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Science 10 - Learning Guide 3 Note Package - Biology
Section 1.1: A Window on a New World
 Read pages 242-246
 Check and Reflect pg 246 1-8
Our understanding of the cell is due in part to developments in __________________________________________.
________________________
________________________
_________________________
History on the Microscope
Hans and Zacharias Janssen:
-
-
-
1
Robert Hooke
-
-
-



What is a CORK?
Cork is the name of the
________________________ of cells found inside
the __________________________________.
Cork cells are covered in a
________________________ that prevents water
loss from stems but also prevents the cork from
__________________________, so the living
contents die and disintegrate, leaving the empty cell
walls.
When Hooke observed cork cells, they were
_______________ because they had lost their
________________________ and all he was seeing
were the cell walls.
Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek
-
-
-
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Parts of a Microscope (page 478)
The magnification of a microscope can be found by multiplying the ocular magnification by the objective magnification.
___________________________ x __________________________ =_________________________
Example 1: A microscope has two lenses. Calculate the overall magnification for each microscope:
Ocular Lens
Objective Lens
Overall Magnification
10
20
10
30
15
15
Microscope Part
Function
Eyepiece or Ocular
Coarse adjustment knob
Fine adjustment knob
Revolving nosepiece
Objective lenses
Stage
Stage clips
Diaphragm or Iris
Lamp or Mirror
Arm
Body Tube
Base
How to Focus a Microscope
Ensure that the low power lens is in position. Watch from the side as you use the coarse adjustment knob to lower the
lens until it is as close as possible to the stage. Look through the eyepiece while using the coarse adjustment knob to
move the lens upward. You may now switch to medium power and use the fine adjustment knob to focus. Once
focused on medium you may switch to high power and, again, use only the fine adjustment knob to focus.
Calculating Field of View
What you see through your microscope is called the _______________________________.
If we were to take a ruler and measure the field of view on ___________ magnification, it’s only a few millimetres.
On _________________ and ____________ power, you couldn’t even use a ruler.
To determine the actual size of a specimen, you must measure it on low power and then convert to
________________.
ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
=
𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻 𝐹𝐷 𝐿𝑂𝑊 𝑀𝐴𝐺
=
𝐿𝑂𝑊 𝐹𝐷 𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻 𝑀𝐴𝐺
3
Example 2: What is the high power field diameter of a specimen with the given measurements?
Low power FD = 2.5 mm
Low power MAG = 40X
HP Mag = 1000X
1. Convert mm to µm
2. Use the formula to
find High power FD
Length Units
Convert between mm and µm.
3.7 mm = _______µm
____________ mm = 1000 µm
5 mm = _______µm
Example 3: Calculate the missing value for each field of view, to 3 sig digs if necessary.
High FD (µm)
Low FD (µm)
Low Mag
1000 µm
200 µm
250 µm
500 µm
High Mag
100X
300X
50X
500X
75X
4
Calculating Actual Size
The formula used to calculate actual size is:
Actual Size 
Field Diameter
Number of Objects that Fit Across
Example:
FD  100  m
# of objects = approx. 4 cells fit across
Actual Size =
Example 1: The Medium Power Field Diameter on a certain microscope is 1600 μm. An object’s length measures 1/3 of
the diameter of the field. Calculate the actual size of the object in μm.
Example 2: The Low Power Field Diameter in a certain microscope is 4000 μm. An organism stretches ½ of the way
across the field. Calculate the actual size of the organism.
Calculating Scale of Drawings
To calculate the scale of your drawings, use the formula:
scale 
size of drawing
actual size of specimen
Example 1: If the drawing of a specimen is 32 mm and the actual size of the specimen is 625 µm, what is the drawing
scale?
5
Example 2: Anne viewed an amoeba under the high power 40X objective lens on her microscope. She drew the
following picture of that amoeba:
Other important information includes:

