanical Absolutism in England 479 The Restoration of the English Monarchy 480 Constitutional Monarchy 481 The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century 483 How did European views of nature change in this period? 490 Scientific Thought in 1500 490 Origins of the Scientific Revolution 491 The Copernican Hypothesis 491 Brahe, Kepler, and Galileo: Proving Copernicus Right 492 Newton’s Synthesis 494 Bacon, Descartes, and the Scientific Method 495 Science and Society 497 Medicine, the Body, and Chemistry 498 What were the core principles of the Enlightenment? 498 The Emergence of the Enlightenment 499 The Influence of the Philosophes 500 The Enlightenment Outside of France 503 Urban Culture and Life in the Public Sphere 503 Race and the Enlightenment 506 Late Enlightenment 508 What did enlightened absolutism mean? 510 Frederick the Great of Prussia 510 Catherine the Great of Russia 511 The Austrian Habsburgs 513 Jewish Life and the Limits of Enlightened Absolutism 515 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 517 Chapter Study Guide 518 Listening to the Past Denis Diderot’s “Supplement to Bougainville’s Voyage” 508 Individuals in Society Moses Mendelssohn and the Jewish Enlightenment 516 What developments do baroque art and music reflect? 483 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 485 Chapter Study Guide 486 Listening to the Past A German Account of Russian Life 472 Individuals in Society Glückel of Hameln 482 Contents xxv 00_McK_66887_FM_Comb_i_xlviii_1.indd 25 6/22/11 2:44 PM 18 The Expansion of Europe 19 The Changing Life of the People 1650–1800 520 How did European agriculture change between 1650 and 1800? 522 The Legacy of the Open-Field System 522 The Agricultural Revolution 523 The Leadership of the Low Countries and England 524 Why did population rise in the eighteenth century? 526 Long-standing Obstacles to Population Growth 526 The New Pattern of the Eighteenth Century 527 What led to the growth of rural industry? 528 The Putting-Out System 528 The Lives of Rural Textile Workers 529 The Industrious Revolution 531 What were guilds and why were they controversial? 534 Urban Guilds 535 Adam Smith and Economic Liberalism 536 What role did colonial markets play in Europe’s development? 537 Mercantilism and Colonial Wars 537 Eighteenth-Century Colonial Trade 540 The Atlantic Slave Trade 541 Identities and Communities of the Atlantic World 543 Trade and Empire in Asia and the Pacific 545 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 549 Chapter Study Guide 550 Listening to the Past Contrasting Views on the Effects of Rural Industry 532 Individuals in Society Olaudah Equiano 546 1700–1800 552 How did family life change in the eighteenth century? 554 Late Marriage and Nuclear Families 554 Work Away from Home 555 Premarital Sex and Community Controls 555 New Patterns of Marriage and Illegitimacy 557 Sex on the Margins of Society 557 How did attitudes toward child rearing change in this period? 558 Child Care and Nursing 558 Foundlings and Infanticide 560 Attitudes Toward Children 560 The Spread of Elementary Schools 562 How and why did popular culture change during this period? 562 Popular Literature 563 Leisure and Recreation 564 New Foods and Appetites 566 Toward a Consumer Society 567 What role did religion play in eighteenth-century society? 573 Church Hierarchy 573 Protestant Revival 574 Catholic Piety 575 Marginal Beliefs and Practices 576 How did medicine evolve in the eighteenth century? 576 Faith Healing and General Practice 577 Surgery 577 Midwifery 578 The Conquest of Smallpox 578 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 579 Chapter Study Guide 580 Listening to the Past Louis-Sébastien Mercier, A Day in the Life of Paris 568 Individuals in Society Rose Bertin, “Minister of Fashion” 571 xxvi Contents 00_McK_66887_FM_Comb_i_xlviii_1.indd 26 6/22/11 2:44 PM 20 The Revolution in Politics 21 The Revolution in Energy and Industry 1775–1815 582 ca. 1780–1850 614 What were the origins of the French Revolution? 