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Parts of Speech Nouns: person, place, thing, or idea Common: does not name a particular person, place, thing, or idea; never capitalized o person o president o baseball o woman o park o government Proper: names a particular person, place, thing, or idea; always capitalized. o Jackie Robinson o Brooklyn o Christianity o Ebbets Field o World Series o Hinduism Concrete: names a thing that is tangible (can be seen touched, heard, smelled, or tasted): common or proper o child o Grand Canyon o Becky o aroma o fireworks o Jazz Abstract: names an idea, a condition, or a feeling: something that cannot be touched, smelled, tasted, seen, or heard o New Deal o poverty o awe o greed o progress o God Collective: names a group or a unit o United States o Portland Cementers o team o crowd o cattle o community Noun Forms: Number: indicates whether the noun is singular or plural o Singular: actor, stadium, Canadian, bully, truth, child, person o Plural: actors, stadiums, Canadians, bullies, truths, children, people Gender: indicates whether a noun is masculine, feminine, neuter, or indefinites o Masculine: uncle, brother, men, bull, rooster, stallion o Feminine: aunt, sister, women, cow, hen, filly o Neuter (without gender): tree, cobweb, flying fish, closet o Indefinite: (masculine or feminine): president, plumber, doctor, parent Case: tells how nouns are related to other words used with them o Nominative case: subject of a clause Patsy’s heart was beating very wildly beneath his jacket... That black horse there owed something to the orphan he had made. o Possessive case: shows possession or ownership Like the spider’s claw, a part of him touches a world he will never enter. o Objective case: direct object, indirect object, or an object of the preposition Marna always gives Mylo science fiction books for his birthday. Mylo: indirect object Books: direct object of gives Birthday: object of the preposition for Parts of Speech Adjective: describes or modifies a noun or pronoun; sometimes other adjectives Also includes articles: a, an, the Adjective Questions: What kind? How many/much? Which one? Example: The young driver peeked through the big steering wheel. Types of Adjectives: Proper Adjective: created from a proper noun and is capitalized o In Canada (proper noun), you will find many cultures and climates. o Canadian (proper adjective) winters can be harsh Predicate Adjective: follows a form of the “be” verb [or other auxiliary (“helping”) verbs] AND describes the subject. o Joe made both goals (adjective) o Both were scored in the final period (pronoun) Forms of Adjectives: Positive form: describes a noun or a pronoun without comparing it to anyone or anything else. The first game was long and tiresome. Comparative form: (-er, more, or less) compares two persons, places, things, or ideas. The second game was longer and more tiresome than the first. Superlative form: (-est, most, or least): compares three or more persons, places, things, or ideas. The third game was the longest and most tiresome of all. Positive big helpful painful Comparative bigger more helpful less painful Superlative biggest most helpful least painful Parts of Speech DIRECTIONS: Underline all nouns Circle all adjectives Draw an arrow to the noun or adjective the adjective describes or modifies. 1. This Seattle market offers some of the freshest fish I’ve ever had. 2. They sell two types of sole from Africa: the slender Agulhas sole and the round West coast sole. 3. You will also find snoek there, an oily fish that is popular with South African people. 4. Norwegian sardines are young herrings that are smaller than full-grown ones. 5. Along with other varieties caught along the North American west coast, salmon is a favorite treat of Seattlites. 6. Thomas Beecham said, “Movie music is noise...even more painful than my sciatica.” 7. Upgrading the ancient computers is the most problematic issue on the agenda. 8. In the dead of gray winter, frequent dreams of cloudless blue skies and lush green grass keep me sane. Imitate in your essay: Small and slightly plum, she had the perfect skin and apple cheeks of a picture poster. Life, for all its raw talent, has little sense of structure. It creates amazing textures, but is can’t be counted on for snappy beginnings or good endings either. Parts of Speech Adverbs: describes or modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb Adverbial Questions: How? When? Where? To What Extent/Degree? Example: She sneezed loudly. Her sneezes are really loud. The sneeze exploded very noisily. (modifies the verb) (modifies the adjective) (modifies the adverb) Types of Adverbs: Time: when today yesterday how often daily weekly how long briefly eternally where here there to where nearby beyond from where backward forward Place: Manner (-ly) : how precisely effectively regally smoothly Degree: how much substantially greatly entirely really well how little partly partially Forms of Adverbs: Positive form: describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb without comparing it to anyone or anything else. Model X vacuum cleans well and runs quietly. Comparative form: (-er, more, or less) compares how two things are done. Model Y vacuum cleans better and runs more quietly than model X does. Superlative form: (-est, most, or least): compares how three or more things are done. Model Z vacuum cleans best and runs most quietly of all. Positive well fast remorsefully Comparative better faster more less remorsefully Superlative best fastest most remorsefully Parts of Speech DIRECTIONS: Underline all verbs, then nouns—so you can identify the adjectives Circle all adverbs Draw an arrow to the verb or adjective the adverb describes or modifies. Direction on food safety is badly needed in underdeveloped countries. There, diarrhea caused by contaminated food and water is a leading cause of death. With that in mind, the World Health Organization (WHO) recently revised a poster, available in 32 languages, to more clearly show some simple rules for safe food handling and preparation. The cardinal rule, of course, involves cleanliness. Dangerous germs (widely found in soil, water, animals, and people) can be transmitted quite easily to food via unwashed hands. In addition, dishrags, utensils, and cutting boards need frequent washing. WHO also pushes for the use of safe water and raw materials. Temperature is the next concern. Proper cooking kills dangerous microorganisms the best—but it’s also important to keep cooked and raw food at a safe temperature. Never leave cooked food unrefrigerated for longer than two hours, and do not thaw frozen food at room temperature. Finally, do not handle raw food and cooked food together. Meat, poultry, and seafood can be especially dangerous; they should always be separated from other foods during their preparation. These simple steps can dramatically reduce food- and water-borne illness here and around the world. Imitate in your essay: It was one of those perfect English autumnal days that occur more frequently in memory than in life. Those who are urged to feel afraid, very afraid, have both the greatest sense of independence and the most finely honed skepticism about government.