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Modern Chemistry Chapter 5 The Periodic Law Sections 1-3 History of the Periodic Table Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table Electron Configurations and Periodic Properties Chapter 5 Section 1 History of the Periodic Table pages 133-137 1 Section 3 Electron Configurations and periodic properties Chapter 5 Section 1 History of the Chapter 5 Section 3 Periodic Periodic Table pages 133-137 Properties pages 150-164 2 Section 3 Vocabulary Atomic radius Ion Ionization Ionization Energy Electron affinity Cation Anion Valence electrons Electronegativity Chapter 5 Section 1 History of the Chapter 5 Section 3 Periodic Periodic Table pages 133-137 Properties pages 150-164 3 p. 150 Atomic Radii • One half the distance between the nuclei of identical atoms bonded together Chapter 5 Section 1 History of the Chapter 5 Section 3 Periodic Periodic Table pages 133-137 Properties pages 150-164 4 Atomic Radii • Period Trend – Atomic radii decreases across a period – Electrons are added to the s and p in the same energy level – Protons are added to the nucleus – The nucleus is stronger and pulls in the electrons making the atom smaller Chapter 5 Section 1 History of the Chapter 5 Section 3 Periodic Periodic Table pages 133-137 Properties pages 150-164 5 Atomic Radii • Group Trend – Atomic radii increases down a group – Exeption Al to Ga in group 13 – Electrons exist in higher energy levels further from the nucleus Practice on page 152 Chapter 5 Section 1 History of the Chapter 5 Section 3 Periodic Periodic Table pages 133-137 Properties pages 150-164 6 p. 151* Atomic radius image Chapter 55 Section Section 11 History History of of the the Chapter Periodic Table Table pages pages 133-137 133-137 Periodic 7 Ionization Energy • Ion: an atom or group of bonded atoms that has a positive or negative charge • Ionization: any process that results in the formation of an ion • Ionization energy: The energy required to remove one electron from a neutral atom. Chapter 5 Section 1 History of the Chapter 5 Section 3 Periodic Periodic Table pages 133-137 Properties pages 150-164 8 ion animation Chapter 55 Section Section 11 History History of of the the Chapter Periodic Table Table pages pages 133-137 133-137 Periodic 9 Ionization Energy • First ionization energy = IE1 (energy to remove one electron) • Diagram on Page 153 and 154 • A + energy A+ + e- Chapter 5 Section 1 History of the Chapter 5 Section 3 Periodic Periodic Table pages 133-137 Properties pages 150-164 10 Ionizaiton Energy Comic p. ## Chapter 55 Section Section 11 History History of of the the Chapter Periodic Table Table pages pages 133-137 133-137 Periodic 11 Ionization energy animation Chapter 55 Section Section 11 History History of of the the Chapter Periodic Table Table pages pages 133-137 133-137 Periodic 12 p. 154 Ionization energy vs. atomic number graph Chapter 55 Section Section 11 History History of of the the Chapter Periodic Table Table pages pages 133-137 133-137 Periodic 13 Ionization Energy • Period Trend – IE increases across a period – Increased nuclear charge holds e- thighter – Elements with low IE lose e- easily – Elements with high IE do not lose e– Generally nonmetals have higher IE than metals Chapter 5 Section 1 History of the Chapter 5 Section 3 Periodic Periodic Table pages 133-137 Properties pages 150-164 14 Ionization Energy • Group Trend – IE decreases down a group – An electron is removed from higher energy levels further from the nucleus – In elements with many electron, the inner electrons in lower energy levels shield the outer electrons in the higher energy levels from the attraction of the nucleus Chapter 5 Section 1 History of the Chapter 5 Section 3 Periodic Periodic Table pages 133-137 Properties pages 150-164 15 Ionization energy image Decrease Ionization Energy p. 153* Increase Chapter 55 Section Section 11 History History of of the the Chapter Periodic Table Table pages pages 133-137 133-137 Periodic 16 Ionization Energy • Removing electrons from positive ions – More than one electron can be removed from an atom – Second ionization energy = IE2 – IE2 is higher than IE1 – Because few electrons remain to shield the outer electrons from the nucleus – Table on page 155 Practice page 156 Chapter 5 Section 1 History of the Chapter 5 Section 3 Periodic Periodic Table pages 133-137 Properties pages 150-164 17 p. 55 1st- 5th Ionization energy chart Chapter 55 Section Section 11 History History of of the the Chapter Periodic Table Table pages pages 133-137 133-137 Periodic 18 Electron Affinity • The energy change that occurs when an electron is acquired by a neutral atom A + e- A- + energy Energy is released negative number or A + e- + energy Energy is absorbed Apositive number – Positive or less negative EA won’t likely gain electrons – More negative EA will gain electrons