584 Legal Orders and Social Reality 584 The Crisis of Political Legitimacy 585 The American Revolution and Its Impact 586 Financial Crisis 588 What forces shaped the Revolution between 1789 and 1791? 588 The Formation of the National Assembly 588 The Storming of the Bastille 590 Peasant Revolt and the Rights of Man 592 Parisian Women March on Versailles 592 A Constitutional Monarchy and Its Challenges 593 Revolutionary Aspirations in Saint-Domingue 595 Why did the Revolution take a radical turn after 1791? 596 Foreign Reactions to the Revolution 596 The Outbreak of War 597 The Second Revolution 598 Total War and the Terror 600 Revolution in Saint-Domingue 601 The Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory 604 What led to the rise and fall of Napoleon? 605 Napoleon’s Rule of France 605 Napoleon’s Expansion in Europe 606 The War of Haitian Independence 607 The Grand Empire and Its End 607 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 611 Chapter Study Guide 612 How did the Industrial Revolution develop in Britain? 616 Eighteenth-Century Origins 616 The First Factories 617 The Problem of Energy 618 The Steam Engine Breakthrough 619 The Coming of the Railroads 620 Industry and Population 621 How did continental Europe industrialize after 1815? 623 National Variations 624 The Challenge of Industrialization 625 Agents of Industrialization 625 Government Support and Corporate Banking 627 What were the social consequences of industrialization? 629 The New Class of Factory Owners 629 The New Factory Workers 630 Work in Early Factories 632 Working Families and Children 633 The Sexual Division of Labor 634 The Early Labor Movement in Britain 635 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 639 Chapter Study Guide 640 Individuals in Society Josiah Wedgwood 622 Listening to the Past The Testimony of Young Mine Workers 636 Listening to the Past Abbé de Sieyès, What Is the Third Estate? 590 Individuals in Society Toussaint L’Ouverture 608 Contents xxvii 00_McK_66887_FM_Comb_i_xlviii_1.indd 27 7/7/11 2:34 PM 22 Ideologies and Upheavals 23 Life in the Emerging Urban Society 1815–1850 642 How was peace restored and maintained after 1815? 644 The European Balance of Power 644 Repressing the Revolutionary Spirit 645 Metternich and Conservatism 647 What new ideologies emerged to challenge conservatism? 648 Liberalism and the Middle Class 648 The Growing Appeal of Nationalism 649 French Utopian Socialism 652 The Birth of Marxian Socialism 653 What were the characteristics of the romantic movement? 654 Romanticism’s Tenets 654 Literature 655 Art and Music 657 How and where was conservatism challenged after 1815? 658 National Liberation in Greece 658 Liberal Reform in Great Britain 659 Ireland and the Great Famine 660 The Revolution of 1830 in France 662 Why did the revolutions of 1848 fail almost completely? 663 A Democratic Republic in France 663 The Austrian Empire in 1848 666 Prussia and the Frankfurt Assembly 668 1840–1900 672 How did urban life change in the nineteenth century? 674 Industry and the Growth of Cities 674 The Advent of the Public Health Movement 675 The Bacterial Revolution 677 Improvements in Urban Planning 678 Public Transportation 678 What were the characteristics of urban industrial society? 680 The Distribution of Income 681 The People and Occupations of the Middle Classes 681 Middle-Class Culture and Values 682 The People and Occupations of the Working Classes 683 Working-Class Leisure and Religion 685 How did urbanization affect family life? 686 Premarital Sex and Marriage 686 Prostitution 687 Kinship Ties 687 Gender Roles and Early Feminism 689 The Importance of Homemaking 691 Child Rearing 693 How and why did intellectual life change in this period? 