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EXAM TERMS TOGETHER WE AIM TO SUMMARIZE AND VALIDATE OUR INFO HERE, WITH THE INTENT THAT BREVITY WILL PREVAIL. PLEASE LET’S CLEAN THIS UP INTO A GREAT OVERVIEW OF RELEVANT INFORMATION TOGETHER! Taken from exam terms for section 1 This is a shared, edited online file, you can help US. BCE, BC, AD The system uses BCE as an abbreviation for "before the Common (or Current) Era" and CE as an abbreviation for "Common Era". The CE/BCE designation uses the same numeric values as the Anno Domini yearnumbering system introduced by the 6thcentury Christian monk Dionysius Exiguus, intending the beginning[a] of the life of Jesus to be the reference date. Humanities; Cultural creativity of mankind from one generation to another. Culture: Sum total of all things, traditions, goods, religions, symbols created to transmit to future generations. Neolithic Revolution 40002500 bc The Neolithic Revolution or Neolithic Demographic Transition, sometimes called the Agricultural Revolution, was the widescale transition of many human cultures from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, allowing the ability to handle an increasingly larger population. Mesopotamia Land between the rivers, tigris and euphrates Mesopotamia is the site of the earliest developments of the Neolithic Revolution from around 10,000 BC. ancient name for the land that lies between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (in modern Iraq), from Greek mesopotamia (khora), literally "a country between two rivers," from fem. of mesopotamos, from mesos "middle" (see medial (adj.)) + potamos "river" (see potamo). Sumerian; The term "Sumerian" is the common name given to the ancient nonSemiticspeaking inhabitants of Mesopotamia, Sumer, by the East Semiticspeaking Akkadians. ● Sumerian ( EME.G̃IR 15 "native tongue") is the language of ancient Sumer and a language isolate which was spoken in southern Mesopotamia (modernIraq). During the 3rd millennium BC, a very intimate cultural symbiosis developed between the Sumerians and the Akkadians, which included widespread bilingualism.[4] The influence of Sumerian on Akkadian (and vice versa) is evident in all areas, from lexical borrowing on a substantial [4] ● scale, to syntactic, morphological, and phonological convergence. This has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian in the third millennium BC as a Sprachbund (area of linguistic convergence).[4] Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken language around 2000 BC (the exact dating being a matter of debate),[5] but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the 1st century AD.[6][7] Then it was forgotten until the 19th century, when Assyriologistsbegan deciphering the cuneiform inscriptions and excavated tablets left by these speakers. Se∙mit∙ic ● relating to or denoting a family of languages that includes Hebrew, Arabic, and Aramaic and certain ancient languages such as Phoenician and Akkadian, constituting the main subgroup of the AfroAsiatic family. ● relating to the peoples who speak the Semitic languages, especially Hebrew and Arabic. Minoan; Pregreek civilization discovered by sir arthur evans (page 30) located on island of crete, named after legendary king minos (maritime civilization flourished 2000 bce1400 bce when it seemed to be absorbed or destroyed by mycenaeans. Absence of protective walls, Bull leaping fresco, (fresco painting like into walls through coloring) Artifacts suggest ancient fertility cults honor gods associated with procreation. BULL ancient symbol of virility Minoan writing called linear A Minotaur myth adopted by greeks. Halfman, halfbull Earthquake devastation to minoans (1700 bce) Faust and Mephistopheles; Summary of the story ● ● Faust is bored and depressed with his life as a scholar. After an attempt to take his own life, he calls on the Devil for further knowledge and magic powers with which to indulge all the pleasure and knowledge of the world. In response, the Devil's representative, Mephistopheles, appears. He makes a bargain with Faust: Mephistopheles will serve Faust with his magic powers for a set number of years, but at the end of the term, the Devil will claim Faust's soul, and Faust will be eternally damned. The term usually stipulated in the early tales is 24 years, one year for each of the hours in a day. During the term of the bargain, Faust makes use of Mephistopheles in various ways. In many versions of the story, particularly Goethe's drama, Mephistopheles helps Faust seduce a beautiful and innocent