Download Restrain and venipuncture - Dr. Brahmbhatt`s Class Handouts

Swine
Reproduction: Chapter 22
Nutrition: Chapter 22
Restraint: Chapter 2
Venipuncture: Chapter 23
Objectives









Know breeding information and discuss common reproductive
problems
Understand nutritional needs
Restraint
Performing diagnostic sampling and medication procedures.
Administer medications by oral, nasal, and parenteral routes.
Properly insert and maintain an intravenous catheter, and
monitor the catheter for complications.
Set up materials and equipment, and prepare the patient
Provide assistance to the veterinarian
Perform or assist with necropsy

Video (squeaky)
Breeding Data





Type of estrus cycle: Polyestrous
Age of female puberty (gilts): 4 to 8 months
Age of male puberty : 6 to 8 months
Time of first breeding: 7 to 9 months
Estrous cycle length: 18 to 24 days
 Duration of estrus: 2 to 3 days
 Time of ovulation: 40 to 46 hours after the
beginning of estrus
 Optimal time of breeding (fresh/frozen)
 24 to 36 hours after the onset of estrus
 12 to 24 hours in gilts
Breeding Data (cont’d)




Gestation period : 114
days (3 months, 3
weeks, 3 days)
Birth weight : 4 to 4.5 lb
Litter size : 8-14
Weaning age : 3 to 6
weeks
Heat Detection






Strive to wean 21 to 22 pigs per year
Average 2.57 litters per year
Goal should be to wean nine piglets per litter
or more
Boar effect
Sow to return to cycle: after piglets are
removed – 4-10 days
Birth to weaning < 10% mortality
Gilt exposure to a mature boar
Boar has pheromone
secreting salivary
gland that
sexually stimulates
female pigs
Gilts reach puberty 5-8 months
Heat Detection

Signs of estrus in swine include
 Frequent mounting by other sows
 Restless activity
 Swelling of the vulva
 Discharge from the vulva
 Frequent urination
 Decreased appetite; occasional
loud grunting
 Lordosis response during male
mounting or when back pressure
is applied resulting in a rigid
stance and erect ears
 Checked twice daily
Physical signs to consider for mating
Too early
Vulva
heavily red and swollen
Hardly any mucus on vaginal mucosa
Negative back pressure test, only standing reflex in
presence of a boar
In time
Vulva
Too late
No
moderately red and swollen
 Vaginal mucosa with mucus
 Positive back pressure test
redness or swelling of vulva
 Sticky vaginal mucosa
 Negative back pressure test, only standing reflex in
presence of a boar
Gilt "in heat", immobile

Gilt with swollen
vulva, secondary sign
of estrus
Gilt with swollen vulva,
secondary sign of estrus
Gilt standing for "back pressure" test
Boars





Best environment to enhance
their breeding performance
Thermal stress should be
prevented
Expose to females : (20:1)
Avoid slippery floors
Breeding records should be
maintained
Semen Collection




Corkscrew penis
Pressure sensitive
Electroejaculation not
recommended
Mounting dummy




Don’t touch shaft/body of
penis
3 – 7 minutes
Ejaculate – 30 ⁰C
Rest boars every 2-3 days
SOW
BOAR
Semen Processing




The sperm-rich fraction is filtered from the gel
fraction of the ejaculate
Evaluated
Diluted with semen extender
Fresh and cooled semen are more effective than
cryopreserved

High quality ejaculate: 8 – 10 inseminations (each has 1-2
billion sperm)
Artificial Insemination

2 – 3 breedings per estrus




Middle of 2-3 days of estrus
12 hours after standing
heat and another one 12
hours later
3 inseminations/ estrus
Heterospermic
insemination

Semen from 2 boars better
Parturition - Preparation




Deworm 10 days before farrowing
Ectoparasite control before
putting in farrowing house
 Wash throughly
 Tx for mange and lice
Light bedding: 1-2 inch. Worn
shavings, corn cobs, straw or
stalks
125 W infra red light: neonates
need: 90-95 ⁰F; mum need: 60 –
65 ⁰F
Clinical Signs of Impending
Parturition






