Download The Coming of the Civil War

THE UNION IN CRISIS
CHAPTER 10
How did the nation’s expansion lead to the Civil
War?
STANDARDS
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SSUSH 9 The student will identify key events, issues, and
individuals relating to the causes, course, and consequences of
the Civil War.
a.
Explain the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the failure of popular
sovereignty, Dred Scott case, and John Brown’s Raid.
b.
Describe President Lincoln’s efforts to preserve the Union as seen
in his second inaugural address and the Gettysburg speech and in his use
of emergency powers, such as his decision to suspend habeas corpus.
c.
Describe the roles of Ulysses Grant, Robert E. Lee, “Stonewall”
Jackson, William T. Sherman, and Jefferson Davis.
d.
Explain the importance of Fort Sumter, Antietam, Vicksburg,
Gettysburg, and the Battle for Atlanta and the impact of geography on
these battles.
Describe the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation.
f.
Explain the importance of the growing economic disparity between
the North and the South through an examination of population,
functioning railroads, and industrial output.
SLAVERY, STATES’ RIGHTS, AND WESTERN
EXPANSION

Section 1
 How
did Congress try to resolve the
dispute between North and South over
slavery?
 Vocabulary:
Wilmot Proviso
Free-Soil Party
popular sovereignty
secede
Compromise of 1850
Fugitive Slave Act
Slavery, States’ Rights, and Western Expansion
Slavery Divides the Nation
Main Idea: From the nation’s earliest days, the issue of slavery divided
Americans. As the nation expanded, the problem became more pressing.
Southerners believed slavery should be allowed in the new western territories;
many northerners believed it should not.
The Election of 1848
Main Idea: In the 1848 presidential campaign, both Democrats and Whigs split
over the question of whether to limit the expansion of slavery. New political
factions emerged, with slavery at the center of debate.
A Compromise Avoids a Crisis
Main Idea: Henry Clay’s Compromise of 1850 offered concessions to both the
South and the North and suggested that popular sovereignty should decide the
slavery issue in the Utah and New Mexico territories.
Senate Adopts the Compromise of 1850
Main Idea: In an attempt to ward off division among the states, the Senate
adopted the Compromise of 1850. Though the legislation restored calm for the
moment, it carried the seeds of new crises to come.
TWO NATIONS
North and South were divided by slavery
 North believed slavery was wrong based on
religion
 South believed that whites and African
Americans were not equal and attacked
uncaring northern industrialists who took
no personal responsibility for their workers
 Wilmot Proviso seeks to limit slavery in the
territories gained in the Mexican-American
War. Passed by the House of
Representatives, but rejected by the Senate
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NORTHERN VIEWS OF SLAVERY
 Laws
in the North severely limited
the rights of free African Americans
 Abolitionists wanted slavery to end
 Some white northern bankers, mill
owners, and merchants favored
slavery
 Some northern workers feared that
freed slaves would take their jobs
SOUTHERN VIEWS OF SLAVERY
 Slavery
was a part of southern life
 Many southerners felt that slavery
was good
 Many argued that slavery was more
kind than the northern system of free
labor
 Southerners believed that slaves
were healthier and happier
HISTORIANS
 Recent
historians emphasize the
differences between the regions,
racial groups, and social classes
 Some kind of major conflict was
bound to occur
 Question: Could the politicians have
avoided the Civil War?
ELECTION OF 1848
Free-Soil Party: supported the Wilmot
Proviso to keep new western territories
free of slavery
 Nominated Martin Van Buren
 Popular sovereignty: policy that voters in a
territory would decide whether or not to
allow slavery; both the Democratic Party
and the Whigs support popular sovereignty
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ELECTION OF 1848
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Democrats: Lewis Cass
Whigs: Zachary Taylor
Free Soil Party: Martin
Van Buren
Van Buren took votes
away from Cass to give
Taylor the victory
Taylor died in 1850;
Millard Fillmore, the
Vice President, takes
office
COMPROMISE OF 1850
Question: What were the effects of the
Missouri Compromise, and how did the
Compromise of 1850 try to deal with them?
 Kept the balance between slave and free
states in the Senate; free states only north
of 36º 30‘ N latitude
 Henry Clay of Kentucky proposes a
compromise to admit California as a free
state
 John C. Calhoun of SC against compromise
 Daniel Webster of Massachusetts for
compromise
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CHART
Clay’s Compromise of 1850
COMPARING
VIEWPOINTS
Should the Union be saved?
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Categorize
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TRANSPARENCY
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A RISING TIDE OF PROTEST AND
VIOLENCE
SECTION 2
How did the Fugitive Slave Act and the
Kansas-Nebraska Act increase tensions
between the North and the South?