girl, usually named Gretchen, whose life is ultimately destroyed. However, Gretchen's innocence saves her in the end, and she enters Heaven. In Goethe's rendition, Faust is saved by God's grace via his constant striving—in combination with Gretchen's pleadings with God in the form of the Eternal Feminine. However, in the early tales, Faust is irrevocably corrupted and believes his sins cannot be forgiven; when the term ends, the Devil carries him off to Hell. ● Mephistopheles , also Mephistophilus, Mephistophilis, Mephostopheles, Mephisto, Mephastophilis, Jackie and variants) is a demon featured in German folklore. He originally appeared in literature as the demon in the Faust legend, and he has since appeared in other works as a stock character. The word may derive from the Hebrew מ ִפיץ ( ֵ mêpî ) which means "scatterer, disperser", and tophel, short for שׁ ֶ֫קר ל ֶ תֹּ ֶ֫פ (tōpel šeqer ) which means "plasterer of lies". The name can also be a combination of three Greek words: μη (me) as a negation, φῶς (phōs) meaning light, and φιλις "philis" meaning loving, making it mean "notlightloving", possibly parodying the Latin "Lucifer" or "lightbearer". Democracy; demo / cracy People / Power Arete; Greeks, Excellence, competition, strive for the best of everything, cultural entertainment, war, virtue, etc. Competitiveness lead to selfcenteredness. Virtue, excellence Patroclus; According to the Iliad, when the tide of war had turned against the Greeks and the Trojans were threatening their ships, Patroclus convinces Achilles to let him lead the Myrmidons into combat. Achilles consented, giving Patroclus the armor Achilles had received from his father, in order for Patroclus to impersonate Achilles. Achilles then told Patroclus to return after beating the Trojans back from their ships.[5]Patroclus defied Achilles' order and pursued the Trojans back to the gates of Troy.[6] Patroclus killed many Trojans, including a son of Zeus, Sarpedon.[7] While battling, Patroclus' wits were removed by Apollo, after which Patroclus was hit with the spear of Euphorbos. Hector then killed Patroclus by stabbing him in the stomach with a spear.[8] Enkidu; Man/Animal – equal enemy of gilgamesh created by Ishtar because Gilgamesh spurns the attentions of ISHTAR: Queen of Heaven, Enkidu became his great friend and dies identifies mans’ mortality and leads Gilgamesh on his quest for immortality. Though equal to Gilgamesh in strength and bearing, he acts in some ways as an antithesis to the cultured, urbanbred warriorking. Enkidu then becomes the king's constant companion and deeply beloved friend, accompanying him on adventures until he is stricken with illness and dies. (he lays with a prostitute or something…) The deep, tragic loss of Enkidu profoundly inspires in Gilgamesh a quest to escape death by obtaining godly immortality.[1] Prometheus; Prometheus (/prәˈmiːθiәs/ prәmeetheeәs; Greek: Προμηθεύς [promɛːtʰeús], meaning "forethought")[1] is a Titan in Greek mythology, best known as the deity in Greek mythology who was the creator of mankind and its greatest benefactor, who stole fire from Mount Olympus and gave it to mankind. Agamemnon and Menelaus; In Greek mythology, Agamemnon (/æɡәˈmɛmnɒn/; Greek: Ἀγαμέμνων from *Ἀγαμέδμων [from ἄγαν, "very much" and μέδομαι, "think on"],[1] "very steadfast") was the son of King Atreus and Queen Aerope of Mycenae, the brother of Menelaus, the husband of Clytemnestra and the father of Iphigenia, Electra or Laodike (Λαοδίκη),Orestes and Chrysothemis.[2] Mythical legends make him the king of Mycenae or Argos, thought to be different names for the same area. When Helen, the wife of Menelaus, was taken to Troy by Paris, Agamemnon commanded the united Greek armed forces in the ensuing Trojan War. The Mask of Agamemnon which was discovered by Heinrich Schliemann in 1876 at Mycenae, now believed to predate the legendary Trojan War by 300 years In Greek mythology, Menelaus (/ˌmɛnɪˈleɪәs/; Greek: Μενέλαος, Menelaos, from < μένος∙ vigor, rage, power + λαός∙ people, "wrath of the people") was a king ofMycenaean (preDorian) Sparta, the husband of Helen of Troy, and a central figure in the Trojan War. He was the son of Atreus and Aerope, brother ofAgamemnon, king of Mycenae and, according to the Iliad, leader of the Spartan contingent of the Greek army during the War. Prominent in both the Iliad andOdyssey, Menelaus was also popular in Greek vase painting and Greek tragedy, the latter more as a hero of the Trojan War than as a member of the doomed House of Atreus. Cyclopes, Calypso and Maga Circe; Cyclops (mythical race of giants) Mycenaeans... Built large walls said mythically to be built by cyclops race of giants. Calypso is remembered most for her role in Homer's Odyssey, in which she keeps the fabled Greek hero Odysseus on her island to make him her immortal husband. According to Homer, Calypso kept Odysseus prisoner at Ogygia for seven years,[4] while PseudoApollodorus says five years[5] and Hyginus says one.