Eyepiece lens = 5X

Low Power Objective = 4X

Low Power FD = 4.2 mm

Estimate of the number of times object fits across field of view
(high power) = 4.5
(a) Convert the lower power FD to µm.
(b) Find the total magnification (low power).
(c) Calculate the high power FD.
(d) Calculate the size of the object under high power.
(e) Measure the size of the drawing and convert to µm.
(f) Calculate the scale of Anne’s drawing.
6
Section 1.2 Cell Theory
 Read pages 247-252
 Check and Reflect pg 252 #1-5
In about 350 B.C, Aristotle came up with a theory that life forms from non-living matter. This theory of
spontaneous generation, or ____________________, was accepted for a long time.
“Evidence”
-
Francis Redi’s Experiment
Previous Belief: Maggots come from raw meat (this was challenged by Francis Redi)
Control of the Experiment:
Manipulated Variable:
Responding Variable:
-
Conclusion of Experiment: Maggots were found only in the jars that were
__________ and accessible to flies to lay eggs. The _________________ do not
come from the meat. Despite the evidence, the idea of spontaneous generation
continued to thrive.
John Needham’s Experiment
In 1745, Needham boiled chicken broth and then __________ the jars and
microbes still appeared. Boiling should have killed the microbes. Lazzaro
Spallanzani, an Italian scientist, ______________ the air from the jars. He
suggested that there were still microbes in the air trapped in the jars with the
broth. The result was___________________. Critics suggested that all
Spallanzani had shown was that ________ was needed for spontaneous
generation to occur.
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Louis Pasteur
-In 1864, Pasteur used the work of Needham and Spallanzani to
come up with an experiment to prove or disprove spontaneous
generation.
-Before boiling meat broth in a flask, Pasteur __________ the neck
of the flask and bent it into an __________ shape (swan-neck flask),
as shown.
-He predicted that air could reach the broth, but micro-organisms
and other particles would get _______________ in the S-bend.
Result: Nothing grew in this broth, but if the flask were __________
so that the broth reached the S-bend in the neck, ______________
would later appear.
- Pasteur provided strong evidence that spontaneous generation did not occur, but also that microorganisms are found in the air.
Formation of Cell Theory
Robert Hooke (1665): Derives the term “cells” from holes in cork.
Robert Brown (1833): Was first to recognize the nucleus as an important structure. He noticed an
opaque granular spot in his study of orchids.
M.J Schleiden (1838): Suggested all plants are not only made up of cells, but that the nucleus is
responsible for developing the remainder of the cell.
Theodor Schwann (1838): Finds nuclei and other cell parts in animal cells
Schwann and Schleiden (1839): All living things are made up of cells and the cell is the
basic unit of all organisms.
Rudolf Virchow (1859): Extended the cell theory - all cells arise only from pre-existing cells.
Main Points of Cell Theory
 All living things are made up of one or more __________________
 All life ________________ take place in the cell
 All cells come from __________________________ cells
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Section 1.3 and 1.4: Development in Imaging Technology & Staining Techniques and Cell
Research at the Molecular level
 Read pages 253-264
 Check and Reflect pg 260 #1-3
 Check and Reflect pg 264 #1-6
Seeing Small Objects
Magnification – how many times ________________ something appears.
Example: 1 mm will appear the size of _____________ under ___________x magnification.
Resolution – the ability to distinguish between two objects that are ______________________. (a.k.a
resolving power)
Contrast – is the ability to distinguish between two objects due
to their ability or inability to _____________________.
Staining – is the most common way to increase
_______________. Problem: it normally kills the organism.
Stains ______________ to specific substances.
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Fluorescence – attach fluorescent substance with an ___________________
and allow the ________________ to bind with cell. Now the cell
________________.
Confocal Microscope
Uses __________ to focus light and construct images of the specimen at different levels. Computer
reconstructs the image into a _____ image. “Stitches the images together”.
Electron Microscope

Uses beam of _______________ instead of light. Allows
you to see smaller objects.

