Download Key Terms Period 6

Key Terms
Entries by students of Mr. Rosselle’s 5th Period AP World History class, 2013
Period 6: c. 1900 – Present
347. Archduke Franz Ferdinand:
 1863-1914
 He was the heir to throne in Austria-Hungary. His assassination took place in Sarajevo
 Sarajevo was the ancient capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina, twin provinces that had been under Ottoman rule
since the 15th century, and was finally annexed by Austria-Hungary. Ferdinand favored greater autonomy
for the two provinces but his words didn’t have very good effect on Serbian nationalists, who hated the
dynasty and the empire represented by the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary. One Sunday morning as
Ferdinand’s motorcade made its way through the streets of Sarajevo, many attempts to assassinate him
were put into action. Ferdinand went to a reception at city hall and afterwards went to the hospital where all
the people injured in the assassination attempts were stationed. But on the way their a man, Gavrillo Princip
lunged at the car and shot a revolver. Hitting Ferdinand in the neck and his wife, Sophie, in the stomach.
Both of them died by the time medical aid had arrived.
 Archduke Francis Ferdinand’s assassination brought to head the tensions between Austro-Hungarian
empire and the kingdom of Serbia. Alliances and international rivalries ended up turning into a general
European War.
348. self-determination:
 the idea was founded in Europe
 it is the concept of the idea that peoples with the same ethnic origins, language, and political ideals had the
right to form sovereign states
 this concept is a fundamental part of nationalism
 considered one of the principal themes of the peacemaking process in Paris following World War I
 Woodrow Wilson promoted it most intensely because he believed that self-determination was the key to
international peace and cooperation … but it was hard to pull off in multi-ethnic regions.
349. dreadnoughts (and the naval race):
 between 1910-1914
 Dreadnoughts were super battleships built by the British to meet the Germans threats
 During the expensive naval race between the Germans and the Britons convinced themselves that naval
power was imperative to secure trade routes and protect merchant shipping.
 When the British built the dreadnoughts rather than discouraging the Germans from naval buildup, the
British determination to retain naval superiority stimulated the Germans to build their own flotilla of
dreadnoughts.
 This expensive naval race contributed to international tensions and hostilities between nations.
350. Triple Alliance (Central Powers):
 pre-World War I alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
 Grew out of the close relationship during the last three decades of the 19th century
 In 1879 they governments of the two empires formed a Dual Alliance, a defensive pact that ensured
reciprocal protection from a Russian attack and neutrality in case of an attack from any other power.
Germany and Italy both joined due to their fears of France. Austria joined because they viewed it as giving
them a free hand in pursuing their Balkan politics without fear of Russian intervention. Transforming it into
a Triple Alliance.
 However, the Italian policy of aggrandizement at the expense of the Ottoman Empire and Italy’s rivalry
with Austria-Hungary in the Balkans threatened to wreck the alliance.
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Italy officially declared war on the Ottoman empire in 1911 and the subsequent drive to annex the Tripoli
region of northern Africa strained the Triple Alliance because the German government tried to cultivate
friendly relations with the Turks.
351. Triple Entente
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Originated in a series of agreements between Britain and France (1904) and then between Britain and
Russia (1907) aimed to resolve colonial disputes
It was a combination of nations commonly referred to as the Allies during the Great War.
British formed this treaty because they were suspicious of any nation that seemed to threaten the balance of
power.
Between 1907-1914 cooperation between the leaders of Britain, France, and Russia led to the signing of a
military pact.
352. Schlieffen Plan
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Strategy developed in 1905 by General Count Alfred von Schlieffen.
The Schlieffen Plan called for a swift knockout of France, followed by defense action against Russia.
The Plan raised serious logistical problems like moving 180,000 soldiers and their supplies into France and
Belgium on 500 trains with 50 wagons on each.
Germany’s military was a serious obstacle
Ultimately the Schlieffen Plan led to a failure of its original intentions.
353. Western Front
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Built by the German Army at the start of World War I (1914).
It was a series of long trenches on the battle field of the War.
The series of trenches stretched from the North Sea to Switzerland for a total of 440 miles.
This front saw the introduction of many new military technology advancements in war time.
The line of the trenches, dug-outs and barbed wire fences remained unmoved throughout the whole war,
and the stalemate here was a signature of the futility of World War I.
354. Eastern Front
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The Germany and the other Central Powers fought Russia here in a more fluid confrontation than the
stalemate on the Western Front.
Russia was poorly equipped but had many men to spare.
355. No man’s Land
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No man’s Land was the deadly territory between opposing trenches.
Lethal metal with machine guns and repeating rifles was at the heart of No Man’s Land.
No man’s Land was strewn with shell craters, cadavers and body parts.
The trenches were wet, cold, muddy, had voracious lice and corpses with fattened rats.
The dead bodies of this No Man’s Land were everywhere.