[6] Calypso enchants Odysseus with her singing as she moves to and fro, weaving on her loom with a golden shuttle. During this time they sleep together, although Odysseus soon comes to wish for circumstances to change. Odysseus similar to situation with dido and aeneas from aeneid. Man must adventure, seek truth, explore and conquer theme? It is human to question our existence. Gothic Novel; an English genre of fiction popular in the 18th to early 19th centuries, characterized by an atmosphere of mystery and horror and having a pseudo medieval setting. Goth∙ic ● of or relating to the Goths or their extinct East Germanic language, which provides the earliest manuscript evidence of any Germanic language (4th–6th centuries AD). ● of or in the style of architecture prevalent in western Europe in the 12th–16th centuries, characterized by pointed arches, rib vaults, and flying buttresses, together with large windows and elaborate tracery. Harp of Ur; Gilgamesh Gilgamesh (/ɡɪlˈɡɑːmɛʃ/;[1] , Gilgameš, originally Bilgamesh ) is the main character in the Epic of Gilgamesh, an Akkadian poem that is considered the first great work of literature,[2] and in earlier Sumerian poems. In the epic, Gilgamesh is a demigod of superhuman strength who builds the city walls of Uruk to defend his people and travels to meet the sage Utnapishtim, who survived the Great Flood. Anchises & Aeneas; ● In Greek mythology, Anchises (/ænˈkaɪsiːz/ ankyseez or /æŋˈkaɪsiːz/ angkyseez; Ancient Greek: Ἀγχίσης, pronounced [aŋkʰi͜ísɛ͜ɛs] ) was the son of Capys and Themiste (daughter of Ilus, who was son of Tros). He was the father of Aeneas and a member of the royal family of Troy.[1] ● In GrecoRoman mythology, Aeneas (/ᵻˈniːәs/;[1] Greek: Αἰνείας, Aineías, possibly derived from Greek αἰνή meaning "praised") was a Trojan hero, the son of the princeAnchises and the goddess Venus (Aphrodite). His father was a first cousin of King Priamof Troy (both being grandsons of Ilus, founder of Troy), making Aeneas a second cousin to Priam's children (such as Hector and Paris). He is a character in Greek mythology and is mentioned in Homer's Iliad. Aeneas receives full treatment in Roman mythology, most extensively in Virgil's Aeneid where he is an ancestor of Romulus and Remus. He became the first true hero of Rome. Vulcan and Venus; ● Vulcan (Latin: Volcānus or Vulcānus; pronounced [wɔlˈkaːnʊs], [wʊlˈkaːnʊs]) is the god of fire[1]including the fire of volcanoes, metalworking, and the forge in ancient Roman religion and myth. Vulcan is often depicted with a blacksmith's hammer.[2] The Vulcanalia was the annual festival held August 23 in his honor. His Greek counterpart is Hephaestus, the god of fire and smithery. In Etruscan religion, he is identified with Sethlans. ● Through his identification with the Hephaestus of Greek mythology, Vulcan came to be considered as the manufacturer of art, arms, iron, jewelry, and armor for various gods and heroes, including the thunderbolts of Jupiter. He was the son of Jupiter and Juno, and the husband of Maia and Aphrodite (Venus). His smithy was believed to be situated underneath Mount Etna in Sicily. ● Venus (/ˈviːnәs/, Classical Latin: /ˈwɛnʊs/) is the Roman goddess whose functions encompassed love, beauty, sex, fertility, prosperity, victory, and desire. In Roman mythology, she was the mother of the Roman people through her son, Aeneas, who survived the fall of Troy and fled to Italy. Julius Caesar claimed her as his ancestor. Venus was central to many religious festivals, and was revered in Roman religion under numerous cult titles. The Romans adapted the myths and iconography of her Greek counterpartAphrodite for Roman art and Latin literature. In the later classical tradition ofthe West, Venus becomes one of the most widely referenced deities of GrecoRoman mythology as the embodiment of love and sexuality. ● Corbelled Triangular relief, like lions gate of myceneans big walls Mycenaean; In the second millennium BC, Mycenae was one of the major centres of Greek civilization, a military stronghold which dominated much of southern Greece. The period of Greek history from about 1600 BC to about 1100 BC is called Mycenaean in reference to Mycenae. At its peak in 1350 BC, the citadel and lower town had a population of 30,000 and an area of 32 hectares.