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GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES A GERUND is a verb ending in –ing that does not act like a verb. It is NOT used in Progressive verb structures. It acts like a noun. It can be a subject, an object, or the object of a preposition. Examples: Swimming is good exercise. (Gerund as a subject) We enjoy cooking. (Gerund as an object) I look forward to meeting your new girlfriend. (Gerund as the object of the preposition to) **When a gerund is used as a subject, a singular verb is necessary.** Common prepositions followed by Gerunds: Be excited about _________ing take care of __________ing Be worried about ____________ing take advantage of _________ing Complain about __________ing be guilty of _________ing Dream about/of ___________ing instead of _________ing Talk about __________ ing keep someone from ___________ing Think about/of __________ing prevent someone from __________ing Apologize for _________ing be interested in ___________ing Blame for _________ing succeed in _____________ing Forgive someone for __________ing be capable of __________ing Have an excuse for __________ing Have a reason for ____________ing look forward to _________ing Be responsible for __________ing be used to __________ing Thank someone for ____________ing in addition to __________ing Be tired of _________ing Be accustomed to __________ing An INFINITIVE is a verb in the base form that has “to” in front of it. Infinitives are generally NOT used as subjects of sentences. Instead, they are used as objects. Example: I want to write my essay in class. (Infinitive as an object) VERBS THAT TAKE GERUNDS OR INFINITIVES WITH NO DIFFERENCE IN MEANING Like start Love prefer (**When used to make a comparison, certain sentence Hate Begin Continue Can’t stand structure rules apply.**) VERBS THAT TAKE BOTH GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES WITH DIFFERENCES IN MEANING Remember: 1. I remembered to close the window. 2. I remembered closing the window. Forget: 1. I forgot to make that call. 2. I forgot making that call. Try: 1. She tried to open her locker. 2. She tried opening her locker. Stop: 1. The man stopped smoking. 2. The man stopped to smoke. Special Expressions Followed by Gerunds Go + activity (go fishing, go swimming, go jogging, etc.) Have fun Have trouble/difficulty Have a hard/difficult time Spend (money/time) Waste (money/time) Sit + place Stand + place Lie + place Find + noun/pronoun (**Exception to the indirect object rule**) Catch + noun/pronoun Practice… 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Every week I spend at least an hour… In my free time I have fun…. Sometimes I sit in class… Sometimes I waste money….. If you come to my home at midnight, you will find me…. Sometimes I have trouble…. OBJECTIVE- SWBAT to practice with gerunds and infinitives. SWBAT change gerunds to infinitives. Changing Gerunds to Infinitives It is very uncommon to use an Infinitive as the subject of a sentence. Instead, we use it + the infinitive. Example: Riding a bicycle without a helmet is dangerous. It is dangerous to ride a bicycle without a helmet. Try these….. 1. Studying for exams is important. 2. Driving in the countryside is very relaxing. 3. Preparing for college early is smart. Infinitive of Purpose An infinitive of purpose is used to show why something is done. It is the shortened form of “in order to.” Example: He came here in order to study English. OR He came here to study English. He came here for studying English. (incorrect) He came here for to study English. (incorrect) He came here for study English. (incorrect) Adjectives Followed by Infinitives Glad to lucky to prepared to careful to Happy to fortunate to anxious to hesitant to Pleased to embarrassed to eager to reluctant to Delighted to proud to willing to afraid to Content to ashamed to motivated to certain to Relieved to ready to determined to likely to Too vs. Enough Too implies a negative connotation This test is too difficult. (i.e. It is impossible to pass it with a good score.) ***Not the same meaning as “very”*** With an infinitive: This test is too difficult to pass. Enough precedes a noun and follows an adjective. I am rich enough to buy this car. I have enough money to buy this car.