356. propaganda
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In order to maintain the spirit of the home front, the governments resorted to the restriction of civil
liberties, censoring of bad news, and vilification of the enemy all known as propaganda.
Most governments censored the war news and told the people only what they wanted them to hear.
They convinced the people that military defeat would destroy the country and life in general.
They would also discredit and dehumanize the enemy by using pictures and publishing in the local news.
They used posters, pamphlets and “scientific” studies to depict the enemy as subhuman.
Sometimes governments would even use pictures of rape to depict the enemy.
All this led to public skepticism and cynicism.
357. Russian Revolution
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The Russian Revolution began when the middle class, aristocrats, peasants, soldiers, and workers grew
more and more dischanted with the tsarist regime.
It began on March 1917 when a series of strikes broke out in St. Petersburg.
The Bolsheviks executed the tsar Nick and his family on March 15 th.
The Duma established a provisional government after they executed the tsar.
The Soviets represented radical interests of the lower classes and were largely composed of socialists of
various kinds.
Soviets appeared for the first time during the Russian Revolution.
At the end of the Revolution the Bolsheviks took over and headed the newly Soviet Union of Russia.
358. Vladimir Lenin
 He was a trained lawyer
 He turned against Russia when his older brother was executed for planning to kill the tsar.
 He was shipped to prison in Siberia for revolutionary activity.
 He in turn became a revolutionary Marxist.
 After a brief career as a lawyer, he spent many years abroad studying Marxism and writing political
pamphlets.
 He viewed the working class as “incapable of developing.”
 Lenin headed the Bolshevik party of Russia leading the Socialists to creating a communist Russia.
359. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
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The Bolshevik rulers ended Russia’s envolvement in the Great War by signing the treaty of BrestLitovsk on March 3, 1918.
This Treaty gave the Germans possession and control of much of Russian territory (the Baltics,
Finland, Caucus, Poland and Ukraine.) and a quarter of its population.
The terms of the Treaty were harsh and humiliating for the Russians.
This Treaty allowed Russia to deal with its internal problems by withdrawing from the war.
The Treaty allowed for Germany to concentrate all its resources to the Western Front.
360. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
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Attacks on neutral shipping
WW1 1914-1916
Allies blockaded ports to prevent supplies from reaching Germany and Austria-Hungary
The Germans responded to the blockaded ports with an intensive submarine campaign against allied and
neutral shipping
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U.S. President Woodrow Wilson remained neutral causing Germany to call off Unrestricted Submarine
Warfare
361. Woodrow Wilson and His Fourteen Points
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During Paris Peace conference 1919-1920
Fourteen Points was the peace proposal that called for a truce and held ideas such as freedom and
diplomacy, an “open-minded” settlement of colonial issues, and the self-determination of peoples
The Fourteen Points meant the right of national groups to have autonomy if they wanted it
This was about settling rather than victory through war
362. League of Nations
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Created during the Paris Peace Conference 1919-1920
League of Nations is an organization who gave the responsibility of maintaining peace through negotiation
with its members
The League of Nations was also responsible for promoting the principle of Collective Security
Collective Security was the system of international diplomacy, especially involving the peaceful resolution
of disputes
The U.S. refused to join the League
Germany and Russia were excluded from the League and were therefore blocked from participating in
international consensus building
Since the major powers were not a part of the League, it was weakened
League of Nations organized the new administration of surrendered colonies and territories of German and
the Ottoman Empire
363. Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk)
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After the end of the war, countries worked to seek independence from foreign control
General Mustafa Kemal led the Ottoman army
He called for a democratically elected national assembly
Had an anti-imperialist message
Helped the Turks to found an independent republic in 1923
Became govt. head after founding the republic
Moved capital from Istanbul to Ankara in 1923 and changed the name from Constantinople to Istanbul
Mandated western dress for men and women, introduced the Latin alphabet, and abolished polygamy
Women were able to vote and serve in parliament
364. mandate system
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Created by the League of Nations
A system of regional control over former Ottoman lands awarded by the League of Nations to the victors in
WW1
The idea that the developed countries will take over the undeveloped countries to help them
365. Paris Peace Conference
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1918
The U.S., Great Britain, and France led the conference
Countries were seeking peace, national independence, or special acknowledgement of their ethnic or other
interest group
Italian officials demanded territory they were promised in the 1915 Treat of London
Woodrow Wilson proposed his Fourteen Points
Peace of Paris Treaties created
Mandate System created
League of Nations established with Collective Security
366. Treaty of Versailles
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Took place during the Paris Peace Conference
Was one of the treaties in the Peace of Paris Treaties
Was the settlement with Germany
France recovered Alsace and Lorraine, Germany was ordered to pay substantial reparations for civilian
damage during the war
367. “Lost Generation”
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Term from Gertrude Stein who expressed postwar pessimism (1914 war)
This label was towards American intellectuals who were in Paris during the postwar years
This label was expressed in poetry and fiction to portray how disillusioned the intellectuals were because of
how they thought the war was adventurous
368. Heisenberg’s “Uncertainty Principle”
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Published in 1927 paper “ About the Quantum- Theoretical Reinterpretation of Kinetic and Mechanical
Relationships”
Heisenberg believed that it is impossible to specify simultaneously the position and velocity of a subatomic
particle
The more accurately the position of an electron is determined, the less precisely its velocity can be
determined and vice versa
Brought about more philosophical questioning
The theory questioned the fundamental law of cause and effect
369. Freud and Psychoanalytic Theory
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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Advanced series of theories that undermined optimism about the rational nature of the human mind
Psychoanalysis is when a therapist probes deeply into the memory in order to retrace the chain of
repression a lll the way back to the patients childhood origins.