[1] ….. Decorated vessels (art), architecture and citadels, build tall walls, waring city, defeated the minoans? Carolingian Renaissance; The Carolingian Renaissance, the first of three medieval renaissances, was a period of cultural activity in the Carolingian Empire occurring from the late eighth century to the ninth century, taking inspiration from the Christian Roman Empire of the fourth century. During this period there was an increase of literature, writing, the arts,architecture, jurisprudence, liturgical reforms, and scriptural studies. The Carolingian Renaissance occurred mostly during the reigns of the Carolingian rulers Charlemagne and Louis the Pious. It was supported by the scholars of the Carolingian court, notably Alcuin of York.[1] Charlemagne's Admonitio generalis (789) and his Epistola de litteris colendis served as manifestos. The effects of this cultural revival were largely limited to a small group of court literati: according to John Contreni, "it had a spectacular effect on education and culture in Francia, a debatable effect on artistic endeavors, and an unmeasurable effect on what mattered most to the Carolingians, the moral regeneration of society".[2][3] Beyond their efforts to write better Latin, to copy and preserve patristic and classical texts, and to develop a more legible, classicizing script (the Carolingian minuscule that Renaissance humanists took to be Roman and employed as humanist minuscule, from which has developed early modern Italic script), the secular and ecclesiastical leaders of the Carolingian Renaissance for the first time in centuries applied rational ideas to social issues, providing a common language and writing style that allowed for communication across most of Europe. Juris Prudence Under the Roman Empire, schools of law were created, and the activity constantly became more academic. In the age from the early Roman Empire to the 3rd century, a relevant literature was produced by some notable groups including the Proculians and Sabinians. The scientific depth of the studies was unprecedented in ancient times. Titus Livy; Titus Livius (Classical Latin: [ˈtɪ.tʊs ˈliː.wi.ʊs]; 64 or 59 BC – AD 17)—known as Livy /ˈlɪvi/ in English—was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people – Ab Urbe Condita Libri (Books from the Foundation of the City) – covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome before the traditional foundation in 753 BC through the reign of Augustus in Livy's own time. He was on familiar terms with the JulioClaudian dynasty, advising Augustus's grandnephew, the future emperor Claudius, as a young man not long before 14 AD in a letter to take up the writing of history.[1] Livy and Augustus's wife, Livia, were from the same clan in different locations, although not related by blood.[citation needed] Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, and Don Juan; A pilgrimage is a journey or search of moral or spiritual significance. Typically, it is a journey to a shrine or other location of importance to a person's beliefs and faith, although sometimes it can be a metaphorical journey into someone's own beliefs. Many religions attach spiritual importance to particular places: the place of birth or death of founders or saints, or to the place of their "calling" or spiritual awakening, or of their connection (visual or verbal) with the divine, to locations where miracles were performed or witnessed, or locations where a deity is said to live or be "housed," or any site that is seen to have special spiritual powers. Such sites may be commemorated with shrines or temples that devotees are encouraged to visit for their own spiritual benefit: to be healed or have questions answered or to achieve some other spiritual benefit. A person who makes such a journey is called a pilgrim. As a common human experience, pilgrimage has been proposed as a Jungian archetype by Wallace Clift and Jean Dalby Clift.[1] The Holy Land acts as a focal point for the pilgrimages of the Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. According to a Stockholm University study in 2011, these pilgrims visit the Holy Land to touch and see physical manifestations of their faith, confirm their beliefs in the holy context with collective excitation, and connect personally to the Holy Land.