 Vocabulary:
personal liberty laws
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Underground Railroad
John Brown
Harriet Tubman
“Bleeding Kansas”
Harriet Beecher Stowe
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A Rising Tide of Protest and Violence
Resistance Against the Fugitive Slave Act
Main Idea: The Compromise of 1850 was meant to calm the fears of
Americans. But one provision, the new Fugitive Slave Act, had the
opposite effect. Black Americans and abolitionists despised the law and
organized to try to help enslaved people to freedom through the
Underground Railroad.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act Undoes the Missouri Compromise
Main Idea: Although Congress meant well, its repeated attempts to
resolve the question of slavery resulted in a jumble of contradictory, and
often unenforceable, policies.
A Battle Rages in “Bleeding Kansas”
Main Idea: Kansas attracted not only farmers but settlers with political
motives. Violence erupted between abolitionists and proslavery settlers
and eventually spread to the Senate.
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Understand Effects
UNDERGROUND RAILROAD
Known as the “Black
Moses”
 Guided hundreds of
slaves to freedom
 Large reward on her
head, but never
captured
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KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT
 Stephen
Douglas of Illinois wanted to
run for President
 Act supported popular sovereignty
for area
 Passed but made North angry; in
effect, Congress repealed the
Missouri Compromise since Kansas
and Nebraska were above the 36º 30‘
N latitude
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Understand Effects
VIOLENCE BEGINS
 Free
soilers: 1,200 New Englanders
sent to Kansas to fight against
slavery
 Proslavery settlers opposed them
 Kansas had an antislavery capital at
Topeka and a proslavery capital at
Lecompton
 1856, open violence erupted
 “Bleeding Kansas”
TRANSPARENCY
Bleeding Kansas
“BLEEDING KANSAS”
John Brown:
Following a raid in
Lawrence by a
proslavery group, he
and his followers
killed five proslavery
men along the
Pottawatomie Creek
 Summer of murder
and raids
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LECOMPTON CONSTITUTION
 Proslavery
group wrote a proslavery
constitution for Kansas called the
Lecompton constitution
 Buchanan accepted it, but Congress
returned it.
 Defeated by Kansas people the
second time
SENATE VIOLENCE
 Senator
Charles Sumner, a
Republican, gave a speech that
attacked Southerners for forcing
slavery on Kansas and insulted
Senator Andrew Butler of SC
 Preston Brooks, a member of the
House beat him with his cane
 Sumner lived but never recovered;
added to hatred
HARRIET BEECHER STOWE
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Uncle Tom’s Cabin: Eliza
Harris, a slave, escapes
when her child is to be sold
As Eliza heads north, she
eludes the slave catchers
Uncle Tom is sold and is
killed by his brutal master,
Simon Legree, a Northerner
Book had a powerful effect:
North became convinced
that slavery would ruin the
U.S. South believed it was a
book of insulting lies.
TRANSPARENCY
The Slavery Issue
POLITICAL REALIGNMENT DEEPENS
THE CRISIS
SECTION 3
 What
developments deepened the
divisions between North and South?
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Vocabulary:
Know-Nothings
Republican Party
Dred Scott
Roger B. Taney
Abraham Lincoln
Stephen A. Douglas
Harpers Ferry
Political Realignment Deepens the Crisis
The Shifting Political Scene
Main Idea: Traditionally, American political parties extended across sectional lines. But starting in the
1840s, American politics increasingly reflected regional tensions, especially over the issue of slavery.
Sectional Divisions Intensify
Main Idea: For many years, the North and South tried to ignore or patch over their differences. But by the
mid-1850s, the dispute over slavery caused sectional differences to intensify.
The Lincoln-Douglas Debate
Main Idea: In 1858, Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln held a series of seven debates while
competing for a seat in the U.S. Senate. Thousands of Americans attended the Lincoln-Douglas debates
and listened intently as the two candidates presented opposing views of slavery and its role in America.
John Brown’s Raid
Main Idea: Abolitionist John Brown concluded that violence was the best way to reach his goal of avenging
the evil of slavery. In 1859, he and 21 followers seized the federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
However, federal troops ended the attack, and Brown was eventually executed.
SHIFTING POLITICAL SCENE
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Whig Party disintegrates: divided over the
issues; nominated Winfield Scott in 1852
Know-Nothings: nativists; will become
American Party; divided over issues
REPUBLICAN PARTY
 1854,
dedicated to stopping “Slave Power”
 Declared slavery a great moral evil
 Demanded repeal of the Kansas-Nebraska
Act and Fugitive Slave Act;
 Comprised of antislavery Democrats,
Whigs, and Free Soilers from North
 Farmers, professionals, small business
owners, craftworkers joined
ELECTION OF 1856
Democrats nominated
James Buchanan
 Republicans
nominated John C.