Vulva swelling
Labial mucosa
hyperemic
Mammary gland
enlargement
Milk: 12 to 24 hours
Respiratory rates
increase: Several hours
Restless and nesting
Parturition



Stage 1: nesting
 Vocalization
 Lateral recumbency
Stage 2
 Farrowing interval: 16 minutes
 Stillbirth: 30 minutes or longer
 Vocalization
 All delivered in 4 to 6 hours
Stage 3; placenta (RP are
uncommon): Complete within 4
hours
•
•
•
•
Mostly at night
Legs are flexed and
breech can be normal ~
45%
Stillborn common: 5-7%
Induction:
– PG after 112days –
parturition in 20-30 hrs
– Add oxytocin or
xylazine
Maternal behavior



If savaging is observed remove other
piglets
They do not vigorously lick their young
Mortality of neonate



Don’t nurse
Crushing by sow
hypothermia
Dystocia




Less than 1%
• uterine inertia: oxytocin (not if
piglet is stuck) and calcium
• obstruction of birth canal: gilts
Intervene after 45 – 60 min with
no progress
Seek assistance after 45 to 60
minutes without progress
Traction
 Go in with pointed hand
 Mild traction with malposition

pig pullers, lambing snares,
nylon cord
 End of parturition – retained
fetus? Manual palp. /
ultrasound
C-section
Dystocia (cont’d): Mild traction
Neonatal Care



Oxygenation/pulse
assessment
 Hold downward and pump
HL
Temperature regulation
 high risk day 2-3
 90 - 95⁰F
Umbilical cord
 4-5 cm from umbilicus
 Dip 2% providone iodine
 Ligate: suture/string
Neonatal Care (cont’d)





Nutrition (nursing)
 Within minutes
 Like front teats
 “Bump weaning”: from large to small
litter: fall backs
 Once/ hr
 Note different milk replacer options in
book: runts
Bonding
Meconium
Passive transfer of antibodies: within 12 hr
Physical examination
Swine Dentition
Deciduous
Swine 2(I 3/3 C 1/1 PM 3/3)
= 28
Permanent
2(I 3/3 C 1/1 PM 4/4 M3/3) =
44
Know table 22 – 3: Eruptions
These piglets have approximately 6 months ahead of them before
they go to market. (3 weeks nursing, 7 weeks in the nursery, and
16 weeks of grow-finish)
Ages of pigs are important

Neonates



10-26 weeks
25-120 kg (55 – 264 lbs)
Breeders/adults

3-10 weeks
4-25 kg (8.8 – 55 lbs)
Growers/finisher


<4 kg (8.8 lbs)
Weanlings/nursery

0-3 weeks
>120 kg (> 264 lbs)
>6-8 months
NUTRITION


OMNIVORES
Growth is depended on



Genetic inheritance
Nutrition
Care



Clean comfortable environment, deworming,
vaccination
Average daily gain: 1.4 – 1.8 lb./day
~ 2 – 2.5 lb. feed/ 1 lb. pork
NUTRITION

Purchased or farm raised feeds
 Fiber
 Corn, oats, wheat,
barley, sorghum
 Medium – fine particle
 Too fine: GI problems
 Protein
 Essential AA: Arginine, histidine,
isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine,
phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine
 Water ad lib
NUTRITION – BY AGE

Breeding Sows and Litters

Limit fed for 1st two trimesters


Last trimester


9 – 10, 000 kcal ME/ day
Lactation


4 – 6 lb. – 6-7000 kcal ME/ day
15 – 20, 000 kcal ME/ day
Fat: palatibility
NUTRITION – BY AGE

Starter/ Nursery diet



Weaned 3 – 5 weeks
of age fed starter
until 40 – 50 lb.
Ad lib
Commercial pellet
high protein


20 – 24%
In the end transition
to ground feed

Growing and Finishing Market
Hogs
 High protein and less energy
 Soybean meal, meat, bone
meal and synthetic amino
acids (lysine, methionine,
threonine, tryptophan)
 Ground cereal grains: 85% of
ration
 Corn, wheat, sorghum and
barley
 Minerals and vitamins: Ca: P
NUTRITION - VITAMINS