TEM – Transmission Electron Microscope: Electrons are
shot through ________________________ of the specimen.
(Provides 2-D images)

Magnification of
1 500 000X and a resolution
of 2.5 µm compared to
2000X magnification and 0.2
µm for the light microscope.
(100x improvement)
SEM – Scanning Electron Microscope
In SEM, electrons are
___________________ off the surface of
the specimen to get a __________ picture
of the outside of the specimen.
10
Molecular Level Cell Research
Gene Mapping – we can learn about the _________________________ of genes by breaking down
____________ and examining their nuclear contents (specifically DNA)
 By altering genes, we can _________________ organisms with the desired traits we want (very useful
in farming)
 Cells are in an ________________ system because they must interact with their
_________________to survive’ “cell-to-cell communication”

X-Ray Crystallography helps scientists
understand ___________________ structures
based on X-Ray scattering. Helped construct
DNA’s double helix.
Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) Technology
The use of GFP is allowing scientists to compare ___________________ in living cells of healthy tissue and in
tissue that is affected by diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. In time, this information may lead to
effective methods of treatment.
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Section 2.1: The Cell as an Efficient, Open System
 Read pages 267-273
 Check and Reflect pg 273 #1-7
The cell is an _______________________- matter and energy are exchanged with the
____________________- interaction with the surroundings is crucial to provide needed materials, produce
what is required, and ship out any excess.
The components of the cell are called___________________, meaning little organs, and the functioning of
these structures maintains the life processes of the cell.
Cell Structures and Their Functions (page 267)
Structure
Function
Analogy
Cell Membrane
Barrier that allows certain materials in
& out of the cell
Nucleus
 control center of cell; contains
DNA.
 Nuclear Envelope/Membrane:
surrounds nucleus, has pores to
allow for transport of materials
 Nucleolus: Structure found within
the nucleus. Site of ribosome
formation.
 Nucleoplasm: similar to cytoplasm;
viscous liquid found in nucleus.
Cytoplasm
Gel-like substance that holds other
structures in place, but allows for
movement called cytoplasmic
streaming.
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Cell Wall
Centrioles
Chloroplasts
Vacuoles/Vessicles
Rigid frame that provides structure
and support to plant cells
Involved in cell division; in animal cells
only
Found only in plants and some
protists (does not belong to plant,
fungi or animal group). Sites for
photosynthesis; uses solar energy to
produce glucose
Bound by a membrane; are sites for
the storage of nutrients, fats and
water.
In plants, when fluids enter, the
central vacuole swells, increasing the
turgor pressure and causing the cell to
become firm or turgid.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Tubes branching from nuclear
envelope surround nucleus.
Rough ER: has ribosomes attached,
and is associated with protein
synthesis.
Smooth ER: associated with oil and fat
production.
Ribosomes
Found free-floating or attached to
rough ER; sites of protein synthesis
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Lysosomes
Sites for digestion within the cell;
defend against bacteria; destroy
damaged cells
Golgi Apparatus
Flat disc shaped sacs involved in
transporting substances from the ER
out of cell.
Mitochondria
Power house of the cell; rod like
structures that are the site of cellular
respiration (converts glucose into
energy)
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The Animal Cell
The Plant Cell
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Cell Composition
The major elements making up the structure of plant and animal cells are
1. ____________________________
2. ____________________________
3. ____________________________
4. ____________________________
These are organized into four main organic compounds:
1. _________________________________
2. __________________________________
3. __________________________________
4. __________________________________
Water is the other major compound found in all plant and animal cells. Many other substances are dissolved in water,
so we say that water is the ________________ that provides the environment for all biological reactions inside and
outside cells.
In addition, there are substances called _______________ elements present in tiny amounts that are essential for the
health of the cell.
1. _________________________________
2. __________________________________
3. __________________________________
4. __________________________________
Comparing Plant & Animal Cells
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Cell Equilibrium
The __________________________ (also called plasma membrane) keeps _______________ in the cell by allowing
some substances to enter and keeping some substances out of the cell.
The cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins
suspended within it. The two layers are:
1. ______________________________________
2. ______________________________________