This helped cure psychic conflicts.
370. The Great Depression
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1930's
Large war debts in Europe
Causes
Increasing Protectionism (tariffs)
Industrial and farming surplus => Deflationary Prices
Lack of banking regulation
world trade falls by two-thirds
outcomes: 1. Political instability => rise of extremism, especially fascism 2. Expansion on social welfare
progress
371. The crash of 1929
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At the time it was the biggest New York Stock Exchange financial panic the country had ever seen.
Black Tuesday: October 29, 1929
16.4 million shares were exchanged
Dow Jones dropped 12%
$25 Billion was lost in the 1929 crash
372. Economic Nationalism
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a situation in which a country tries to protect its own economy by reducing the number of investments from
other countries.
373. John Maynard Keynes
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1883-1946
Developed theory that increasing government deficits would stimulate a sluggish economy. This was the
guiding light for liberal economists.
He created an economics whose starting point was that not all future events could be reduced to a
measurable risk. This made disaster not a "shock" when it occurred.
His purpose, as he saw it, was not to destroy capitalism but to save it from itself.
374. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
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1882-1945
Took presidency on March 4th, 1933
This was in the depths of the Great Depression.
He was wealthy and people looked to him as an inspiration and gave respect to him.
375. The New Deal
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His proposals for dealing with the national calamity included legislation designed to prevent the collapse of
the banking system, to provide jobs, and farm subsides, to give workers the right to organize and bargain
collectively, to guarantee minimum wages and to provide social security in old age.
This did NOT end The Great Depression.
378. Fascism:
 National ideology and mass movement that was prominent in moving parts of Europe between 1919-1965.
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It sought to regenerate the social, political, and cultural life of the societies, especially in contrast to liberal
democracy and socialism.
Fascism began with Mussolini in Italy and reached its peak with Hitler in Germany.
During the 1920’s and 1930’s, fascism proved attractive to many nationalists of all groups.
Fascist movements emphasized chauvinism and xenophobia which they frequently linked to an exaggerated
ethnocentrism.
379. Benito Mussolini:
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He was the guiding force behind Italians fascism.
He was a former socialist from 1912-1914 and founded his own newspaper called “The People of Italy”
which encouraged Italian entry in the Great War.
After the Great War, he emphasized virulent nationalism, demanded repression of socialists and called for a
strong political leader.
In 1922, Mussolini and his followers decided it was time to seize power and on October 28 th they started a
march on Rome.
On October 29th, King Victor Emanuel III asked Mussolini to become prime minster and he inaugurated
fascist regime in 1922.
380. Adolph Hitler:
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In 1921, he became Chairman of the party known as the National Socialism German Worker’s Party.
In 1923, the National Socialism (The Nazi Movement) was first noticed when member and Hitler attempted
to overthrow Democratic Weimer Republic.
Hitler was jailed and the Nazi Movement and its leader descended into obscurity.
After Hitler was released in 1924, he resolved his old tactics and was determined to gain power.
Hitler was granted the Chancellorship in 1930 and he transformed the Republic into a single party
dictatorship.
381. German Nationalism (Nazi Movement)
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In 1921, Hitler became the chairman of the party.
In 1923, Hitler and his followers attempted to overthrow the Democratic Weimer Republic.
When Hitler was imprisoned for the attempt in 1919, the movement descended into obscurity.
After Hitler was released, he worked on his new tactics and launched a movement on the “path to legality”.
1929 the party grew because of its broad appeal and appealed mostly to the lower middle class.
The Nazi Party became the largest party in Parliament and when Hitler came to power it was the single
party in the dictatorship.
382. Indian National Congress:
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Growing nationalism in India led to the formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885.
They collaborated with the Muslin League to work toward the goal of independence from the British.
By the 1940’s, the Indian National Congress was the national political party of India.
383. Mohandas K. Gandhi:
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Gandhi grew up in a prosperous household and left home in 1888 to study law in London.
In 1893, he traveled to South Africa and became involved in organizing the local India community against
a system of racial segregation.
He embraced the fact of nonviolence and a technique of passive resistance.
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He read spiritual Hindu documents, became celibate, and dress as a peasant.