694 The Triumph of Science in Industry 694 Darwin and Natural Selection 696 Social Science 697 Realism in Literature 698 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 699 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 669 Chapter Study Guide 700 Chapter Study Guide 670 Listening to the Past Stephan Zweig on Middle-Class Youth and Sexuality 688 Listening to the Past Herder and Mazzini on the Development of Nationalism 650 Individuals in Society Franziska Tiburtius 692 Individuals in Society Germaine de Staël 656 xxviii Contents 00_McK_66887_FM_Comb_i_xlviii_1.indd 28 7/7/11 2:34 PM 24 The Age of Nationalism 25 The West and the World 1850–1914 702 What kind of state did Napoleon III build in France? 704 France’s Second Republic 704 Napoleon III’s Second Empire 705 How were Italy and Germany able to unify? 706 Italy to 1850 706 Cavour and Garibaldi in Italy 707 The Growing Austro-Prussian Rivalry 709 Bismarck and the Austro-Prussian War 709 The Taming of the Parliament 711 The Franco-Prussian War 711 How did the American Civil War change the United States? 712 Why did Russia and the Ottoman Empire try to modernize? 714 The “Great Reforms” in Russia 714 The Russian Revolution of 1905 715 Decline and Reform in the Ottoman Empire 717 What general domestic political trends emerged after 1871? 718 General Trends 719 The German Empire 720 Republican France 721 Great Britain and Ireland 722 The Austro-Hungarian Empire 723 Jewish Emancipation and Modern Anti-Semitism 725 What explains the rise of socialism? 726 The Socialist International 727 Unions and Revisionism 728 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 731 Chapter Study Guide 732 1815–1914 734 How did Western industrialization change the world economy? 736 The Rise of Global Inequality 736 The World Market 737 The Opening of China 738 Japan and the United States 740 Western Penetration of Egypt 740 What explains global migration patterns in this period? 742 The Pressure of Population 742 European Migrants 743 Asian Migrants 745 What characterized Western imperialism after 1880? 745 The European Presence in Africa Before 1880 746 The Scramble for Africa After 1880 746 Imperialism in Asia 750 Causes of the New Imperialism 750 A “Civilizing Mission” 752 Critics of Imperialism 753 How did non-Westerners respond to Western imperialism? 754 The Pattern of Response 754 Empire in India 755 The Example of Japan 757 Toward Revolution in China 760 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 763 Chapter Study Guide 764 Individuals in Society Cecil Rhodes 748 Listening to the Past Lin Zexu and Yamagata Aritomo, Confronting Western Imperialism 758 Individuals in Society Theodor Herzl 724 Listening to the Past Adelheid Popp, the Making of a Socialist 728 Contents xxix 00_McK_66887_FM_Comb_i_xlviii_1.indd 29 6/22/11 2:44 PM 26 War and Revolution 27 The Age of Anxiety 1914–1919 766 What caused the outbreak of the First World War? 768 Growing International Conflict 768 The Mood of 1914 769 The Outbreak of War 771 How did the First World War differ from previous wars? 773 Stalemate and Slaughter on the Western Front 773 The Widening War 775 In what ways did the war transform life on the home front? 778 Mobilizing for Total War 778 The Social Impact 779 Growing Political Tensions 781 Why did world war lead to revolution in Russia? 783 The Fall of Imperial Russia 783 The Provisional Government 784 Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution 786 Trotsky and the Seizure of Power 786 Dictatorship and Civil War 787 In what ways was the Allied peace settlement flawed? 789 The End of the War 789 Revolution in Austria-Hungary and Germany 790 The Treaty of Versailles 790 The Peace Settlement in the Middle East 793 The Human Costs 796 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 799 Chapter Study Guide 800 Individuals in Society Vera Brittain 780 Listening to the Past Resolution of the General Syrian Congress at Damascus 796 ca. 1900–1940 802 How did intellectual developments reflect postwar anxieties? 