Download History 10A Final Identification terms Economic Expansion, 900

History 10A Final
Identification terms
Economic Expansion, 900-1200: Economic revival. Rise of new urban settlements
(guilds, communes, cathedral towns).
The investiture controversy: conflict between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV
caused a major civil war in Germany and a great upheaval in the distribution of power
across western Europe. Began over the appointment of the archbishop of Milan. Henry
ordered Gregory to step down; Gregory excommunicated Henry and orders the people to
rebel against Henry.
William the Conqueror: William the Duke of Normandy attempts to usurp the throne of
England after the death of Edward the confessor. Appealed to the pope and received the
symbol of God’s approval.
Courtly Love: historians and literary critics used to use the term courtly love to
emphasize one of the themes of courtly literature; overwhelming love for a beautiful
married noblewomen who is far above the poet in status and utterly unattainable.
Mendicant Orders: religious orders who depend directly upon charity for their livelihood
Heretical movements: Popular heretical movements included the Waldensians; devoted to
poverty and preaching, as well as the Albigensians (Cathars) who were more influenced
by eastern, mythical religions
Universities: Schools had been connected to monasteries and cathedrals since the
Carolingian period. New recruits were trained to be either monks or priests. Some
became more specialized than overs. Wandering scholars taught as well. Students sought
the seven liberal arts: grammar, rhetoric, and logic belonged to the beginning arts (the
trivium). Arithmetic, geometry, music (theory), and astronomy comprised the second part
(the quadrivium).
St. Thomas Aquinas: perhaps the most famous scholastic. In Thomas’ view, God nature
and reason were in harmony. “Certain things that are true about God wholly surpass the
capability of human reason.”
Scholasticism: A method of critical thought, which dominated medieval schools. It
originated as an outgrowth and departure from Christian monastic schools. Believed that
knowledge obtained through the senses and reason was compatible with the knowledge
derived from faith and revelation, and sought to demonstrate this harmony through their
teachings.
Eleanor of Aquitaine: One of the wealthiest and most powerful women in Western
Europe during the High Middle Ages. She was duchess of Aquitaine, as well as queen
consort of France and of England.
Philip IV and Boniface VIII: Marked the weakening of the papacy and signaled the
turning point when royal power trumped papal power.
The Babylonian Captivity: In 1309, the papacy is forced out of Rome by civil strife. The
papacy is relocated to Avignon. Europeans who were ashamed that the papacy was so far
from Rome call this time period the Babylonian captivity.
The Great Schism: the medieval division of Chalcedonian Christianity in Eastern (Greek)
and Western (Latin) branches, which later became the Greek Orthodox Church and the
Catholic Church respectively. Many popes
The Black Death: The Black Death traveled westward to decimate Europe. Probably
traveled by flees on the backs of rats, it hitched boat rides with goods. Poor living
conditions magnified the problem.
The Hundred Years War: War between France and Britain. The war can be divided into
two phases. The British experienced victory in the first phase of the war. However, the
second phase saw a reversal in fortune, and the French were able to oust the English at
the major battle of Formigny.
Joan of Arc: 16-year-old peasant girl who presented herself as the heaven-sent savior of
France. Inspired by visions in which God told her to lead the war against the French. She
fought courageously at the battle of Orleans
Multiple Choice Terms
10th century growth of Towns: improvements in agriculture and revival in trade spurred a
growth in population, and ultimately the growth of towns outside of cities
Trade revival: the fundamental unit of organization was the guild. The manufacture of
products often required several guilds to work together. Highly organized, though not
mechanized. Beginnings of modern capitalism.
Guilds: the fundamental unit of organization during the middle ages. Controlled product
quality and cost, and outlines member’s responsibilities.
Henry IV and Gregory VII: The investiture conflict between Emperor Henry and Pope
Gregory. Henry asks Gregory to step down, and Gregory retaliates by excommunicating
Henry and ordering his people to rebel against him.
The concordat of Worms: the resolution to the investiture conflict ended the fighting with
a compromise. Separated and distinguished church from state.
The Normon Conquest: the invasion and occupation of England by and army of Normans
and French led by Duke William II of Normandy. William defeated King Harold II of
England at the Battle of Hastings, and was crowned king of England on Christmas Day.
Henry II of England: Died at the Battle of Hastings. Ended civil war and
extended/strengthened the institutions of English government
John and Magna Carta: “The Great Charter”; the charter of baronial liberties that King
John was forced to agree to in 1215. It implied that royal power was subject to custom
and law
The Capetians – Louis VII and Phillip Augustus: 1180 the crown passed from the
Capetian King Louis VII to his fourteen-year-old son, Philip Augustus. Philip’s army had
many major victories and took control of territory held by John. Philip instituted new
administrative practices rub by officials who kept written files.
The Battle of Bouvines: John’s defeat at the battle of Bouvine in 1214 despite his heavy
investment into the war effort. John was then forced to sign the Magna Carta.