A: stabilized form
D: bone growth and ossification

Direct sunlight for short period of time, Irradiated yeast, Sun cured hay,
animal sterols, fish oils, vitamin A and D concentrate
E: with selenium: green forage, legume hays, cereal grains
K
Riboflavin: breeding stock and light weight pigs – green forage, milk
byproducts, brewer’s yeast
Pantothenic acid: females, in crystalline within premixes, legume meals,
milk products, brewer’s yeast
Choline: liver and kidneys, good for litter size, fish solubles, fish meal,
soybean meal
B12: young pigs for growth and normal hemopoiesis, animal, marine and milk
products
NUTRITION - MINERALS










Ca: P – skeletal growth
 metabolism, gestation, lactation
 Tankage, meat meal, meat, bone, fish meal, limestone, oyster shells
NaCl: 0.25% of total diet, animal and fish by products
Iodine: thyroid gland, iodized salt
Fe and Cu: hemoglobin formation
 Anemia: “baby thumps” sow milk lacks Fe
Cobalt: with vitamin B12
Manganese: reproduction and growth
K: feedstuffs
Mg: growth
Zn: prevent parakeratosis
Selenium: soil , with vitamin E
The Swine Industry

Phases

Farrowing
 Breeding, gestation and
farrowing

Growing or nursery
 Here for 8 – 10 wk.
 40-60 lb
 1.4 – 1.8 lb/day

Finishing
 Reach market weight
 220-260 lb

Farrow to finish: 5- 6 months

All in one facility
Farrowing

Farrowing


3 to 4 lb
Weaned


3 to 8 weeks of
age
10 to 25 lb
Growing and Finishing

Nursery



8 to 10 weeks
40 to 60 lb
Finishing




Market weight: 220 to 260 lb
ADG of 1.4 to 1.8 lb per day
Breeding to market is 9 to 10 months
Farrowing to market is 5 to 6 months
Growing and Finishing (cont’d)
Slaughter

Marketed



Price



Auction
Contract
Weight
Carcass merit
USDA Grading System



Barrow and gilt grades are No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No.4, and
U.S. Utility.
Slaughter sow grades are U.S. No. 1, U.S. No. 2, U.S. No. 3,
Medium, and Cull.
Feeder pigs grades are U.S. No. 1, U.S. No. 2, U.S. No. 3,
U.S. No. 4 U.S. Utility, and U.S. Cull.
Pig management





Backyard herds
All in / all out
SPF (Specific pathogenic free)
Segregated early weaning
Depop / repop
Swine Housing

99% of all swine are
housed in
confinement


Respiratory disease
Husbandry effects
disease
Confinement: Individual Stalls

Pros



Ability to separate groups of animals for
individual care
More control of environment
Cons


Labor intensive
Expensive to maintain
Confinement

Requirements
 Cement or slotted floors
 Easily cleaned
 Decrease in disease
 Well ventilated
 Remove water vapor, contaminants, and odors
 Provide cooling in summer
 Waste handling and holding facility
 Lagoons
 Holding tanks
 Prevent run-off; many laws to abide
AIAO or continuous flow
Confinement housing is where most pigs in US live
Violations in Pig Flow
Drying off cull sows in grower/ finishing
(pen separately or remove immediately)
 Putting poor doer nurseries back with
younger animals (Nurseries must
operate as AIAO)
 Any movement of older sows through
nurseries

Violations in Human Flow


Nursery or farrowing not worked first
Walking through gestation or
grow/finish to get through nurseries or
farrowing
Air Quality


Air quality is the number one concern to swine
growers and pigs alike.
Gases in swine housing

Ammonia: <10 ppm


Hydrogen sulfide < 10 ppm


Caused by gas heaters; lethal to humans and pigs
Methane: Should not exceed 50,000 ppm


Respiratory irritant from manure
Carbon monoxide: Not to exceed 150 ppm


Respiratory irritant from manure
From manure; not toxic, but explosive!
Dust

Caused by movement, respiratory irritant, can be explosive!
Acclimation and Socialization



It should be remembered that pigs are social
animals and have a rigid dominance
hierarchy.
If animals are group housed they will
generally fight to establish dominance for the
first 24-48 hours.
Dominance in pigs is almost directly related
to size. The largest animals are dominant and
smallest are submissive
Swine Restraint