The currently accepted structure of the cell membrane is sometimes referred to as the fluid- mosaic model.
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Section 2.2: The Role of the Cell Membrane in Transport
 Read pages 274-283
 Check and Reflect pg 283
The Particle Model of Matter
There are four main points of the Particle Model
of Matter:
1. All matter is made of particles but the
particles in different substances may be
different in __________ and
______________________.
2. The particles of matter are constantly
__________________ or
___________________; particles move
least in ___________ and most in
_____________. Adding or taking away
energy will affect the
____________________ of particles.
3. The particles of matter are
_______________________ to one another or are ___________________ together.
4. Particles have spaces between them that are smallest in _________________, except for ice, and greatest in
gases. These spaces may be occupied by particles of other _______________________.
Diffusion
Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of
___________ concentration to an area of __________
concentration - until __________________ is reached.
The rate of diffusion can be increased by adding _____________
and increasing _____________________ movement. (Stirring
and/or heating)
Diffusion can be the movement of _______________ or solutes.
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Concentration Gradient
Semi-permeable membrane – Controls what enters and exits cells (aka selectively-permeable membrane). Permeable
means "_____________________________"
Diffusion of water or solutes can occur across a cell membrane if there is a difference between the concentrations of
water or solutes on either side of the membrane.
This difference between the concentrations is called a concentration gradient.
The concentration gradient determines the ______________________ in which water or solutes will move. [High] to
[Low]. In the cell, the cell membrane is the gatekeeper trying to maintain _______________of particles on either side.
Generally, the passage of materials through the cell membrane is determined by:
1. the size of the _______________
2. their ______________
3. whether they are soluble in ___________ (fats and oils)
Particles that are too large will not get through. Only particles that are soluble in lipids or that are small enough to
pass through the pores of the cell membrane will diffuse.
Types of Passive Transport
Passive transport is the movement of particles along the concentration gradient (from high concentration to low
concentration) without___________________________.
Three types of Passive Transport are:
1. __________________
2. __________________
3. __________________
Osmosis
Osmosis is _______________ movement from [high] to [low] across a semi-permeable membrane.
If there is a concentration gradient
across the cell membrane but the
solute molecules are not able to pass
through, there will be a net
movement of water molecules
through the cell membrane.
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Facilitated Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion is when water-soluble substances are transported across the semi-permeable membrane with
the use of _____________________ or ____________________ proteins.
Channel Proteins create ____________ or channels through
which small water-soluble particles are able to move (along
concentration gradient)
Carrier proteins have the ability to attach to
____________________________ that are not able to
diffuse across the membrane. The carrier protein changes
shape and physically moves the molecule across the
membrane and into the cell.
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Concentration Differences
The solutions that cells are placed in can be categorized into 3 types depending on the concentration of solute in the
solution compared to the cell:
1. Isotonic
The solution surrounding the cell contains an
____________ amount of solute as inside the
cell
Result: water equally enters and leaves the cell
2. Hypotonic
The solution surrounding the cell contains
___________ solute than inside the cell.
(If there is low solute, the water concentration
is high)
Result: water moves into cell
3. Hypertonic
The solution surrounding the cell contains
___________ solute than inside the cell.
(If there is high solute, the water concentration
is low)
Result: water moves out of cell
21
Active Transport
Unlike passive transport, active transport requires
__________________ because it moves particles against the
concentration gradient (low to high).
Energy required is in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
In some cases, molecules that are taken in by cells or secreted are too large to pass through a cell membrane. In these
cases, the cell uses vessicle sacs.
Both exocytosis and endocytosis require energy from ATP for the rearrangement of the cell membrane.
Special Types of Endocytosis:
See Research Box on Textbook p. 281
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Conclusion
There are 3 structures that aid in transporting materials across a cell membrane:
1. Lipids (passive transport):
2. Protein Channels and Protein Carriers (passive transport):