He became active in politics in 1915 and helped Indian Nationalism.
Gandhi helped congress to create acts and tried to free India from British rule by boycotting British
institutions.
384. Mao Zedong:
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The founder of the People’s Republic of China and one of the most prominent communist leaders.
He was the leader of the Chinese Communist Party from 1927-1926.
He led communists on the Long March from 1934-1935.
He rebuilt the Communist Party and Red army during the Japanese occupation of China in 1937-1948.
385. Sun Yatsen, Chaing Kai-shek, Guomindang:
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Sun Yatsen was one of the most prominent nationalist leaders.
Sun’s ideology called for elimination of special privileges for foreigners, national reunification, economic
development and democratic government.
Chaing Kai-shek was a Chinese political and military leader.
He succeeded Sun Yatsen as head of the Guomindang in 1925 and was the leader of the Chinese
government from 1928-1948.
Chaing Kai-shek fought against the Chinese communist and Japanese invaders.
The Guomindang- Chinese Nationalist Party founded by Sun Yatsen and later leaded by Jiang Jieshi. It has
been centered in Taiwan since the end of the Chinese civil war.
386. African Nationalism:
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Many Africans were disappointed that their contributions to the war were unrewarded.
Ideas about self-determination articulated by President Woodrow Wilson fueled African nationalism.
Intellectual natives educated the people of Africa and form ideologies that promised freedom from
colonialism and promoted new national identities.
387. Diego Rivera
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1886-1957
Mexican artist, part of the Mexican Communist Party.
Blended political and artistic visions in murals and political comics during the Great War and the
aftermath.
His art was thought-provoking, and drew controversy.
Helped spread political activism.
388. Dollar diplomacy
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Policies promoting peaceful commerce over military involvement.
“Dollars for bullets,” instead of military intervention, it would be more economically satisfying to
develop foreign business markets for foreign policies.
Suggested by President William Howard Taft.
389. Good neighbor policy
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Late 1920’s-1930’s
U.S. government became friendly towards Latin American neighbors to convince them to help keep
law and order.
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Less expensive than the marines.
390. Rape of Nanjing
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China’s mass death and suffering, after Japans mainland invasion in 1937.
Japan bombed China’s major cities.
Japan felt extreme nationalism and racial superiority.
Soldiers attacked Nanjing, raping 7,000 women and burning thousands of homes.
It is estimated 400,000 people were killed.
391. Appeasement
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September 1938
Policy by Britain and France to keep peace against Germany.
Munich Agreement
They cooperated with Hitler in hopes that he would stop expanding Germany.
Built trade or franchises with the attacker to avoid war.
Total war
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A “new kind of war.”
Countries involved used all their resources for the war effort.
Foods and certain other products were rationed.
Factories devoted all work to the war effort. i.e.: building weapons instead of cans.
393. Blitzkrieg
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September 1, 1939.
German invasion of Poland.
Strategy was also used to take over France, Norway, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Belgium.
Also known as the “lightning war.”
A blitzkrieg is a form of war where surprise, rapid attacks begin with airplane invasions, closely
followed by strong ground attacks.
The air attack weakened conflicts when ground forces came in.
Within a month, Germans took over Poland.
The victory was surprising to the world.
394. Battle of Britain
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1940-1941 (Summer)
Battles between German and British air forces
Fought over Britain, which was able to effectively resist and combat the bombing runs with the new
technology of radar and the decoding of secret messages encrypted by Germany’s Enigma machine.
Germans covered towns (such as London) with bombs.
Hitler was forced to give up on Britain; decided to invade USSR.
395. Lend-Lease
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Lend-Lease Act
1941-1945
United States supplied allies with war necessities.
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Set up by President Roosevelt on March 11, 1941
396. Pearl Harbor
 The attack on Pearl Harbor was on December 7, 1941.
 The attack took place in Pearl Harbor, the Hawaii Territory, the United States of America.
 A major cause of the attack was the embargo the United States put on oil against Japan. Because of
this, Tojo Hideki, the prime minister, and his cabinet planned for war against the US and the British.
The attack was created as a defense for Japan from the US
 One effect of the war was that Hitler and Mussolini declared war on the US soon after.
 Pearl Harbor caused war between Japan and the US. 350 Japanese bombers and fighters attacked
within two waves during Pearl Harbor. Pearl Harbor halted interaction between the two countries. 2402
Americans died because of Pearl Harbor. On December 7, Americans celebrate National Pearl Harbor
Rememberence Day.
397. Allies
 Allies were prominent during World War II
 The Allies of World War II were the countries that were against the Axis powers.
 The Allies at the beginning of the war were France, the UK, and Poland. Later multiple countries
joined including the US. The Allies were caused for the purpose of defeating the Axis powers,
Germany, Italy, and Japan. The Allies overproduced weapons compared to the Axis powers. The Allies
kept Stalingrad for the Soviet Union and Germany was defeated. In August of 1944, the Allies forced
Italy to back out of the Axis and to join the Allies. In the end, the Allies defeated the Axis powers.
