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Name: ________________________
Fit and Healthy
1. What happens to the diaphragm, ribs and volume of the thoracic cavity, when you
inhale and exhale?
Inhale:
Diaphragm contracts (creating more volume in the thoracic cavity)
Intracostal muscles contract lifting the ribs up and out (creating more
volume in the thoracic cavity)
Exhale:
Diaphragm relaxes (creating less volume in the thoracic cavity)
Intracostal muscles relax so ribs go down and in (creating less volume in
the thoracic cavity)
2.
Describe the path of an oxygen molecule from the time you inhale it to the time it
enters your blood.
Mr. Happy Oxygen molecule goes in your nose (or mouth) and then down
into your trachea. From there he goes into one of your two bronchi and
then into a bronchiole. The last step in your lungs is in the alveoli where
Mr. Happy Oxygen molecule goes into your blood. In the blood it is carried
to a cell where it is used for respiration in a cell.
3. Explain how alveoli are adapted for gas exchange.
 Very thin so gases can be easily exchanged
 Very small so there is a large surface area to volume ratio
4.
Compare the composition of inhaled and exhaled air (oxygen, carbon dioxide,
water vapour, dust content, temperature)
Inhaled: About 21% oxygen, very little CO2 or water vapour, some dust and
at room temperature
Exhaled: About 15% oxygen, 5% CO2, more water vapour, no dust, 37 oC
Drinking alcohol can cause changes in the body.
5.
(i)
Draw a line from each change to the effect on the body.
Draw only three lines.
change
effect
reactions are slower
more blood travels to the
surface of the body
a person loses weight
activity of the brain
slows down
skin gets warmer
sense of pain is reduced
a person can get hurt
without knowing it
6.
Sharna is addicted to smoking and wants to stop. Instead of smoking she puts
nicotine patches on her skin.
The table shows the mass of nicotine in different patches and the number of
weeks each type of patch is used over an eight-week period.
mass of nicotine
in each patch (mg)
21
14
7
weeks
1-4
5-6
7-8
Use information in the table to describe how this eight-week course of
treatment should help to reduce Sharna’s addiction to smoking.
Over time there is less nicotine in her system. Because
the change is gradual she does not suffer from withdrawal
and her body is able to adapt to being without nicotine
(c)
The diagram below shows a nicotine molecule. It contains atoms of three
elements
key
carbon atom
hydrogen atom
nitrogen atom
(i)
Nicotine is a compound. How does the diagram show this?
Different atoms are in the molecule
(ii)
When nicotine in a cigarette is burned in air, nitric oxide is formed from
the nitrogen in the nicotine.
Look at the elements in nicotine. Give the names of two other
compounds formed when nicotine burns in air.
1 Carbon Dioxide
2 Water vapour
7.
Some long distance runners train at high altitude for several weeks before an
important race at a lower altitude. They do this to increase the number of red blood
cells in their bodies. Explain how an increase in the number of red blood cells can
help an athlete during a race.
More red blood cells means that more oxygen can be transported
in the blood and therefore more oxygen can go to the cells for
respiration. This gives the athletes more endurance and energy.
8.
Carbon monoxide, nicotine and tar get into the lungs when a person
smokes. Draw a line from each substance to the effect of the substance on the body.
Draw only three lines.
substance
effect of the substance
causes addiction to
smoking
carbon monoxide
causes influenza (flu)
nicotine
causes lung cancer
tar
causes red blood cells
to carry less oxygen
9.
Draw one line from each bad habit to the organ it harms.
bad habit
organ
liver
drinking too much alcohol
lung
not eating enough fibre
ribs
smoking cigarettes
intestine
10.
The drawing below shows the human rib cage.
breast bone
rib
cartilage
(a)
The rib cage protects organs in the chest.
Give the names of two organs in the chest.
1. Lung
2. Heart
(b)
The ribs are attached to the breast bone by cartilage which bends easily. This
lets the space in the chest get bigger.
Why is it important that the space can get bigger?
The larger volume creates a low pressure zone which
allows air to enter the lungs. If the volume cannot
change we could not exhale or inhale.
11.
Joanne measured the volume of air she breathed in and out of her lungs. She used the
machine shown in the photograph below.
The graphs represent the volume of air Joanne breathed in and out with each breath
before and during exercise.
before exercise
2000
volume of
air breathed
(cm3)
1000
0
(a)
during exercise
2000
key
1000
0
5
10
time (seconds)
0
air in
0
air out
5
10
time (seconds)
During exercise Joanne breathed more air in and out of her lungs than before
exercising.
(i)
How much more air did Joanne breathe in with each breath during
exercise?
1000 cm3
(ii)
Explain fully why Joanne needed to breathe in more air during exercise.
She needs more energy and oxygen is
needed to provide that energy (the energy
comes from oxygen + glucose)
(b)
(i)
As Joanne exercised, the volume of air she breathed in and out increased.
Give one other way Joanne’s breathing changed during exercise.
More frequent breathing
(ii)
How does the graph show this other change?
The graph goes up and down more frequently
12.
The diagram below shows part of the respiratory system.
voice box
P = trachea
P
Q = Bronchus
Q
R
S
(a)
R = Lung
S= Alveoli
On the diagram label P, Q, R and S
(b)
(i)
Which gas passes into the blood from the alveoli?
Oxygen
(ii)
Which gas passes out of the blood into the alveoli?
Carbon Dioxide
(c)
The walls of the capillaries and the alveoli are very thin.
Why do they need to be thin?
So the gases can be exchanged easily
(d)
There are millions of alveoli in the lungs. They provide a very large surface area.
Why is a large surface area necessary?
More surface area means more space for the gas molecules
to go across the membrane (in and out of the alveoli)