easily Chapter 5 Section 1 History of the Chapter 5 Section 3 Periodic Periodic Table pages 133-137 Properties pages 150-164 19 Electron Affinity animation Chapter 55 Section Section 11 History History of of the the Chapter Periodic Table Table pages pages 133-137 133-137 Periodic 20 Electron affinity • Period Trend – EA increases across the period (more neg.) – Exception between group 14 and 16 Chapter 5 Section 1 History of the Chapter 5 Section 3 Periodic Periodic Table pages 133-137 Properties pages 150-164 21 Electron affinity • Group Trend – EA decreases down a group (less neg.) – An increase in protons increases EA but an increase in radius decreases EA Chapter 5 Section 1 History of the Chapter 5 Section 3 Periodic Periodic Table pages 133-137 Properties pages 150-164 22 Electron Affinity image Decrease Electron Affinity p. 157* Increase Chapter 55 Section Section 11 History History of of the the Chapter Periodic Table Table pages pages 133-137 133-137 Periodic 23 Electron affinity • Adding electrons to negative ions • More difficult to add a second eletron • All second EA are positive Chapter 5 Section 1 History of the Chapter 5 Section 3 Periodic Periodic Table pages 133-137 Properties pages 150-164 24 Ionic Radii • Positive Ions – Cation – Loss of electron – Smaller electron cloud; loss of highest energy level – Electrons are drawn closer to the nucleus Na Na+ Chapter 5 Section 1 History of the Chapter 5 Section 3 Periodic Periodic Table pages 133-137 Properties pages 150-164 25 Ionic Radii • Negative ion – Anions – Gaining of electrons – The electron cloud spreads out because of the repeling of electrons Chapter 5 Section 1 History of the Chapter 5 Section 3 Periodic Periodic Table pages 133-137 Properties pages 150-164 26 ions Cation - positive Anion - negative Chapter 5 Section 1 History of the Chapter 5 Section 3 Periodic Periodic Table pages 133-137 Properties pages 150-164 27 Ionic Radii • Period Trend – Ionic radii decreases across a period – As protons increase the electrons are pulled in Chapter 5 Section 1 History of the Chapter 5 Section 3 Periodic Periodic Table pages 133-137 Properties pages 150-164 28 Ionic Radii • Group Trend – Ionic Radii increases down a group – More electrons in higher energy levels Chapter 5 Section 1 History of the Chapter 5 Section 3 Periodic Periodic Table pages 133-137 Properties pages 150-164 29 p. 159* Ionic RADIUS Image Chapter 55 Section Section 11 History History of of the the Chapter Periodic Table Table pages pages 133-137 133-137 Periodic 30 Valence electrons • Electrons available to be lost, gained or shared in the formation of compounds. • Located in the incompletely filled main energy level • For main group elements – outer s & p sublevels Chapter 5 Section 1 History of the Chapter 5 Section 3 Periodic Periodic Table pages 133-137 Properties pages 150-164 31 Valence electrons animation p. ## Chapter 55 Section Section 11 History History of of the the Chapter Periodic Table Table pages pages 133-137 133-137 Periodic 32 electronegativity • A measure of an atom in a compound to attract electrons from another atom in the compound • Linus Pauling devised a scale from 0-4. • Fluorine is the most electronegative EN = 4.0 Chapter 5 Section 1 History of the Chapter 5 Section 3 Periodic Periodic Table pages 133-137 Properties pages 150-164 33 p.161 Electronegativities Chapter 55 Section Section 11 History History of of the the Chapter Periodic Table Table pages pages 133-137 133-137 Periodic 34 electronegativity animation Chapter 55 Section Section 11 History History of of the the Chapter Periodic Table Table pages pages 133-137 133-137 Periodic 35 electronegativity • Period Trend – EN increases across a period – There are exceptions. Chapter 5 Section 1 History of the Chapter 5 Section 3 Periodic Periodic Table pages 133-137 Properties pages 150-164 36 electronegativity • Group Trend – EN decreases down a group Practice Page 162 Chapter 5 Section 1 History of the Chapter 5 Section 3 Periodic Periodic Table pages 133-137 Properties pages 150-164 37 Electronegativity Decrease Electronegativity p. 160* Increase Chapter 55 Section Section 11 History History of of the the Chapter Periodic Table Table pages pages 133-137 133-137 Periodic 38 Periodic Properties of the d and F block elements • Many exceptions in atomic radii, IE, and EN • Most d block elements from 2+ ions • Group 3 from 3+ ions • Copper forms 1+ and 2+ ions • Iron forms 2+ and 3+ ions Chapter 5 Section 1 History of the Chapter 5 Section 3 Periodic Periodic Table pages 133-137 Properties pages 150-164 39 Summary of trends Image Chapter 55 Section Section 11 History History of of the the Chapter Periodic Table Table pages pages 133-137 133-137 Periodic 40 Section 3 Homework Chapter 5 Section 1 History of the Chapter 5 Section 3 Periodic Periodic Table pages 133-137 Properties pages 150-164 41