Download ANIMAL TRANSPORT

ANIMAL TRANSPORT
P.191-209
C&C P.198 #2,3,4,5
C&C P.209 #1,2,3,5
RYI P.210-211 #4,5,6,7
SYSTEMS OF TRANSPORT
1. UNICELLULAR (PARAMECIUM)
THROUGH VACUOLES IN CYTOSOL
(CYTOPLASM)
2. SIMPLE ANIMALS (HYDRA)
SACLIKE BODY WITH TISSUES THAT IS TWO
CELL LAYERS THICK IN WHICH FOOD,
WASTE, OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE
PASS IN AND OUT AS IT MOVES AROUND
THE WATER (DIFFUSION)
3. MORE COMPLEX ANIMALS
 EARTHWORMCLOSED CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM (BLOOD IN VESSELS, 5
CONTRACTILE HEARTS)
 GRASSHOPPER (AND OTHER
INSECTS)/CRABS
OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (BLOOD
PUMPED INTO CAVITIES CALLED
SINUSES)
4. VERTEBRATESSEE VIDEO CLIP
(CLOSED SYSTEM, MORE COMPLEX THAN
EARTHWORM)SEE OVERHEAD
A. FISH
 2 CHAMBERS, SINGLE SYSTEM FOR
BLOOD FLOW
B. AMPHIBIANS/MOST REPTILES
 3 CHAMBERS, SOME MIXING OF
OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED
BLOOD
C. MAMMALS/BIRDS
 4 CHAMBERS, COMPLETE SEPARATION
OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED
BLOOD
THE HUMAN
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
1. HEART
 ATRIA (2)BLOOD FLOWS INTO HEART FROM
THE BODY
 VENTRICLES (2)BLOOD FLOWS OUT OF
HEART TO BODY
2. BLOOD VESSELS
 ARTERIES CARRY BLOOD FROM HEART
TO BODY (AORTA, PULMONARY ARTERY)
 VEINSCARRY BLOOD TO HEART FROM
BODY, VALVES TO PREVENT BACKFLOW
(VENA CAVA, PULMONARY VEIN)
 CAPILLARIESMICROSCOPIC VESSELS
ONE CELL THICK IN TISSUES/ORGANS
THAT EXCHANGE CHEMICALS AND GASES (
O2 / CO2 ) AND LEAD DIRECTLY INTO
VEINS
THE CARDIAC CYCLETHE SEQUENCE OF
MUSCLE CONTRACTION (SYSTOLE) AND
RELAXATION (DIASTOLE)
STEPS IN THE PROCESS
1. BLOOD ENTERS ATRIA FORCING BLOOD
INTO VENTRICLES
2. ATRIA RELAX AND FILL, VENTRICLES
CONTRACT, FORCING BLOOD INTO
PULMONARY ARTERY AND AORTA (OUT
OF HEART)
3. VENTRICLES RELAX, ATRIA CONTRACT,
REPEATING THE CYCLE
HOW THE HEART WORKS
 EACH HEARTBEAT STARTS IN THE
PACEMAKER (SPECIALIZED MUSCLE
CELLS IN THE INNER WALL OF RIGHT
ATRIUM)
 THE HEARTBEAT IMPULSE THEN
SPREADS THROUGH THE HEART MUSCLE
(SEE NODES ON DIAGRAM)
 CHANGES IN RATE OF HEARTBEAT ARE
CONTROLLED BY NERVES OUTSIDE OF
HEART
BLOOD FLOW OUTLINE
(SEE HANDOUT IN HEART DIAGRAMS)
BLOOD FROM SYSTEMIC PATHWAY (THE
BODY) RIGHT ATRIUM RIGHT
VENTRICLELUNGSBLOOD FLOW FROM
LUNGSLEFT ATRIUM LEFT
VENTRICLE AORTAOTHER PARTS OF
BODY
BLOOD PRESSURE
 BLOOD IS FORCED INTO ARTERIES
UNDER PRESSURE STRETCHING THEIR
WALLS
 BLOOD RETURNING TO THE HEART
THROUGH THE VEINS AFTER PASSING
THROUGH CAPILLARIES HAS MUCH
LOWER PRESSURE
(VEINS HAVE VALVES TO PREVENT
BACKFLOW OF BLOOD AND ARE LESS
ELASTIC THAN ARTERIES DUE TO
THINNER WALLS)
 HYPERTENSIONHIGH BLOOD
PRESSURE OVER NORMAL LEVELS DUE
TO STRESS AND DIET
REGULATION AND TRANSPORT
P.200-209
 OCCURS DURING PULMONARY
CIRCULATION (HEART TO LUNGS AND
LUNGS TO HEART) AND SYSTEMIC
CIRCULATION (TO OTHER PARTS OF
THE BODY)
BLOOD-TRANSPORT FLUID
1. PLASMA
 LIQUID PART, NONLIVING
 TRANSPORTS NUTRIENTS, HORMONES,
WASTE
2. CELLULAR
A. ERYTHROCYTE
 RED BLOOD CELL, LAST 120 DAYS,
PRODUCED IN BONE MARROW,
TRANSPORTS OXYGEN
(HEMOGLOBIN)
B. LEUKOCYTE
 WHITE BLOOD CELL, FIGHTS
FOREIGN SUBSTANCES, USES
PHAGOCYTOSIS
C. PLATELETS
 ALLOW BLOOD TO CLOT
(COAGULATE) USING ENZYMES
AND OTHER PROTEIN SUCH AS
FIBRIN (ALLOWS CLOTTING TO
OCCUR)
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMp.206
 RECYCLES INTERCELLULAR FLUID INTO
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
 LYMPH VESSELSCARRY FLUID FROM
BODY TISSUES BACK TO THE
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
 LYMPH FLUIDCONTAINS WHITE
BLOOD CELLS, WATER, PROTEIN
MOLECULES, SALTS AND OTHER
SUBSTANCES