804 Modern Philosophy 804 The Revival of Christianity 806 The New Physics 807 Freudian Psychology 808 Twentieth-Century Literature 809 How did modernism revolutionize European culture? 810 Architecture and Design 810 New Artistic Movements 810 Modern Music 812 How did consumer culture change the lives of Europeans? 813 Mass Culture 813 The Appeal of Cinema 815 The Arrival of Radio 816 What obstacles to lasting peace did European leaders face? 817 Germany and the Western Powers 817 Hope in Foreign Affairs 819 Hope in Democratic Government 819 What were the causes and consequences of the Great Depression? 822 The Economic Crisis 822 Mass Unemployment 824 The New Deal in the United States 824 The Scandinavian Response to the Depression 825 Recovery and Reform in Britain and France 827 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 829 Chapter Study Guide 830 Individuals in Society Gustav Stresemann 820 Listening to the Past George Orwell on Life on the Dole 826 xxx Contents 00_McK_66887_FM_Comb_i_xlviii_1.indd 30 6/22/11 2:44 PM 28 Dictatorships and the Second World War 29 Cold War Conflict and Consensus 1945–1965 868 1919–1945 832 What characteristics did totalitarian dictatorships share? 834 Conservative Authoritarianism and Radical Totalitarian Dictatorships 834 Communism and Fascism 835 How did Stalin and his followers build a totalitarian state? 837 From Lenin to Stalin 837 The Five-Year Plans 838 Life and Culture in Soviet Society 840 Stalinist Terror and the Great Purges 842 What kind of government did Mussolini establish in Italy? 843 The Seizure of Power 844 The Regime in Action 844 How and why did Nazi policies lead to World War II? 846 The Roots of National Socialism 846 Hitler’s Road to Power 847 State and Society in Nazi Germany 849 Popular Support for National Socialism 850 Aggression and Appeasement 852 What explains the Allied victory in World War II? 853 German Victories in Europe 854 Europe Under Nazi Occupation 855 The Holocaust 857 Japanese Empire and the War in the Pacific 859 The “Hinge of Fate” 861 Allied Victory 863 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 865 Chapter Study Guide 866 Listening to the Past Stalin Justifies the Five-Year Plan 840 Individuals in Society Primo Levi 860 Why was World War II followed so quickly by the Cold War? 870 The Legacies of the Second World War 870 The Peace Accords and Cold War Origins 873 West Versus East 874 Big Science and New Technologies 876 What explains postwar economic growth in western Europe? 878 The Search for Political and Social Consensus 878 Toward European Unity 879 The Consumer Revolution 880 How did the Soviet Union dominate eastern Europe? 881 Postwar Life Under Stalin 882 Reform and De-Stalinization 883 Foreign Policy and Domestic Rebellion 886 The Limits of Reform 886 What led to decolonization in the years after World War II? 887 Decolonization and the Cold War 887 The Struggle for Power in Asia 889 Independence and Conflict in the Middle East 890 The African Awakening 891 What kinds of societies emerged in Europe after 1945? 893 Changing Class Structures 893 Patterns of Postwar Migration 895 New Roles for Women 896 Youth Culture and the Generation Gap 897 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 899 Chapter Study Guide 900 Listening to the Past The Nixon-Khrushchev “Kitchen Debate” 884 Individuals in Society Armando Rodrigues, West Germany’s “One-Millionth Guest Worker” 894 Contents xxxi 00_McK_66887_FM_Comb_i_xlviii_1.indd 31 6/22/11 2:44 PM 30 Challenging the Postwar Order 31 Europe in an Age of Globalization 1960–1991 902 Why did the postwar consensus of the 1950s break down? 904 Cold War Tensions Thaw 904 The Affluent Society 905 The Growing Counterculture Movement 906 The United States and Vietnam 907 Student Revolts and 1968 908 The 1960s in the East Bloc 910 What were the consequences of economic decline in the 1970s? 912 Economic Crisis and Hardship 912 The Conservative Backlash 913 Challenges and Victories for Women 916 The Rise of the Environmental Movement 917 Separatism and Right-Wing Extremism 920 What led to the decline of Soviet power in eastern Europe? 