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Air and Aerodynamics/Flight Units Study Guide Vocabulary to know: Air pressure The application of force by air; the amount of force air exerts on an object. Air foil An object whose curved shape is designed to provide maximum lift when in motion through the air. Compressed Pushed or squeezed into a smaller space. Expand Increase in size. Fluid Matter that flows: liquids and gases Gas A form of matter that has no definite shape of its own but tends to expand indefinitely Gravity The attraction between large objects in space; the force that pulls objects towards Earth’s surface. Hypothesis A prediction that needs to be tested to tell if it is correct Lift The upward force that enables objects to fly Molecule The absolute tiniest part of something that can still be called by that name. Principle A basic law about the way things work Vacuum An area where there is no air pressure Velocity The speed of an object in a certain direction. Air resistance The amount of air that pushes against an object Air flow The direction in which air moves past an object Accelerate Speed up Decelerate Slow down Aerodynamics The study of air and how it moves around objects Altitude The height of an object above sea level Buoyancy If an object is less dense than an equal volume of fluid surrounding it, that object will float. Cockpit The area of the airplane in which the pilot sits. The airplane is controlled from the cockpit. Drag A force that opposes the force of thrust. Equilibrium When all forces are in balance Fuselage The body of an airplane Pitch Moving the nose of a plane up and down Propulsion Moving an object Roll Moving the wings up and down Propeller Moves the plane through the air Ailerons Flaps on the wings of a plane that move up and down. They control the roll of the plane. Elevators Flaps of the tail of the plane that move together. They control the pitch of a plane. Rudder Flap on the tail of a plane that turns the plane left or right. It controls the yaw. Yaw When a plane turns left or right Air – the air we breathe is made of different gases Name of gas Percentage Nitrogen 78% Oxygen 21% Argon 1% Carbon Dioxide .04% Neon Trace Helium Trace Krypton Trace Hydrogen Trace Xenon Trace How to prove: 1. Air takes up space Run a garbage bag through the air. It fills with air so therefore air takes up the space in the bag. Put a cup upside down in water. The cup will not fill with water because air in taking the space up in the cup. You must let the air out (by tipping the cup) in order for water to fill up the space. 2. Air has volume You can measure the volume of air in a room. Take the measurements of the room (length X width X height). This will equal the volume of the air in the room. 3. Air has weight Tie two equal size balloons on the ends of a stick. Balance them. Pop one balloon. The other balloon filled with air will fall towards the ground because it has weight. 4. Air has mass Measure a balloon that is not blown up on a scale. Record its mass. Blow up the balloon with air. Re-measure the balloon on the scale. The difference is the mass of the air. 5. Air has pressure Air pressure increase the closer you are to sea level. Air pressure decreases the higher you are from sea level. Bernoulli’s Principle – faster flowing fluids (gases and liquids) have lower pressure than slower flowing fluids. Forces in Flight GRAVITY Adaptations for flight Birds Have hollow bones that make them lightweight but strong. Have feathers Have strong pectoral muscles that allow them to flap their wings Wings shaped like an airfoil Aerodynamic shape Primary and secondary feathers each have a role in flight. Primaries allow the bird to manoeuvre in the air. Secondary feathers catch air. Air flow over and under wing creating lift Insects Light weight and small May have one or two sets of wings Have strong pectoral muscles that allow them to move their wings Wings shaped like an airfoil Aerodynamic shape Wings are very thin with a network of veins. Veins make the wings very strong.