398. Axis Powers
 The Axis Powers refers to Germany, Italy, and Japan.
 The Axis Powers were together during World War II
 The Axis Powers were against the Allies and were created after the Anti-Comintern Pact, signed in
Japan in 1936. Two members of the powers, Italy and Germany, proclaimed that the world would
rotate around the Rome-Berlin axis. The Axis Powers didn’t have the economic advantage that the
Allies had. They didn’t have the well produced weapons that the Allies had. Hitler was the overall
leader of the Axis Powers. The Axis Powers ended up losing to the Allies in World War II.
399. Final Solution
 The Final Situation was created by Nazi Germany.
 The Final Situation was the plan of Nazi Germany to kill and get rid of all of the Jewish population.
The Final Solution was executed in 1941. Nazi bureaucrats agreed on the plan of evacuating all of the
Jews that lived in Europe and sending them to concentration camps. At the camps, the Jewish people
were murdered, usually by gassings. The using of gas was a way the Germans thought of to kill the
Jews efficiently and in large quantities. The Germans used Gassing chambers. The murder of Jews was
coined as a crime against humanity.
400. Holocaust
 The Holocaust took place during World War II.
 The Holocaust was the mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime during 1941-1945. The
Holocaust was caused by anti-Semitism and Hitler’s feelings against Jews. The reason Hitler wanted to
murder all of the Jews was that Hitler wanted to have a superior race, blue eyes and blonde hair.
Effects of the Holocaust include six million Jews that were murdered. The Holocaust was a genocide
because one specific group was targeted to be executed.
401. Genocide
 Genocide is the deliberate killing and destruction of specific group. The groups that were targeted
could have been racial groups, social groups, and political groups. The Holocaust is an example of
genocide. The genocide of World War II was when the Nazi Regime targeted the extermination of the
Jewish peoples. Throughout history, genocide has targeted the group of people that are not valued as
highly as the rest of society. This means that the Jews were targeted during World War II because the
Nazi believed they were socially and culturally not expected. Effects of genocide includes death in
very high totals, and sometimes a divided country or war. Examples of genocide are Nazi Germany
against the Jews, Rwanda’s genocide and the Cambodian genocide.
402. Women’s roles in World War II
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Women’s roles changed during World War II, mainly in the US. Women in the military worked in
factory lines. Other women were required to be the head of their household because the man of the
household was overseas at war. In Britain, some women were used as pilots in the military, with their
main goal as taking out the Nazi aircrafts. Women also drove ambulances and transport vehicles. The
reason that the role of women changed was because the countries needed help because it was a very
difficult war to fight in. After the war, women ended up serving their traditional roles of being wives.
Even though the working woman didn’t last long, it changed the world socially and culturally.
403. Cold War
 The Cold War was a state of political tension that was started after World War II and ended in the
1980s. The Cold War was not a physical war filled with violence. The Cold War was a war filled with
political threats and nuclear threats. The two main countries involved were the US and the Soviet
Union. The Cold War became a confrontation for global influence principally between the US and the
Soviet Union. The cause of the war was the feeling that each of the countries had that they wanted to
better than the other country. The effects of the war included the helping of creating the structure of
world affairs. The cold war culturally changed the US. The Cold War was a common topic in many
types of media. Politically, it let countries “befriend or dislike” each other to a greater extent.
404. United Nations
 The United Nations was created in 1945 after World War II and it currently has 193 members. The
headquarters of the United Nations are in New York City. The United Nations have the goal of keeping
the world at peace and to keep all of the countries regulated. The five original members of the United
Nations were the US, Soviet Union, France, Britain, and China. The United Nations was a international
security group responsible for international peace.
405. Truman Doctrine and the Marshall plan
● The Truman doctrine was conceived by Harry Truman.
● The Marshall plan was named after Secretary of State George Marshall
● The doctrine was started March 12, 1947.
● The Marshall plan was an American program to aid Europe, in which the United States gave monetary support to
help rebuild European economies after the end of World War II in order to prevent the spread of Soviet
Communism.
● Many believed the Truman doctrine was the start of the Cold war, as well as the containment policy.
● The Marshall plan lasted four years on from April 1948.
● The Truman doctrine stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey (and all free, democratic countries)
with economic and military aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere.
406. Berlin wall and Berlin airlift
● Took place in East Germany and East Berlin.
● The Berlin wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic, between East and West Germany.
● Was created to prevent immigration from the East bloc over the border into West Berlin.
● Constructed on 13 August 1961.
407. NATO and the Warsaw pact
● NATO is an intergovernmental organization designed to equalize the balance of power in Europe after the two
world wars.
● The Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance was a mutual defense treaty
between 8 communist states of Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War.
● The Warsaw pact was formed 4 May 1955 and lasted onto 1991.