921 State and Society in the East Bloc 921 Reform Movements in Czechoslovakia and Poland 922 From Détente Back to Cold War 925 Gorbachev’s Reforms in the Soviet Union 925 Why did revolution sweep through eastern Europe in 1989? 926 The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe 927 German Unification and the End of the Cold War 930 The Disintegration of the Soviet Union 931 1990 to the Present 936 How did life change in Russia and eastern Europe after 1989? 938 Economic Shock Therapy in Russia 938 Russian Revival Under Vladimir Putin 939 Coping with Change in Eastern Europe 940 Tragedy in Yugoslavia 942 How did globalization affect European life? 944 The Digital Age and the Changing Economy 945 The Human Side of Globalization 945 The New European Union 947 Supranational Organizations 949 What explains Europe’s increasing ethnic diversity? 950 The Prospect of Population Decline 950 Changing Immigration Flows 951 Ethnic Diversity in Contemporary Europe 952 Europe and Its Muslim Citizens 953 What challenges will Europe face in the coming decades? 958 Growing Strains in U.S.-European Relations 958 The War on Terror and European Security 959 The Dependence on Fossil Fuels 961 Environmental Problems and Progress 962 Promoting Human Rights 963 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 964 Chapter Study Guide 966 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 933 Individuals in Society Tariq Ramadan 955 Chapter Study Guide 934 Listening to the Past William Pfaff, “Will the French Riots Change Anything?” 956 Individuals in Society Margaret Thatcher 915 Listening to the Past Simone de Beauvoir, a Feminist Critique of Marriage 918 Chapter Endnotes EN-1 Index I-1 xxxii Contents 00_McK_66887_FM_Comb_i_xlviii_1.indd 32 6/22/11 2:44 PM Maps, Figures, and Tables Maps Chapter 1 Map 1.1 Spread of Cultures in the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000–1640 b.c.e. 9 Map 1.2 Ancient Egypt, 2575–1070 b.c.e. 18 Map 1.3 Balance of Power in the Near East, ca. 1300 b.c.e. 27 Spot Map The British Isles, ca. 2500 b.c.e. 8 Spot Map The Hyksos Settlement of Egypt, ca. 1640–1570 b.c.e. 23 Chapter 2 Map 2.1 Small Kingdoms of the Near East, ca. 800 b.c.e. 38 Map 2.2 Expansion of the Assyrian Empire, ca. 900–660 b.c.e. 44 Map 2.3 Expansion of the Persian Empire, ca. 1000–500 b.c.e. 48 Spot Map Possible Route of the Hebrew Exodus, ca. 1250 b.c.e. 37 Spot Map The Neo-Babylonian Empire, ca. 560 b.c.e. 46 Chapter 3 Map 3.1 Classical Greece, 500–338 b.c.e. 58 Map 3.2 Colonization of the Mediterranean, ca. 750–550 b.c.e. 62 Map 3.3 The Persian Wars, 499–479 b.c.e. 66 Map 3.4 The Peloponnesian War, 431–404 b.c.e. 69 Map 3.5 Ancient Athens, ca. 450 b.c.e. 72 Spot Map Spartan Expansion, ca. 735–500 b.c.e. 64 Spot Map The Delian League, ca. 478–431 b.c.e. 67 Spot Map Roman Britain, ca. 130 c.e. 150 Spot Map Judaea in the Time of Jesus, ca. 30 c.e. 156 Chapter 7 Map 7.1 The Division of the Roman World, 293 169 Map 7.2 The Spread of Christianity to 600 170 Map 7.3 The Barbarian Migrations, ca. 340–500 180 Map 7.4 The Byzantine Empire, ca. 600 189 Spot Map The Reign of Clovis, ca. 481–511 183 Chapter 8 Map 8.1 The Spread of Islam, 622–900 200 Map 8.2 Charlemagne’s Conquests, ca. 768–814 207 Map 8.3 Invasions and Migrations of the Ninth Century 216 Spot Map The Treaty of Verdun, 843 215 Spot Map Kievan Rus, ca. 1050 220 Chapter 9 Map 9.1 The Growth of the Kingdom of France, 1180–1314 233 Map 9.2 The Holy Roman Empire, ca. 1200 235 Map 9.3 The Reconquista, ca. 750–1492 238 Map 9.4 The Crusades 246 Map 9.5 The Baltic Region, ca. 1300 254 Spot Map