3. Vessicles (active transport):
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Section 2.3: Applications of Cellular Transport in Industry and in Medicine
 Read pages 284-288
 Check and Reflect pg 288 #1-6
Knowledge about the cell membrane has prompted industrial use of synthetics to mimic natural functions. This area
of research and development is known as membrane technologies.
Surface Proteins
Recognition proteins - are found attached, but “_____________________” of the cell surface
and allow cells to recognize each other (like a nametag!)
Ex. Red Blood cells can have “A” nametags OR “B” nametags. Some people have both types
of RBCs (Type AB blood) and some people have no nametags on their RBCs (Type O blood)
Receptor Proteins
Receptor Proteins - bind with specific substances to engulf them into the cell by _________________.
-While this is necessary for cell survival, cells can also be harmed by this in cases like HIV or other viruses
-Scientists are trying to "lock out" viruses from entering cells
Scientists are working to produce a ________________________scenario that would
prevent the virus getting into the cell. The process would work to block or close off
the receptor protein so that the “key” produced by the virus would not work—the
virus would essentially be locked out. Imagine covering the keyhole of a padlock with
cement so that even if you had the right key for the lock, you would be unable to use
it.
Being able to turn the virus away in this manner would mean that it would not be
necessary to deluge the body with ____________ that could affect healthy cells as
well as infected ones. The disease could be stopped before it takes hold.
23
Synthetic Membrane Technology
Liposomes are fluid-filled sacs with an outer phospholipid bilayer, manufactured to act like the
_____________________ in human cells.
 Inside can hold _________________ -soluble
medications while the membrane layer is able to hold
_______-soluble medications.
 The tiny sacs can be introduced into the bloodstream
and circulate throughout the body. The liposomes can
_____________ to infected cells and deliver the
medication.
The use of liposomes in gene therapy to inject DNA into tumour cells is another application of liposomes that is
actively being researched. The DNA is contained inside the liposome. A molecule on the liposome surface fits on to
certain cancer cells to recognize and target the correct cells. In this way, the DNA can be introduced into the tumour
cells, and begin the production of toxins to kill the cell. However, more research is required to ensure that healthy
cells are not also susceptible to the gene- or drug-carrying liposomes.
Insulin
Insulin is a hormone protein produced in the________________. When our bodies detect ____________ blood sugar
(following meals), insulin is excreted into the blood, it then binds to _________________ proteins, initiating facilitated
diffusion of glucose into the cells for use as energy or stored for future use.
24
Dialysis
Properly functioning kidneys remove ______________ and _______________ from the blood through the formation
of urine.
People who have kidney problems need to undergo dialysis to rid the blood of toxins, wastes, and excess fluid.
Dialysis is based on diffusion, osmosis and concentration gradients.
Peritoneal Dialysis
In humans, cells form a membrane called the __________________, which lines the abdominal cavity.
A soft plastic tube (___________) is surgically inserted into the
abdominal cavity. The sterile dialysate fluid is pumped into the
cavity.
Wastes/toxins from the blood diffuse across the membrane into
the dialysate solution in the abdominal cavity from high in the
blood to low concentration in the dialysate solution
As the cleansing fluid becomes saturated or full of wastes, it is
removed from the body, disposed of, and replaced with fresh
dialysate until the entire exchange process is complete.
Hemodialysis
Treatment for kidney failure where blood runs through a
dialysis machine to remove toxic wastes, and then is returned
to the body.
Reverse Osmosis
Desalination is the process of removing ______________ from water
(typically to make it potable)
Reverse Osmosis moves water through semi-permeable membranes
against its concentration gradient.
The water moves from a low water concentration (high
concentration of solute) to a high water concentration (low
concentration of solute) and therefore requires the force of pressure
of a _____________.
25
Section 2.4: Cell Size Significance (Is Bigger Better?)
 Read pages 289-293
 Check and Reflect pg 293
 Section 2.0 Review pg 294-295
Surface Area to Volume Ratio
Why are cells always so small no matter what they do or where they are located?
Cells are roughly cube like in shape and as the cell grows in size, the Surface Area: Volume Ratio gets smaller.
Cell  , then SurfaceArea:Volume 
Example: Find the surface area to volume ratio for each cell.
How Cell Size Relates to Efficiency
Surface Area determines how much material can come in and how much can leave. Materials come via diffusion
across the membrane. (Cells want lots of this)
Volume is representative of how much food and necessary gases are needed and the amount of waste solids and
gases that the cell needs to get rid of.
Large Cells