● The strategy of the Warsaw Pact was dominated by the desire of the Soviet Union to prevent, at all costs, the
recurrence of another large scale invasion of its territory by perceived hostile Western Bloc powers.
408. Containment
● It’s origin was around 1944–1947.
● U.S foreign policy adopted by president Harry Truman in the late 1940’s, in which the U.S tried to stop the spread
of communism by creating alliances and helping weaker countries resist Soviet advances.
● The basis of the doctrine was articulated in a 1946 cable by U.S. diplomat George F. Kennan.
● Represents a middle-ground position between détente and rollback.
409. Korean war
● War between the northern and southern states of Korea.
● The United States of America provided 88% of the 341,000 international soldiers which aided South Korean
forces in repelling the invasion.
● North Korea wished to spread it’s totalitarianism rule to the south.
● Lasted from 25 June 1950 to 27 July 1953.
● In 1953 the armistice was signed. The agreement restored the border between the Koreas near the 38th Parallel
and created the Korean Demilitarized Zone.
410. Cuban missile crises
● A 14-day confrontation between the Soviet Union and Cuba on one side, and the United States on the other.
● Occurred in October 1962.
● The United States considered attacking Cuba via air and sea, but decided on a military blockade instead, calling it
a "quarantine" for legal and other reasons.
● It is also the first documented instance of the threat of mutual assured destruction (MAD) being discussed as a
determining factor in a major international arms agreement.
● It is regarded as the moment the Cold War came closest to becoming a nuclear conflict.
411. The Space Race
● Primarily occurred between 1957 and 1975.
● Was a competition between the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (USA) for supremacy in space
exploration.
● The Space Race sparked unprecedented increases in spending on education and pure research, which accelerated
scientific advancements and led to beneficial spin-off technologies.
412. Détente
● Policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the U.S under Nixon
● Literally translated means- “a loosening.”
● Détente ended after the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, which led to America's boycott of the 1980 Olympics
in Moscow. Ronald Reagan's election as president in 1980.
● Worked as a general easing of geo-political tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States that began in
1971.
● Was formed around midway in the Cold War.
● The period was characterized by the signing of treaties such as the SALT I and the Helsinki Accords.
413. Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League.
● Muhammad Ali Jinnah worked as Pakistan's first Governor-General from independence until his death.
●The Muslim League was an organization formed to protest the interests of India’s Islamic peoples.
● The Muslim League was formed in 1906.
● Muhammad Ali Jinnah also served as leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until Pakistan's
independence on 14 August 1947.
● The Muslim League was later proposed that India be divided into separate Hindu/Muslim states.
● Muhammad Ali Jinnah lived from 25 December 1876 to 11 September 1948.
414.
Jawaharlal Nehru:
 India’s first prime minister (1889-1964)
 Set up government buildings, new style that India embraced.
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Nonalignment:
Cold War policy of some newly independent countries not to align themselves with either the U.S. or
USSR
23 Asian and 6 African nations met in Bandung. Stressed the struggle against colonialism and racism.
Nonalignment movement held meetings to dicuss matters of common interest.
Partition of India:
 The Indian Independence Act 1947 had decided 15 August 1947 as the appointed date for the partition.
 The partition of India was set forth in the Indian Independence Act 1947 and resulted in the dissolution
of the British Indian Empire and the end of the British Raj.
417.
418.
Did not support India separating into hindu and muslim states. Accepted a divided and independent
India though.
Nehrus promotion of a nonalignment strategy inspired nations and set a pattern for grappling with
decolonization.
Held a compelling position for newly independent nations caught in the Cold War. Nehru became one
of the impassioned defenders of nonalignment, especially at the Bandung Conference.
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Ho Chi Minh:
Vietnamese leader (1890-1969)
Peace conference in 1954 determined that Vietnam should be temporarily divided.
Ho Chi Minh and the communist forces controlled North Vietnam.
One of southeast Asia’s most influential communist leaders.
Israel:
Jewish demanded self rule and open migration from the British.
1947 – British gave up, withdrew from Palestine and turned over the region to the newly created United
Nations.
UN general assembly, along with support from U.S and the Soviet Union, announced a proposal for the
division of Palestine into two distinct states.
Arabs did not like this and civil war broke out in 1947.
May 1948 – Jews in Palestine proclaimed the creation of the independent state of Israel
Several wars with Arab forces, resulting in Israel substantially increasing the size of it territory.
Suez Crisis:
Suez canal (constructed 1859-1869)
The crisis erupted in 1956, when Nassar decided to nationalize the Suez Canal and use the money collected
from the canal to finance construction of a massive dam of the Nile River at Aswan.
He did not bow to international wants to provide multicultural control of the canal
British, French, and Israeli forces tried to take control of the canal away from him.
United States condemned the attack and forced them to withdraw. Soviet union also objected.
Suez Crisis divided the United States and its allies in Western Europe.