The Norman Conquest, 1066 231 Spot Map Kingdom of Sicily, 1137 236 Chapter 10 Map 10.1 Medieval Pilgrims’ Routes 272 Map 10.2 Twelfth-Century Cistercian Expansion 281 Chapter 4 Chapter 11 ca. 270–200 b.c.e. 91 Spot Map The Ptolemaic Kingdom, ca. 200 b.c.e. 98 Map 11.3 Intellectual Centers of Medieval Europe 302 Spot Map The Hanseatic League, ca. 1300–1400 297 Chapter 5 Chapter 12 ca. 282–44 b.c.e. 123 Spot Map The Etruscans, ca. 500 b.c.e. 116 Spot Map The Gauls Sack Rome, ca. 390 b.c.e. 117 Map 12.2 The Hundred Years’ War, 1337–1453 331 Map 12.3 Fourteenth-Century Peasant Revolts 341 Spot Map The Great Schism, 1378–1417 335 Spot Map The Hussite Revolution, 1415–1436 337 Map 4.1 Alexander’s Conquests, 336–324 b.c.e. 88 Map 4.2 The Hellenistic World, ca. 263 b.c.e. 91 Spot Map The Aetolian and Achaean Leagues, Map 5.1 Italy and the City of Rome, ca. 218 b.c.e. 114 Map 5.2 Roman Expansion During the Republic, Chapter 6 Map 6.1 Roman Expansion Under the Empire, 31 b.c.e.–138 c.e. 144 Map 6.2 The Economic Aspect of the Pax Romana, ca. 27–180 c.e. 155 Map 11.1 European Population Density, ca. 1300 292 Map 11.2 Trade and Manufacturing in Thirteenth-Century Europe 294 Map 12.1 The Course of the Black Death in Fourteenth-Century Europe 325 Chapter 13 Map 13.1 The Italian City-States, ca. 1494 357 Map 13.2 The Growth of Printing in Europe, 1448–1551 366 xxxiii 00_McK_66887_FM_Comb_i_xlviii_1.indd 33 6/22/11 2:44 PM Map 13.3 The Unification of Spain and the Expulsion of the Jews, Fifteenth Century 378 Spot Map The Expansion of France, 1475–1500 376 Chapter 14 Map 14.1 The Global Empire of Charles V, ca. 1556 397 Map 14.2 Religious Divisions in Europe, ca. 1555 405 Spot Map The Route of the Spanish Armada, 1588 401 Spot Map The Netherlands, 1609 410 Chapter 15 Map 15.1 The Fifteenth-Century Afro-Eurasian Trading World 418 Map 15.2 Overseas Exploration and Conquest in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries 426 Map 15.3 Seaborne Trading Empires in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 439 Spot Map Columbus’s Voyage to the New World, 1492–1493 427 Spot Map Invasion of Tenochtitlán, 1519–1521 433 Chapter 16 Map 16.1 Europe After the Thirty Years’ War 455 Map 16.2 Europe After the Peace of Utrecht, 1715 463 Map 16.3 The Growth of Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia Spot Map Cottage Industry and Transportation in Eighteenth-Century England 616 Chapter 22 Map 22.1 Europe in 1815 646 Map 22.2 Peoples of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1815 648 Spot Map 1820 Revolts in Spain and Italy 647 Spot Map Greek Independence, 1830 659 Chapter 23 Map 23.1 European Cities of 100,000 or More, 1800–1900 676 Map 23.2 The Modernization of Paris, ca. 1850–1870 680 Chapter 24 Map 24.1 The Unification of Italy, 1859–1870 707 Map 24.2 The Unification of Germany, 1866–1871 710 Map 24.3 Slavery in the United States, 1860 713 Spot Map U.S. Secession, 1860–1861 713 Spot Map The Crimean War, 1853–1856 714 Spot Map The Russian Revolution of 1905 716 Chapter 25 to 1748 466 Map 16.4 The Ottoman Empire at Its Height, 1566 475 Spot Map The Acquisitions of Louis XIV, 1668–1713 462 Spot Map The Expansion of Russia to 1725 468 Spot Map The English Civil War, 1642–1649 479 Map 25.1 European Investment to 1914 738 Map 25.2 The Partition of Africa 747 Map 25.3 Asia in 1914 751 Spot Map The Suez Canal, 1869 741 Spot Map The Struggle for South Africa, 1878 746 Spot Map The Great Rebellion, 1857–1858 755 Chapter 17 Chapter 26 Map 17.1 The Partition of Poland, 1772–1795 513 Spot Map The War of Austrian Succession, 1740–1748 511 Spot Map The Pale of Settlement, 1791 515 Chapter 18 Map 18.1 Industry and Population in Eighteenth-Century Europe 530 Map 18.2 The Atlantic Economy in 1701 539 Map 18.3 European Claims in North America Before and After the Seven Years’ War, 1755–1763 540 Spot Map Plantation Zones, ca. 1700 541 Spot Map India, 1805 