Large Surface Area
Large Volume
Small Surface Area to Volume Ratio --> not as efficient
Takes longer for transport/diffusion of materials
26
Section 3.1: Cells, Tissues, and Systems
Read pages 296-302
Check and Reflect pg. 302 #1-4, 7
In all living systems, co-operation ensures that needs are met, that all cells:
 _________________________________________________
 _________________________________________________
 _________________________________________________
 _________________________________________________



Unicellular Organisms
_______________________________________
___________________________
_______________________________________
___________________________
_______________________________________
___________________________



Multicellular Organisms
__________________________________________
__________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________
Plant Organization (from lowest to highest level)


Smallest/Most Basic Unit of Life


Largest/Most Complex Structure Within a Plant
Plant Organ Systems
Two organ systems in plants:
1. The Shoot System
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
2. The Root System
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
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Plant Growth
Plant cells divide for new growth and to repair damage. This cell division is called ____________________.
One cell Divides into Two Identical Cells
Cell division occurs in growth areas called meristems. Different meristems produce
______________________ and __________________.
Plant materials that provide support and strength are _______________________, and
____________________.
1. Dermal Tissue
- covers all herbaceous plants (nonwoody)
- 1 cell thick
- Produces a cuticle: a waxy
covering to protect the plant from
water loss and insect attack
- The dermal tissue of the shoot
system organs, the leaves and stem,
is primarily involved in gas exchange
of carbon dioxide and oxygen
- Dermal tissue of the root system
organs is responsible for the uptake
of water and mineral salts from the
soil.
Plant Tissue
2. Ground Tissue
- layer beneath the epidermis that
makes up majority of the plant
- provides strength and support, in
the roots
- responsible for food and water
storage, in the leaves
2 types:
Palisade mesophyll
photosynthesis occurs in this layer
Spongy mesophyll
loosely packed to allow gas exchange
within the tissue
3. Vascular Tissue
- responsible for the transportation
of materials
Xylem: moves water and dissolved
minerals from roots to leaves
Phloem: transports sugars from
leaves to other parts of the plant
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More About Vascular Tissue
Xylem Tissue:
- transports water & nutrients for photosynthesis
- made of long individual cells which grow holes at
each end and fuse together like a straw
- when these cells die they leave a
_____________________________
Cohesion vs. Adhesion
- Cohesion is the attraction of water molecules to each other
- Adhesion is the attraction of water molecules to the molecules of other
substances
Phloem Tissue:
- formed with long individual sieve tube
cells
- perforated ends and sides to allow
transfer of nutrients by osmosis
Cambium: a single layer of cells in the tree’s trunk that produces the new wood and bark
Specialization in Plant Cells
1. Root Hairs: Root hairs grow on _____________. They are
responsible for _______________________________________.
They help to maximize _____________________.
2. Cuticle Layer: Dermal cells produce a cuticle to protect plants
from ____________________ and ___________________.
3. Presence of Stomata: Guard cells form tiny pores called
stomata on the underside of plant leaves. Guard cells change
_____________ and are involved in gas exchange.
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Section 3.2: The Leaf and Photosynthesis
Read pg. 303-308
Check and Reflect pg. 308 #1-3, 5, 7
Photosynthesis
The leaf is a collection of tissues working together to carry out photosynthesis.
Means to put together with ____________.
o
The reactants of photosynthesis are: _________________ & _________________.
o
The products of photosynthesis are: _________________ & _________________.
o Photosynthesis occurs in the
_________________________, where a green pigment
called _____________________ absorbs light energy and
produces __________________________________.
o Chloroplasts are suspended in the
______________________. The movement of
Chloroplasts within the cell is called
___________________________________.
o Two other pigments can absorb light energy (other than
______________)
1. ___________________ (Yellow)
2. ___________________ (Reds and oranges)
Cellular Respiration occurs in the ___________________ & __________________. The glucose bonds are broken and
release energy.
The reactants of cellular respiration are _______________ & _______________.
The products of cellular respiration are _______________ & _______________.
The processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are known as the combined processes of
__________________________________________.
What is an easy way to measure photosynthesis?
30
Section 3.3: The Leaf Tissues and Gas Exchange
Read pg. 309-314
Check and Reflect pg. 314 #1-5, 9, 12b
Dermal Tissue
o Gas exchange occurs with the ______________.
o ______________________ open to allow for efficient gas
exchange.
o Movement of gas depends on its
__________________________________________.
Open Guard Cells: Swell because of _______________ &
_________________ moving into the cells and causing the cell to
_____________________________.
Closed Guard Cells: __________________ &
____________________ exit the cell, causing the guard cell to go
______________.
o All plants need water because
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Thin film of water causes plants to lose water vapor, which is called transpiration.
Explain how Stomata are sensitive to environmental conditions:
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Ground Tissue
Between the upper and lower epidermis, there is a ground tissue called mesophyll.
1. Palisade Tissue Cells
2. Spongy Mesophyll Tissue
 Found below upper epidermis
 Between palisade tissue cells and lower
epidermis
 Long rigid, rectangular cells tightly packed
together (maximizes number of cells in contact
 Loosely packed with space in between (gas
with sun)
exchange)
 Responsible for ___________________.
Vascular Tissue
_______________________&_________________________ are the transportation system in plants.
They bunch together like a bundle of straws to form a __________________
_____________________.
Gas Exchange