Urban II at Clermont: Pope Urban II’s call to arms to take back the holy land. He offered
all who made the holy trek and indulgence. Responsible for calling the first crusade in
1095
The First Crusade and the Crusader States: The massive armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem
that lasted from 1096 to 1099. It resulted in the massacre of Jews in the Rhineland, and
sack of Jerusalem and the setting up of crusader states. The leaders of the expedition did
not give up the conquered territories – kept them instead.
The Third Crusade: Led by the greatest rulers of Europe; Emperor Frederick I
(Barbarossa), Philip II of France, Leopold of Austria, and Richard I of England. The third
crusade accomplished little and exacerbated tensions with Byzantium.
Richard the Lionhearted and Saladin: Known as the lionhearted for his boldness. Was
taken ransom during the third crusade – died defending his possessions at a young age.
Saladin was the successor of the Muslim hero of the Second crusade Nud al-Din. Saladin
took Jerusalem, and the third crusade marked an unsuccessful attempt to retake the holy
land from Saladin.
Innocent III and the Fourth Crusade: Prejudice and religious zeal led crusaders to change
their plans and capture Constantinople rather than Jerusalem. Innocent III was the most
powerful, respected, and prestigious of medieval popes. The Fourth Lateran Council
attempted to regulate all aspects of Christian life through comprehensive legislation.
The Reconquista of Spain: the Spanish Reconquista continued with increasing success
and virulence, new wars of conquest were waged at the northern edge of Europe, and a
crusade was launched against the Albigensians living in Europe itself. Muslim disunity
aided to the decisive defeat the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. However, all of Spain
came under Christian control in 1492
Las Navas de Tolosa: the site of the decisive defeat the Muslims in Spain. In 1212 a
crusading army of Spaniards led by the kings of Aragon and Castile defeated the Muslim
armies, claiming that 100,000 enemies fell, and only about 30 of their soldiers fell.
Miracle?
The Three Medieval Orders: Those who Pray, Fight and Work:
Those Who Pray: bishops, priests, monks, cluny, cristercians, Carthusians
Those who Fight: Rise of regional lords. Two tiered: territorial lords and lesser
knights. Military aristocracy. Chivalry – code of conduct
Those who Work: Medieval peasants and serfs. Peasants bound to land by lords.
Cluny: A Benedictine monastery in France. The Duke and Dutchess of Aquitane founded
Cluny and endowed it with property. Then, they gave it and its worldly possessions to
Saints Peter and Paul. Cluniac monks came to dazzle their contemporaries through their
prayers and acts of devotion.
The Cistercians: Their guiding spirit was St. Bernard. Their lifestyles were governed by
the goal of simplicity. Nickname “white monks”. Emphasis on poverty and simplicity
like the lives enjoyed by the Apostles.
The Carthusians: founded by Bruno of Cologne. Saw the lavish and opulence of a
gorgeous monastery like Cluny to be a sign of greed rather than honor. Each monk took a
vow of silence. This order grew slowly.
Lords and Vassals: Feudalism: the whole complex of lords, vassals, and fiefs as an
institution. Becoming a vassal involved both ritual gestures and verbal promises. Vassals
did no agricultural labor, only military service.
The Manorial system and serfdom: the system of manors, lords, and serfs. Serfs were
more subservient peasant cultivators than vassals were in Fedalism
Romanesque and Gothic Cathedrals: Romanesque is the term art historians use to
describe the massive monasteries built in the eleventh century like Cluny - heavy, serious
and solid. Gothic architecture in contrast, was a style of the cities. It reflected the selfconfidence and wealth of merchants, guilds people, bishops, and kings. Usually a
cathedral, not a monastic church
Medieval Pilgrimage:
Francis of Assissi and Dominic de Guzman: St. Francis founded the most famous
orthodox religious movement – the Franciscans. They were dedicated to poverty and
preaching, especially in cities and towns. Francis brought religious devotion out of the
monastery and into the streets. Dominic founded the Dominican Order which was very
similar to the Franciscans.
The Poor Claires and Beguines: Laywomen who lived together in informal pious
communities were called Beguines. Chose to be celibate although they made no formal
vows.
The Cathars: Believed in duality, and that the devil created the material world. Therefore
they renounced the world, rejecting wealth, meat and sex. Condemned as heretical by the
church
Universities: Schools had been connected to monasteries and cathedrals since the
Carolingian period. Some had more access to books and masters than others, and
knowledge began to spread as clerics began to specialize in a particular branch of
learning. Universities were schools that had become corporations and instituted
regulations for themselves
Trivium and Quadrivium: Students sought knowledge of the seven liberal arts in
Universities. The first three: grammar, rhetoric, and logic belonged to the beginning arts,
or the Trivium. The last four: arithmetic, geometry, music (theory), and astronomy
comprised the second part of the liberal arts called the Quadrivium.
Development of Canon Law: Chruch law. These lwas began as rules determined at
church councils. Later supplemented with papal declarations
Gratian’s Decretum: collecting nearly two thousand passages from the decrees of popes
as well as the writings of church fathers. Attempted to make a systematic collection of
rules.
Peter Abelard: one of the twelfth century’s greatest thinkers.