Stubborn but smart
Herding instinct: not strong
Vocal: squeal and scream: panic, stress, fear: EAR PLUGS
Easily heat stressed
 dyspnea, tail twitching, reluctance to move, muscle tremors,
rigidity, hyperthermia
Tapping on the back/ neck can show dominance before handling
Not athletic but fast
Aggression: sows with babies and boars with tusks
 Biting
 Barking
 Tusks
Animal-Human Contact




aware of your presence.
startled: injury to themselves
or others in the pen.
aware of your presence: voice.
learn to recognize voices,
especially if they are
associated with food
Swine Restraint (cont’d)

Herding
Difficult to do in open area
Boards
Blindfolding a pig causes it to walk
backward
Moving pigs



best moved in a metal (box
style) transport designed
for use with large animals.
Handheld wooden/ plastic
panels: “hurdles”/ pig
boards/ hog panels
remember pigs will move
away from walls toward
openings
Swine Restraint (cont’d)

Herding
Difficult to do in open area
Boards
Blindfolding a pig causes it to walk
backward
Flags and paddles
Forms of swine restraint:

Hog snare


Upper maxilla
Minor procedures (< 20-30 mins)





Injections, blood samples
Never use on piglets
Boars with tusks: loop behind tusks
Cyanosis: STOP
Vocalize
Commercial hog snare
Forms of swine restraint:




Snubbing rope
Casting rope
Leg hobbles
Piglet restraint

hog snare.
 side of the pig and
carefully loops the
snare over the upper
jaw just in front of
the cheek teeth or as
far back in mouth as
possible


snare is tightened: pig
resents this and will
resist by pulling back
against the snare.
This allows the handler
to brace against the pig
and hold it steady for
examination or sample
collection.
Snubbing rope
• Vocalization
• Lean back with
rope on
Rope
Effective in crated sows
V troughs


feeder pig: V trough.
Both hind legs are held by
an assistant and the
forelegs are pulled back to
allow access for blood
collection.



Piglets pile up in the
corner: capture one by
grabbing onto the hind
legs that are presented.
legs are thin and
somewhat easily
fractured;
catching them or tying
them by the legs must
be done carefully.
Piglet Restraint




By back legs
Gentle but firm
Do not chase or
catch by ears, front
legs, or tails
Squealing upsets
sows
V troughs


Procedures such as ear
notching and bleeding can
be done with the pig in this
position.
Note that pigs will squeal the
entire time they are
restrained in this fashion,
and all handlers should wear
ear protection as
demonstrated by the
individual performing the
blood collection.
Physiological Data

Temperature


Pulse rate


60 to 90 per minute; 200 to 280 per minute in newborns
Respiration rate


101º to 103.5º F
10 to 24 per minute; up to 50 in very young swine
Adult weight

Varies by breed
Weigh your pig first
HR
Herding panel
Pig medicine: chapter 23

Blood collection





Jugular vein / anterior vena cava
Cephalic Vein
Orbital Sinus
Tail Vein
IV injection


Auricular vein
Rubberband
Common Bleeding Ports
Orbital
venous
sinus
Facial Vein
Auricular
(ear) vein
External
Jugular Vein
Bleeding tools: Vacutainer
Maximum safe blood draw
Age & weight
Total blood
volume, mL
Maximum
draw, mL
Newborn, 3 lb
110
10
Nursery pig,
35 lb
1,280
120
Sow, 440 lb
16,000
1,600
Selected normal blood values:
Table 23-1
Measure
Blood volume
PCV%: 32 – 50 (42)
WBC count (x 106 / ul)
Seg. Neutrophils (%)
Bands: 0-2%
Lymphocytes (%)
Gamma globulin
Value
8%
11 – 22 (16)
28 - 47
39 - 62
25-30 mg/mL
Bleeding Trough for
Young Pigs
Venous Blood Sampling
(cont’d)
Venous Blood Sampling

Lateral auricular vein







<5 ml
After weaning age: 4-5 wks age, 25 lbs
Butterfly catheter
A 20-gauge × 1-in needle
Large adults 18- to 20-gauge × 1-in needle
Vacutainers are not recommended (collapse vein in small
animals)
Coccygeal vein

