Download body systems - Havelock High School Health Occupations

BODY SYSTEMS
BODY TISSUES AND
MEMBRANES
TISSUES
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Cell are grouped according to their
similarities; groups are called tissues
4 types of tissues:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
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Protects the body by covering internal and
external surfaces
Absorbs nutrients in the lining of the small
intestine
Makes up all glands
Excretes sweat
Named according to it’s structure
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
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Covering and lining tissue
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Squamous epithelial cells: flat, irregularly shaped
Cuboidal epithelial cells: cube-shaped cells
Columnar epithelial cells: elongated, with the nucleus
near the bottom and ciliated on the outer surface
Glandular or secretory tissue
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Endocrine gland cells: secrete hormones directly into
the bloodstream
Exocrine gland cells: secrete their substances into
ducts
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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Connects organs and tissue
Allows for movement and provides support
for other types of tissue
Classified into 3 subgroups
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Loose connective tissue
Dense connective tissue
Specialized connective tissue
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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Loose
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Dense
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Adipose tissue: specialized for the storage of fat
Areolar tissue: supports both nerve cells and blood vessels
which transport nutrients and waste
Ligaments: strong, flexible bands which hold bones firmly
together at the joints
Tendons: white, glistening bands attaching skeletal
muscles to the bones
Cartilage: provides firm but flexible support for the
embryonic skeleton and part of the adult skeleton
Specialized
MUSCLE TISSUE
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Contains cell material which has the ability to
contract and move the body
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Cardiac muscle: contract and enable the heart to
pump blood throughout and out of the heart
Skeletal muscle: attached to the movable parts of
the skeleton; capable of rapid, powerful
contractions and long states of partially sustained
contractions, allowing for voluntary movement
Smooth muscle: provide for involuntary
movement
NERVOUS TISSUE
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Contains cells that react to stimuli and
conduct an impulse
Controls and coordinates body activities,
controls our emotions, and allows us to learn
through the memory process
Includes the special senses of sight, taste,
touch, smell, and hearing needs
TISSUE CELLS
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Epithelial cells that cover the body’s external
and internal surfaces have a typical shape
(either columnar, cubical, or platelike); allows
the cells to fit together smoothly in order to
line and protect the bodily surface
Muscle cells are long and spindlelike so they
can contract
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PAUSE NOW TO READ TABLE 4-1 pgs. 5660
MEMBRANES
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Formed by putting 2 thin layers of tissue
together.
The cells in the membrane may secrete a
fluid
Classified as epithelial or connective
EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES
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Classified as either mucous or serous
membranes, depending on the type of
secretions produced
Look at Figure 4-1 pg 61
MUCOUS MEMBRANES
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Line surfaces and spaces that lead to the
outside of the body
Line the respiratory, digestive, reproductive,
and urinary systems
Produces mucous which lubricates and
protects the lining
Mucosa is a term for specific mucous
membranes
MUCOSA
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Respiratory mucosa: lines the respiratory
passages
Gastric mucosa: lines the stomach
Intestinal mucosa: lines the small and large
intestines
SEROUS MEMBRANES
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Double-walled membrane that produces a watery
fluid that lies closed body cavities
Fluid is called serous fluid; allows the organs within
to move freely and prevents friction
Parietal membrane: outer part of the membrane that
lines the cavity
Visceral membrane: part that covers the organs
within
Serosa: term for specific serous membranes (all
begin with the letter “p”)
SEROSA
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Pleural membrane: lines the thoracic or chest
cavity and protects the lungs; fluid is pleural
fluid
Pericardial membrane: lines the heart cavity
and protects the heart; fluid is pericardial
fluid
Peritoneal membrane: lines the abdominal
cavity and protects the abdominal organs;
fluid is peritoneal fluid
CONNECTIVE MEMBRANES
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Consist of 2 layers of connective tissue
Synovial membrane lines the joint cavities
and secrete synovial fluid which prevents
friction inside the joint cavity
ORGANS
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Structure of several types of tissues grouped
together to perform a single function
Organelles: cell structures that help a cell
with its special function or capacity (pg 34)
For example: stomach is an organ that
consists of highly specialized vascular,
connective, epithelial, muscular, and nerve
tissues. All function together to enable the
stomach to digest and absorb
ORGANS continued
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Organs do not function separately
They coordinate their activities to form a
complete, functional organism.
Organ system: a group of organs that act
together to perform a specific, related
function
ORGAN SYSTEMS
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Example:
Digestive system has the special function of
processing solid food into liquid for
absorption into the bloodstream
System includes: mouth, salivary glands,
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver,
pancreas, gall bladder, and large intestine
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LOOK AT FIGURE 4-2 pg 63
ORGAN SYSTEMS
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The human body has 10 (pg 64, Table 4-2)
Each is highly specialized to perform a
specific function
Together they coordinate their functions to
form a whole, live, functioning organism…US
1. SKELETAL
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Gives shape to the body
Protects delicate parts of the body
Provides space for attaching muscles
Instrumental in forming blood. WHY?
Stores minerals (i.e. calcium)
Organs: skull, spinal column, ribs and
sternum, shoulder girdle, upper and lower
extremities, pelvic girdle
MUSCULAR
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Determines posture
Produces body heat
Provides for movement
Organs: striated voluntary muscles, skeletal
striated involuntary muscles, cardiac smooth
muscles, nonstriated
DIGESTIVE
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Prepares food for absorption and use by
body cells through modification of chemical
and physical states
Organs: mouth (salivary glands, teeth,
tongue), pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
RESPIRATORY
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Acquires oxygen
Rids body of carbon dioxide
Organs: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, lungs
CIRCULATORY
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Carries oxygen and nourishment to cells of
the body
Carries waste from cells
Provides body defense. HOW?
Organs: heart, arteries, veins, capillaries,
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen
EXCRETORY
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Removes waste products of metabolism from
the body
Organs: skin, lungs, kidneys, bladder,
ureters, urethra
NERVOUS
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Communicates
Controls body activity
Coordinates body activity
Organs: brain, nerves, spinal cord, ganglia
ENDOCRINE
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Manufactures hormones to regulate organ
activity
Organs: glands (ductless): pituitary, thyroid,
parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal, gonads
(ovaries and testes)
REPRODUCTIVE
Reproduces human beings
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Male organs:
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Testes
Scrotum
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicles
Ejaculatory duct
Prostate gland
Cowper’s gland
Penis
Urethra
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Female organs:
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Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Bartholin’s gland
External genitals (vulva)
Breasts (mammary glands)
INTEGUMENTARY
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Helps regulate body temperature
Establishes a barrier between the body and
environment
Eliminates waste
Synthesizes vitamin D
Contains receptors for temperature, pressure, and pain
Organs: epidermis, dermis, sweat glands, oil glands