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African Decolonization:
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Apartheid:
 Africkaner National Party came to power in 1948.
 Government instituted a harsh new set of laws designed to control the restive black population, these
new laws constituted the system known as apartheid, or separateness.
 Asserted white supremacy and institutionalized the racial segregation established in the years before
194. Designated approximately 87% of south Africa’s territory for white residents.
 Designed to keep blacks in a position of political, social, and economic subordination.
422.
Great Leap Forward:
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427.
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Far reaching policy that contrarily hampered the very political and economic development that Mao sought.
Envisioned as a way to overtake the industrial production of more developed nations, and to that end Mao
worked to collectivize all land and to manage all business and industrial enterprises collectively. Private
ownership was abolished, and farming and industry became largely rural and communal.
It failed.
Disastrous impact on agricultural production in China.
People did not meet quotas, and a series of bad harvests also contributed to one of the deadliest famines in
history.
Mao blamed the sparrows for the bad harvests. Ordered peasants to kill them.
Between 1959-1962 about 20 million Chinese may have died of starvation.
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
Social-political movement that took place in China from 1966 through 1976.
Started by Mao Zedong.
Goal was to enforce communism in the country by removing elements of capitalism, tradition, and culture
from Chinese society.
Millions of people were persecuted in the violent factional struggles that engulfed the country; even top
officials were accused of taking a "capitalist road."
Mao declared it to have ended in 1969, but it lasted until 1976 and the last Maoist reforms that derived
from the Cultural Revolution were abandoned by 1978.
Deng Xiaoping
Politician and reformist leader of China who came to power in 1981.
Former colleague of Mao; had to recant criticism of Mao, identify himself as a petit-bourgeois intellectual,
and labor in a tractor repair factory as millions of other Chinese had to do during the Cultural Revolution.
Led China towards a market economy.
Engineered China's entry into the international financial and trading system.
Tiananmen Square
Students, who, under Deng's new administration, studied abroad and were exposed to democratic societies,
wanted a Democracy in China as well.
Staged a pro-democracy demonstration in Beijing's Tiananmen Square in 1989.
Students and civilians peacefully protested for days even under threat.
Deng ordered a bloody crackdown where thousands of civilians were killed.
Indian Democracy
India maintained its Democratic System after gaining independence in 1947.
First post-independence prime minister was Jawaharlal Nehru
In 1966, Indira Gandhi, became leader of the Congress Party and served as the prime minister of India from
1966 to 1977 and from 1980 to 1984.
Under her leadership India underwent the "Green Revolution," Democratic abrogation for a time, and harsh
birth control policies.
Was assassinated by Sikhs after she ordered the army to attack the sacred Golden Temple in Amritsar
which harbored armed Sikh extremists.
Islamism
The revival of Islamic values in the political and social sphere.
Leading Islamic thinkers called for the enforcement of Sharia Law, emphasized pan-Islamic unity, and
urged the elimination of non-Muslim economic, political, or cultural influences in the Muslim world.
Anger against European and American societies became widespread.
Vast majority of Islamic activists choose to bring about these changed peacefully, but an extremist minority
has taken to violence due to a "mandate from God."
Extremists use the concept of jihad, the right and duty to defend Islam and the Islamic community from
unjust attack, to rationalize and legitimize terrorism and revolution.
428.
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432.
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434.
435.
Iranian Revolution
Revolution took place in 1979 and demonstrated the power of Islam as a means of staving off secular
foreign influences.
Islamist influences entered Iran during the regime of Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi.
Iranian small businesses detested the influence of U.S. corporations on the economy
When the Revolution began the Shah fled the country and power was captured by the Islamist movement
under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomieini.
Took on a strong anti-U.S. sentiment and 69 hostages were taken at the embassy.
By the late 1970's Iran's neighbor, Iraq, built up a large military machine and invaded in 1980.
Became a war of attrition that did not end until 1988.
Juan and Eva Peron
Juan was a former colonel in the Argentine army
Elected president in 1946
Even though he was a nationalistic militarist, his regime gained immense popularity among large segments
of the Argentine population.
Promoted a nationalistic populism, calling for industrialization, support of the working class, and protection
on the economy from foreign control
His wife, Eva, solidified his popularity
Was desperately poor as a child
Was very charitable and regarded by some as a saint while to others as a "grasping social climber and a
fascist sympathizer."
Economic Dependency
Theory that pointed out developed nations, such as those in North America and in Europe, dominated the
international economy and profited at the expense of less developed and industrialized nations burdened
with the export-oriented, unbalanced economies that were a legacy of colonialism.
To break the unequal relationship between the center and the periphery developing nations on the periphery
of international trade needed to protect and diversify domestic trade and to use strategies of importsubstituting industrialization to promote further industrial and economic growth.
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Globalization
In the economic context, globalization refers to the reduction and removal of barriers between national
borders to facilitate the flow of goods, capital, services, and labor.