Infrequently used



Infusion sets are also
commercially available,
consisting of a tube
connected to a needle.
These 'butterfly needles'
must be fastened to the skin
using adhesive tape or a
louse.
Their great advantage is the
flexibility of the tubing.
These sets are available in a
variety of sizes, such as 19
and 21 gauge
Use for larger volumes of
solutions


Pigs cannot sweat and blood circulation through the ears is
important for temperature regulation. In a warm environment
the veins are more dilated and blood collection is facilitated.
When the vein has been punctured, the emerging blood can be
collected directly by capillary action into appropriate tubes. This
technique is suitable for measurement of haematocrit and
haemoglobin levels, and for making blood smears.
I.V. injections


It is possible to
undertake intravenous
injections using the ear
veins even on newborn
piglets.
The needle and ear are
fixed between the
operator's thumb and
forefinger. When this
has been done, the
assistant can stop
raising the vein and the
injection can begin

Intravenous injections
and solutions for fluid
therapy are most often
given in the lateral
auricular (ear) vein




This picture shows the
central ear vein (the
intermediate auricular vein)
on a young sow.
The animal has been given
azaperone as a sedative.
This compound has the
added advantage of causing
peripheral vasodilatation,
making the vein more readily
accessible.
A venous catheter equipped
with a stiletto (Braunule, 18
gauge) has been inserted
into the vein.
Rubber band on the ear
Bleeding sows

Large animals are
restrained standing
usually with long snare,
the head should be
raised slightly

Pigs weighing
between 20 and 50
kg can either be
held on their backs
in a 'trough' or
immobilized with a
snout rope
The external jugular vein



Most common for adult pigs
The animal must be held using
a snout rope and the neck must
be stretched well upwards. This
is best achieved if the pig
stands on all four legs.
The rope is placed behind the
canine teeth so that it does not
slip off so easily or move
rostrally towards the nasal
cartilage
Venous Blood Sampling
(cont’d)

Jugular vein: L phrenic nerve is parallel
to left jugular vein





Safer to access as not so deep but smaller
so may be hard to hit in small animals
Difficult to find
Piglets: 20-gauge × 1 1/2-in needle
Mature: 16-gauge × 3- to 3 1/2-in needle
Right jugular: Avoid phrenic nerve



The correct point of
venipuncture is illustrated in
this picture.
The needle should be
directed caudo-dorsally, in
this case perpendicular to
the skin.
The correct puncture site is
in the deepest point of the
jugular groove formed
between the medial
sternocephalic and lateral
brachiocephalic muscles



A vacuum tube has
been connected, and
the needle inserted in
its full length. This is
important, since these
needles are really
slightly too short for
large sows.
It is vital that the
needle holder is held
firmly if the operator
wishes to change
vacuum tubes
Perpendicular, and
dorsocaudal
Venous Blood Sampling
(cont’d)

Cranial vena cava: gives rise to both R and L jugular
vein







Useful for large blood volumes
Right side: Avoid phrenic nerve
Piglets: 20-gauge × 1 1/2-in needle
Small pigs up to 50 pounds: 18- to 20-gauge × 1 to 1 1/2-in
needle
Dorsal recumbency
Needle directed at opposite shoulder
Caution: R vagus nerve affect parasym. to the heart and R
phrenic nerve affect diaphragm
Cranial vena cava



Lies in the thoracic inlet
between the first pair of
ribs
Lateral to manubrium
R side: avoid damage to
the phrenic nerve.
Venipuncture of the cranial vena
cava in a small pig restrained in
dorsal recumbency
Cranial Vena Cava

If the needle hits a rib,
pull backward slightly
and try different angle .
Collecting blood from the cranial vena cava in
a standing pig. The needle is inserted at the
caudal extent of the right jugular furrow,
lateral to the manubrium
Venous Blood Sampling
(cont’d)

Orbital sinus (medial canthus of the eye)