Frémont
 Know-Nothings chose
Millard Fillmore
 Buchanan won the
election
 He hoped that the
Supreme Court would
resolve the slavery
issue
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*SCOTT V. SANDFORD
The Dred Scott
Decision 1857;
 Scott v. Sandford
 Scott sued his owner
 Said that he and his
wife were taken to
states and territories
where slavery was
illegal and therefore
should be free
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RULING
 The
Court, under Chief Justice Roger B.
Taney, ruled 7 to 2 against Scott
 Slaves are property, not citizens, and
cannot sue in court
 Scott not free due to being in free area
 Missouri Compromise ruled
unconstitutional. Slaves were considered
property of their owners and Congress
could not deprive people of their
property without due process of law
according to the Fifth Amendment.
 Antislavery forces were disgusted
LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATES
 Campaigning
for Senate seat from Illinois
in 1858
 Series of seven debates on the issue of
slavery in the territories.
 Physical contrast in the men was striking
 Douglas wins election
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
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Studied law and worked at
various jobs
Served in the Congress in
the 1840s
Believed that the majority
could not deny the
minority their rights
Foresaw confrontation
“A house divided against
itself cannot stand. I
believe this government
cannot endure,
permanently half slave
and half free. I do not
expect the Union to be
dissolved—I do not expect
the house to fall—but I do
expect it will cease to be
divided. It will become all
one thing, or all the other.”
SENATOR DOUGLAS
Short, stout; known as
“the Little Giant”
 Believed that the
majority of people
could do anything
they wished, even
make slavery legal
 Lincoln gets national
attention, although
Douglas won the
Senate election
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LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATES
1858 ILLINOIS SENATE RACE

Stephen Douglas
 Agreed with Dred
Scott decision on
legal grounds
 “Freeport Doctrine”
says people can
vote slavery down
by popular
sovereignty
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Abraham Lincoln
 Disagreed with
Dred Scott decision
(How can we have
popular sovereignty
if case is accepted?)
 Believed slavery
should not be
allowed to spread to
the territories
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JOHN BROWN’S RAID
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1859, Brown and his men
attacked the federal
arsenal at Harper’s Ferry,
Virginia; he hoped to seize
weapons and give them to
slaves
Wanted a slave uprising
Colonel Robert E. Lee
leads troops; Brown is
executed.
Northerners saw him as a
martyr; his raid deepened
the divide between the
North and South
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Sequence
CHART
American Political Parties During the 1850s
LINCOLN, SECESSION, AND WAR
SECTION 4
 How
did the Union finally collapse into a
civil war?
 Vocabulary:
Jefferson Davis
Crittenden Compromise
John C. Breckinridge
Fort Sumter
Confederate States of America
Lincoln, Secession, and War
The Election of 1860
Main Idea: The Election of 1860 was a turning point for the United States.
The election demonstrated that there were no longer any national political
parties. The North and South were now effectively two political entities, and
there seemed no way to bridge the gap.
The Union Collapses
Main Idea: Southerners were outraged that a President could be elected
without a single southern vote. In Southerners’ perception, the South no
longer had a voice in the national government. They decided to act by
leaving the Union and forming the Confederacy.
The Civil War Begins
Main Idea: The Confederates attacked Fort Sumter, hoping to seize it from
Union hands. Lincoln declared that “insurrection” existed and called for
75,000 volunteers to fight against the Confederacy.
THE ELECTION OF 1860
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In April 1860, Democratic Party split into
North and South factions
In Border States, the Constitutional
Union party forms from Whigs and
American party (Know Nothing)
CHART
The Candidates for President
CANDIDATES
 Southern
Democrats: John C.
Breckinrigde
 Northern Democrats: Stephen Douglas,
Illinois
 Constitutional Unionist party: John Bell,
Tennessee
 Republican party: Abraham Lincoln,
Illinois
 Lincoln wins with 39% of the vote and 180
electoral votes; sectional victory
LOWER SOUTH SECEDES
 Texas,
Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama,
Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina
 Secessionists: those who wanted the
South to secede
CONFEDERATE STATES OF
AMERICA
South Carolina seceded December 20,
1860
 In February 1861, the seven states
created the Confederacy and elected
Jefferson Davis as President
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WAR STARTS
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Lincoln takes
office on March 4,
1861
Vows to enforce
the laws of the U.S.
and to preserve,
protect, and
defend the
government
FORT SUMTER
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Fort under the
command of Major
Robert Anderson
Running out of
supplies
April 12 General
P.G.T. Beauregard
fires on the fort
Anderson
surrenders
UPPER SOUTH
Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and
Arkansas joined the Confederacy
 Border States stay neutral
 The Civil War begins
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TRANSPARENCY
Political Cartoons: The Nation Divided
TRANSPARENCY
Forming the Confederacy
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Identify Causes and Effects
DIAGRAM
Long-term Causes and Short-term Causes
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