Occurs by ____________________.
___________________ increase gas movement.
Loose _____________________________ maximizes
diffusion.
Gas exchange also occurs in trees through natural
slashes and blisters called ___________________.
32
Section 3.4: Transport in Plants
Read pg. 315-322
Check and Reflect pg. 322, #1,2,4,7,9
Cohesion and Adhesion
Plants act as ______________ to pump water from the roots to the leaves. Water has certain properties, which help
plants use water efficiently.
Cohesion: water molecules are __________________ to each
other.
Water is a polar molecule where a positive charge is attracted to a
negative charge on another water molecule.
Adhesion: water molecules “stick” to other substances.
In a plant, the water molecules would adhere to walls of the xylem.
Capillary Action
Capillary action is the ability of a liquid to cling to the surface of a solid, causing the water to move along that solid.
Root Pressure: Plants actively transport minerals into the root cells. As a result, the
root becomes _____________________ to its surrounding (High [
], low [
]) so… water moves into the root creating ____________________________.



Transpiration Pull
The evaporation of water through stomata
and lenticels creates a tension or
transpiration pull.
This pull is primarily responsible for bringing
water from the xylem into the ground tissue.
Transpiration depends on temperature. High
temperatures increase transpiration. Wind
can also increase transpiration.
33
Tonicity in Plants
What happens when you put a plant cell in salt water?
Movement of Sugar in Plants
Source
___________ is produced in the
_________________.
Pressure flow Theory: the movement in and
out of the phloem
Sink
______________ must move in the plant to a
place where it will be ____________ or
_______________.
There is a low [
] in the sink,
which drives the flow of sugar from the
source to the sink
34
Section 3.5: Control Systems
Read pg. 323-329
Check and Reflect pg. 328, #1-6
As humans, we respond to _______________ in our environment.
A stimulus is a change in the environment which creates a _____________________ within an organism.
Phototropism: Response to Light
Positive Phototropism
Negative Phototropism
Gravitropism: Response to gravity
Positive Gravitropism
Negative Gravitropism
Tropisms are important ____________________________________, which guide a plant reaction to certain stimuli
Phototropism Experiments
Darwin
Boysen-Jensen
Went
35