[2] Don Juan (Spanish), Don Giovanni (Italian) is a legendary, fictional libertine. The first written version of the Don Juan legend was written by the Spanish dramatist Tirso de Molina (nom de plume of Gabriel Téllez).[1] His play, El burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra (The Trickster of Seville and the Stone Guest), was set in the fourteenth century and published in Spain around 1630. The name "Don Juan" is a common metaphor for a "womanizer". Epic; a long poem, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation. Hrothgar; .. in Beowulf ( beo wulf bee hunter bear ) ? ● In the epic poem Beowulf, Hrothgar is mentioned as the builder of the great hall Heorot, and ruler of Denmark when the Geatish hero Beowulf arrives to defeat the monster Grendel. Investiture; Byronic Hero; Etruscans; Established themselves in northwest italy, hellenized people with commercial contacts in mediterranean. Experts in the arts of metallurgy, town building and city planning. Romans absorbed the fundamentals of urban planning, chariot racing the toga, bronze and gold crafting and the most ingenious structural principle of mesopotamian architecture, the Arch. (dead in sarcophagistone coffins). Overthrown in 509 bce by Latins. (start of Regal Romans) Stoicism: an ancient Greek school of philosophy founded at Athens by Zeno of Citium. The school taught that virtue, the highest good, is based on knowledge, and that the wise live in harmony with the divine Reason (also identified with Fate and Providence) that governs nature, and are indifferent to the vicissitudes of fortune and to pleasure and pain. Patricians (Romulus side) Roman large landowners Plebeians (Remulus side) Rome Farmers and small landowners Rome was born of Fratricide where Romulus kills Remus ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus ) dactylic hexameter; Dactylic hexameter (also known as "heroic hexameter" and "the meter of epic") is a form of meter or rhythmic scheme in poetry. It is traditionally associated with the quantitative meter of classical epic poetry in both Greek and Latin and was consequently considered to be the Grand Style of classical poetry. The premier examples of its use are Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, Virgil's Aeneid, and Ovid's Metamorphoses. Songs of Roland; Terza Rima; Utnapishtam; Deluge, awarded immortality by gods because he built an arch. Deluge caused by gods because humans are out of control (?) Pastoral Prose; Pastoral like pasteurs, move from cities into farm way of life. Roman land is fertile, under Augustus motivate the people (soldiers) to go back to farming and enjoy Pax Romana (roman peace). Romantic Movement; The Guelphs; Epithet, Similes, and Catalogs: Nicknames NAME: EPITHET From what story ______ The Grey eyed ____________ Achilles The light footed? Illiad ________ _______________ ____________ Zeus Aphrodite etc Like/as Sarcophagus; From the ETRUSCANS Sarcophagi (stone coffins) that held the remains of the dead, etruscan artists carved the portraits, depicting husbands and wives relaxing. (original use of greek and egyptian traditions bringing to life the image of mummified corpse. Kennings; Turpin, Olivier, Valiant; High Middle Ages; Zone IV, Judaic; The Code Napoleon ● ● The Napoleonic Code (French: Code Napoléon, and officially Code civil des Français) is the French civil code established under Napoléon I in 1804. It was drafted by a commission of four eminent jurists and entered into force on 21 March 1804. The Napoleonic Code was very influential on developing countries outside of Europe, especially in the Middle East, that were attempting to modernize their countries through legal reforms. Tragedy ● Tragedy (from the Greek: τραγῳδία, tragōidia[a]) is a form of drama based on human suffering that invokes an accompanying catharsis or pleasure in audiences.[2][3] While manycultures have developed forms that provoke this paradoxical response, the term tragedy often refers to a specific tradition of drama that has played a unique and important role historically in the selfdefinition of Western civilization.[2] [4] That tradition has been multiple and discontinuous, yet the term has often been used to invoke a powerful effect of cultural identity and historical continuity—"the Greeks and the Elizabethans, in one cultural form; Hellenes and Christians, in a common activity," as Raymond Williams puts it.[5] Allegory a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one. The Allegory of the Cave was presented by the Greek philosopher Plato in his work the Republic (514a–520a) to compare "the effect of education (παιδεία) and the lack of it on our nature".