Ancient Rome and China controlled and economically integrated vast regions of the ancient world.
More recently, globalization is also affecting social and political aspects as well as economical.
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Free trade
International trade is a main driving force of globalization of the world economy.
Free trade by definition is freedom from state imposed limits and constraints on trade across borders.
The United States has led the free trade market with its navy protecting the trade waters.
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Multinational Corporations
Played a major role in the development of the global economy.
International companies were born from the need to extend business activities across borders.
Help with importation, exportation, and the exchange of raw materials.
Companies have headquarters in other countries as well as factories.
These corporations contribute to the growth of the global economy by contributing and benefiting from
trade of goods.
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Asian Economic Miracle
The U.S.A. spurred the countries of Asia to grow at a very fast rate after world war two was over to reach
the level of the western world trade power.
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No restrictions imposed on the entry of Japanese products into the U.S. market.
Asian countries had to pay for the import of raw materials but the cheap labor provided mass output of
products with great profit.
European Union
The most famous and strongly integrated regional bloc of trade
Common market and free trade
Started in 1957 by West Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.
Use of the Euro as the common currency.
No tariffs on products in order to get the max amount of profit available.
In the near future they are expected to become a European political union.
OPEC
One of the earliest and most successful economic alliances.
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries of, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela.
Producer cartel formed in 1960 by the oil producing countries.
Mostly Arab and Muslim member states raise the price of oil through cooperation.
During the Arab-Israeli war of 1973 the organization ordered an embargo on oil shipments to the United
States the ally of Israel and quadrupled the price of oil between 1973 and 1975.
Lost influence in the 1980s and 1990s as a result of overproduction and dissension among its members over
the Iran Iraq War and Gulf War.
Global Terrorism
Though it is not a recent happening the new technological advances of communication weapons and
transportation have made terrorism more prominent today.
Terrorists now can get there demands out to the governments of the countries in which they torment very
rapidly.
Muslim groups like al-Qaeda headed by Osama bin Laden was the core of most terrorist activities.
Attempts to overthrow political systems within or outside the borders of their own countries.
Deliberate and systematic violence towards civilians.
Nongovernmental organizations
Examples: the Red Cross an international humanitarian aid agency.
The first Geneva Convention which laid down the rules for the treatment of the wounded and protection of
medical personnel.
The “age of access”
We have access of information through the internet. Extreme amounts of information available I the click
of a mouse.
We can travel anywhere by getting on to a plane.
Radio television phone and computer connect us to people around the globe.
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Climate Change
Climate change was a catalyst, causing hunters and gatherers living in Southwest Asia to disperse
to neighboring regions
In 9000 BCE, rains returned and temperatures rose. Abundant rainfall in the summer and mild
winters created optimal conditions in Southwest Asia for settled life
15 million years ago – Global climate cooling; apes move down from trees and become bipedal
Global Diseases
Gastrointestinal diseases, smallpox, and dysentery killed many Africans while traveling on ships
during the slave trade (1600 – 1750)
Most devastating impact of the Columbian exchange came in the wake of diseases that Europeans
introduced into the Americas following the voyages of Christopher Columbus and others.
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The introduction of diseases to populations that lacked any form of immunity killed perhaps as
many as 90 percent of native Americans in the span of 150 years.
Feminism
The advocacy of women's rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men.
American Feminist Elizabeth Cady Stanton traveled to London to attend an antislavery conference
but found that the organizers barred women from participation. Infuriated, Stanton returned to the
United States and began to build a movement for women’s right.
o She organized a conference of feminists who met at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848.
The conference passed twelve resolutions demanding that lawmakers grant women rights
equivalent to those enjoyed by men.
But this is a term in the last chapter of the book, so who and what are important to know about
feminism in the second half of the 20th century? Betty Friedan, for one.
Migration Trends
The first large wave of migration from Siberia to Alaska probably took place about 13,000 BCE.
The Columbian exchange involved the spread of human populations through transoceanic
migration, whether voluntary or forced. During the period from 1500 to 1800, the largest
contingent of migrants consisted of enslaved Africans transported involuntarily to South
American, North American, and Caribbean destinations.
Within industrial societies, migrants flocked from the countryside to urban centers in search of
work. By 1900 there were more than 150 large cities in Europe and North America combined.
With a population of 6.5 million, London was the largest city in the world, followed by New York
with 4.2 million, Paris with 3.3 million, and Berlin with 2.7 million.
Mass Tourism
Industrial society gave birth to mass tourism by providing both safer and faster transport and by
institutionalizing two modern features of social life – leisure and travel.
In the early and mid-1800s, it became fashionable in Europe for the affluent to vacation, often for
extended periods, and then later in the century working people began to copy the fashions of the
wealthy.
Travel and tourism have become the largest industry on the planet. The industry is sustained by
growing personal wealth, which continues to produce more tourists, and by cheaper and more
efficient transport, especially the jet plane.