St. Anselm: a major theologian as well as an abbot and archbishop, saw logic as a way
for faith to “seek understanding”
Innocent III and Fourth Lateran Council: Innocent III was the most powerful, respected,
and prestigious of medieval popes. The Fourth Lateran Council attempted to regulate all
aspects of Christian life through comprehensive legislation.
Dante and the Divine Comedy: Dante’s poem describes the poet taking an imaginary
journey from hell to purgatory and finally paradise. The pagan poet Virgil is the guide
through hell and purgatory. Beatrice represented earthly love and guided Dante through
paradise.
St Louis IX: Pope Boniface VIII canonized him as St. Louis. The result was enormous
prestige for the French monarchy.
Philip the Fair and Boniface VIII: Marked the turning point when the papacy began to
weaken, and royal power began to strengthen
Louis XI, the “Spider King”: Hated Jews, but did not advocate violence against them
(although he sometimes subjected them to unfair laws and arrests). He accepted limits on
his authority because he had a deep respect for the church
Avignon: the papacy is forced out of Rome by civil strife, and is settled in Avignon.
Europeans who were ashamed that the Pope was so far from Rome call this period the
Babylonian captivity.
The Great Schism and Conciliar Movement: The papal dispute when the church had two,
even three popes. The papacy had returned to Rome, and Romans demanded a Roman
Pope. Urban VI was supported by England, and France supported Clement VII. Church
law said that only a pope could summon a general council. The conciliar movement was a
movement to have the cardinals or the emperor call a council.
Councils of Basel and Constance: Council of Constance met to resolve the papal crisis as
well as institute religious reforms. The counsel deposed John XXIII and the pope in
Avignon, electing Martin V with the support of every major ruler in Europe – ending the
Great Schism. The council of Basel debated over conciliarism
John Wycliffe and Jan Hus: John Wycliffe believed that the true church was the
community of believers rather than the clerical hierarchy. John led the Lollard movement.
On the other side of Europe were the Bohemian Hussites, named after one of their leaders
Jan Hus – an admirer of John Wycliffe. Bohemian nobility protected Hus after he was
condemned as a heretic, but he was eventually burned at the stake.
Flagellants: Those who attempted to placate God by taking off their clothing in churches
and whipping themselves.
The Jacquerie: the 1358 uprising of French peasants against the nobles amid the Hundred
Years’ War. This uprising was put down with exceptional brutality.
The Battles of Crecy and Poiters: Crecy was one of the most important battles of the
hundred years war because of the new tactics and weapons used. The battle of Poiters
was another major battle. The English were victorious in these battles. These were two of
the three English victories in the war
Henry V and Agincourt: Henry’s victory at Agincourt despite a numerically superior
French army started a new period in the war. Henry would go on to marry the French
king’s daughter and make his son, Henry VI, heir to the French throne.
Joan of Arc: 16-year-old peasant girl who presented herself as the heaven-sent savior of
France. Inspired by visions in which God told her to lead the war against the French. She
fought courageously at the battle of Orleans but was tried as a witch and burned at the
stake after being turned over to the English for not fulfilling her promise to take France
The Wars of the Roses: term given to the civil wars in England after the hundred years
war. Though long, the war of roses was relatively harmless and caused little damage.
The fall of Constantinople: In 1453 the Ottoman Turks turned their cannons on
Constantinople and blasted the city’s walls.
The Renaissance: “Rebirth” began admits the crisis of the 14th century. Wide ranging
movement of art, politics, social changes, intellectualism. Focus on the individual rather
than the community. Glorification of human reason, creativity, beauty, and potential
Petrarch: Francis Petrarch “Father of the renaissance” promoter of civic virtues. Early
years spent in papal libraries at Avignon. Master of Latin texts and use of Latin
vernacular. Ideas spread to a new generation of humanists.
Christine de Pisan: exemplifies a humanist who chose to fashion herself into a writer and
courtier. Depended on the donations of members of upper nobility to support her family.
She did not side with English during the hundred years war – she admired and was
inspired by Joan of Arc to write a poem
Sandro Botticeli: A renaissance artist famous for works like The Birth of Venus. His work
displayed the goddess Venus in the nude – the first since antiquity.
Leonardo da Vinci: Military engineer as well as artist, one of the most famous and
prominent figures of the renaissance.
Isabella d’Este: one of the leading women in the renaissance as a major cultural and
political figure. She was a patron of the arts, as well as a leader of fashion
The Medici: the Medici family had become the dominant power in Florence. The Medici
bank handled papal finances. Backed by his money, Cosimo de’ Medici the patriarch of
his family, was able to take control of Florentine politics. Had many enemies as well
Ferdinand and Isabella: decades of violence in the Iberian Peninsula ended when Isabella
and Ferdinand were married. This marriage was the first step towards a united Spain and
a centralized monarchy there. They were both determined to rid Spain of its last Muslim
stronghold in Granada.
The Spanish Inquisition: Ferdinand and Isabella’s attempts to impose religious uniformity
and purity in Spain. They set up the inquisition of Spain, decreeing that all non-Christians
must convert or leave the country