Use 5 to 10 ml
Small pigs: Dorsal recumbency
Adults: Hog snare
Piglets: 20- to 20-gauge × 1-in needle
Larger pigs: 16- to 20-gauge × 1 1/2-in needle
Orbital Sinus (Medial Canthus of the Eye)
Collection of blood from the
medial canthus of the eye
Venipuncture of the left orbital
sinus. Note the firm manual
restraint of the head.
Cephalic vein




newborn piglets and
weanling animals
Not as common
small amounts of blood from
animals weighing less than
10-15 kg.
20-50 kg, it is possible, with
some training
Milk vein


The milk vein (the
subcutanous abdominal
vein) is easily visible
lateral to the teats on
smaller pigs.
For blood sampling a
vacuum tube and a 20
gauge needle is used.
The needle is inserted
where the vein is most
visible.
The tail vein




The medial caudal vein lies
in a groove under the tail,
next to the artery.
The operator raises the tail
with one hand and punctures
the vein with the other.
Vacuum tubes and 20 gauge
needles are used.
The puncture site is at the
first freely movable tail joint.
This is around the fifth tail
vertebra.
Oral Medication


Feed or water
Oral speculums
Injections
Giving injections
Subcutaneous Injection

Injections in small pigs (<50 lb)





Auxiliary area caudal to the elbow
Inguinal region in the flank skin fold
Nursery piglets: 16- to 18-gauge × 1/2-in needle
Use 1 to 2 ml
In larger pigs





Hog snare
Loose skin behind the base of the ear
Finishing hogs: 16-gauge × 3/4-in needle
Breeding stock: 14- to 16-gauge × 1-in needle
Up to 3 ml may be injected per site
Intramuscular Injection





Dorsal neck muscle behind the ears
Baby piglets: 18- to 20-gauge × 5/8- to 1/2-in needle
Nursery pigs: 16- or 18-gauge × 3/4- to 5/8-in needle
Finishing to breeding stock: 14- to 16-gauge × 1- to 1 1/2-in
needle
Do not exceed 2 ml in piglets or 3 ml in larger pigs
Intramuscular Injection IM


The prime cuts of pork
come from the hams,
loins, and shoulder
areas.
Therefore intramuscular
injections are preferably
given in the dorsal
neck muscle behind
the ears
Intramuscular Injection
(cont’d)
Euthanasia










Barbiturate IV injection
Carbon dioxide gas: The only chemical used for euthanasia that
does not leave tissue residues
IV potassium chloride (KCl) in conjunction with general
anesthesia; anesthesia must be induced first
Penetrating captive bolt
Inhalant anesthetic gases (overdose)
Carbon monoxide
Chloral hydrate IV after sedation
Gunshot
Electrocution: Applied to the head
Concussion (blow) to the head: Only suitable for animals
younger than 3 weeks of age; must be applied by trained
personnel in order to be humane
Necropsy – Why?
To improve the herd health
 To contribute to the herd health
program
 To identify causes of illness or death
so that

Effective treatments can be applied
 Preventative measures can be
implemented

Necropsy – What to look for








Skin condition
Swollen joints
Wounds or abscesses
Intestinal condition (fluid-filled, bloody, gas,
etc)
Lung condition (hemorrhage, non-functional
tissues, edema, etc.)
Liver condition (look for milk spots; indication
of a parasitic infection)
Condition of other organs (kidneys, spleen,
heart)
Snout condition (condition of the turbinates)
Necropsy – “normal”
Necropsy -- Tools
Scalpel
 Probes (spatula or equivalent)
 Saw (hack saw or equivalent)
 Water
 Mechanism to dispose of parts (plastic
bags)

References



http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/swine
/7080.html
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/an051
K Holtgrew-Bohling , Large Animal
Clinical Procedures for Veterinary
Technicians, 2nd Edition, Mosby, 2012,
ISBN: 97803223077323
References







http://www.thepigsite.com/video/single/41/
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/an051
http://www.aces.uiuc.edu/vista/html_pubs/pigs/pigs.htm
http://www.ncsu.edu/project/swine_extension/publication
s/factsheets/812s.htm
http://www.ansc.purdue.edu/swine/porkpage/repro/physi
ol/reppaper.htm
http://www.ansc.purdue.edu/swine/porkpage/repro/physi
ol/reppaper.htm
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/vet_accreditatio
n/nvap_modules/FIT/FIT/fit0085.htm