546 Chapter 19 Map 19.1 Literacy in France, ca. 1789 563 Map 26.1 European Alliances at the Outbreak of World War I, 1914 770 Map 26.2 The Balkans, 1878–1914 772 Map 26.3 World War I in Europe and the Middle East, 1914–1918 774 Map 26.4 Territorial Changes After World War I 791 Map 26.5 The Partition of the Ottoman Empire, 1914–1923 795 Spot Map The Schlieffen Plan 773 Spot Map The Battle of the Somme, 1916 775 Spot Map The Armenian Genocide, 1915–1918 776 Spot Map The Russian Civil War, 1917–1922 788 Chapter 27 Map 27.1 The Great Depression in the United States and Europe, 1929–1939 823 Chapter 20 Spot Map French Occupation of the Ruhr, 1791–1804 603 Map 20.2 Napoleonic Europe in 1812 609 Spot Map The Great Fear, 1789 592 Spot Map Areas of Insurrection, 1793 598 Spot Map German Confederation of the Rhine, 1806 606 Spot Map British Unemployment, 1932 824 Map 20.1 The War of Haitian Independence, Chapter 21 Map 21.1 The Industrial Revolution in England, ca. 1850 620 Map 21.2 Continental Industrialization, ca. 1850 626 1923–1925 818 Chapter 28 Map 28.1 The Growth of Nazi Germany, 1933–1939 853 Map 28.2 World War II in Europe and Africa, 1939–1945 856 Map 28.3 The Holocaust, 1941–1945 858 Map 28.4 World War II in the Pacific 862 Spot Map Italy’s Ethiopian Campaign, 1935–1936 846 Spot Map Vichy France, 1940 855 Spot Map Nazi Occupation of Poland and East-Central Europe, 1939–1942 857 xxxiv Maps, Figures, and Tables 00_McK_66887_FM_Comb_i_xlviii_1.indd 34 7/7/11 2:34 PM Chapter 29 Spot Map The Soviet War in Afghanistan, ca. 1945–1950 872 Map 29.2 Cold War Europe in the 1950s 875 Map 29.3 Decolonization in Africa and Asia, 1947 to the Present 888 Spot Map Israel, 1948 890 Spot Map The Suez Crisis, 1956 891 Spot Map The Reunification of Germany, 1990 930 Map 29.1 The Aftermath of World War II in Europe, Chapter 30 Map 30.1 European Pollution, ca. 1990 917 Map 30.2 Democratic Movements in Eastern 1979–1989 925 Chapter 31 Map 31.1 Russia and the Successor States, 1991–2010 941 Map 31.2 The Breakup of Yugoslavia, 1991–2006 943 Map 31.3 The European Union, 2010 948 Spot Map Iraq, ca. 2010 961 Spot Map Primary Oil and Gas Pipelines to Europe, ca. 2005 962 Europe, 1989 927 Figures and Tables Figure 1.1 Sumerian Writing 11 Figure 2.1 Origins of the Alphabet 36 Thematic Chronology Art and Philosophy in the Hellenic Period 73 Thematic Chronology The Julio-Claudians and the Flavians 148 Thematic Chronology Five Good Emperors (the Antonines) 150 Figure 10.1 A Medieval Manor 263 Thematic Chronology The Hundred Years’ War 330 Thematic Chronology Major Contributors to the Scientific Revolution 496 Thematic Chronology Major Figures of the Enlightenment 503 Figure 18.1 The Increase of Population in Europe in the Eighteenth Century 527 Figure 18.2 Exports of English Manufactured Goods, 1700–1774 541 Thematic Chronology The French Revolution 602 Table 21.1 Per Capita Levels of Industrialization, 1750–1913 624 Thematic Chronology Key Events Leading to the Revolutions of 1848 665 Figure 23.1 The Decline of Death Rates in England and Wales, Germany, France, and Sweden, 1840–1913 677 Figure 23.2 The Urban Social Hierarchy 684 Figure 23.3 The Decline of Birthrates in England and Wales, France, Germany, and Sweden, 1840–1913 693 Figure 25.1 The Growth of Average Income per Person in the Third World, Developed Countries, and Great Britain, 1750–1970 737 Figure 25.2 The Increase of European and World Populations, 1750–1980 742 Figure 25.3 Emigration from Europe by Decades, 1851–1940 743 Figure 25.4 Origins and Destinations of European Emigrants, 1851–1960 743 Thematic Chronology Key Events of the Russian Revolution 784 Figure 26.1 Casualties of World War I 798 Thematic Chronology Events Leading to World War II 848 Thematic Chronology The Collapse of Communism 928 Maps, Figures, and Tables xxxv 00_McK_66887_FM_Comb_i_xlviii_1.indd 35 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