Download Skeletal System (Cont.)

Chapter 5
Human Body and Terms
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter Outcomes
• Understand the structure and function of human body systems.
• Describe the anatomical positions and movements.
• Describe the planes and axes of motion of the body.
• Describe specific body terms and regions necessary for understanding the relative
position of athletes and for communicating athlete’s positions to medical
personnel.
• Recognize and utilize the proper nomenclature and vocabulary when
communicating with emergency personnel.
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Positional Descriptions
• Anatomical position
–
Erect standing position,
arms to sides with palms
facing toward the front.
–
Considered starting point
for all movement of body
segments and location of
injury.
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Positional Descriptions (Cont.)
• Prone position
–
Lying face down on the stomach
• Supine position
–
Lying face up on the back
• Side-lying position
–
Lying on right or left side with knees slightly bent
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Positional Descriptions (Cont.)
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Directional Descriptions
• Anterior: towards front
• Posterior: towards back
• Superior: towards head
• Inferior: towards feet
• Medial: towards midline
• Proximal: toward a reference
point
• Internal: inside body
• External: outside body
• Flexion: decreasing joint angle
• Lateral: away from midline
• Extension: increasing joint
angle
• Distal: away from a reference
point
• Elevation: gliding/moving
toward head
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Directional Descriptions (Cont.)
• Depression: gliding/ moving
toward ground
• Plantarflexion: downward
movement of foot
• Abduction: movement away
from midline
• Inversion: turning inward
• Adduction: movement toward
midline
• Eversion: turning outward
• Dorsal: pertaining to top
• External rotation: rotation of
joint about axis away from
midline
• Volar: Palm of hand or bottom
of foot
• Internal rotation: rotation of
joint about axis toward midline
• Dorsiflexion: upward
movement of foot
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Directional Descriptions (Cont.)
• Supination: rotation of forearm • Protraction: anterior
placing palm of hand upward
movement of arms at the
shoulders
• Pronation: rotation of forearm
placing palm of hand downward • Retraction: posterior
movement of arms at the
• Superficial: near body surface
shoulders
• Deep: beneath surface
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Directional Descriptions (Cont.)
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Anatomical Planes and Axes
• Planes
–
Flat surfaces that divide the body
• Coronal/frontal plane
–
Divides body into anterior and posterior portions
• Sagittal plane
–
Divides body into right and left sides
• Transverse/horizontal plane
–
Divides body into top and bottom halves
• Planes are perpendicular to each other.
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Anatomical Planes and Axes (Cont.)
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Anatomical Planes and Axes (Cont.)
• Axes
–
Movements within planes dependent upon axes
• Frontal axis
–
Goes through body front to back
–
Flexion and extension movements
–
Sagittal plane
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Anatomical Planes and Axes (Cont.)
• Vertical/longitudinal axis
–
Goes through body top to bottom
–
Rotational movement
–
Transverse plane
• Horizontal/sagittal
–
Goes through body front to back
–
Abduction and adduction movements
–
Coronal/frontal plane
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Body Segments
• Extremities
–
Arms and legs
• Spinal column
–
Vertebrae and spinal cord
• Thorax
–
Chest, upper back, and chest cavity
• Pelvis
–
Pelvic bones and pelvic cavity
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Body Segments (Cont.)
• Abdomen
–
Area below thorax and above genitals
–
Divided into four quadrants
• Each quadrant houses specific internal organs
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Body Segments (Cont.)
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Body Systems
• Integumentary
• Lymphatic
• Musculoskeletal
• Endocrine
• Circulatory
• Urinary
• Respiratory
• Nervous
• Gastrointestinal
• Reproductive
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Integumentary System
• Comprised of:
–
Skin, hair, nails, and sweat and oil glands
• Largest organ of the body
• Thickness ranges from 1/32 to 1/8 inch or more
• Primary functions:
–
Protect body from external pathogens
–
Protect internal organs
–
Prevent loss of fluids
–
Regulation of body temperature (sweating, goose bumps)
–
Barrier to external fluids
–
Produce vitamin D from sun
–
Receptor for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain stimuli
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Layers of the Skin
• Epidermis
–
Outer layer of skin
–
Sublayers
• Stratum corneum
• Stratum granulosum
• Stratum spinosum
• Stratum basale
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Layers of the Skin (Cont.)
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Layers of the Skin (Cont.)
• Epidermis’ primary function:
–
Barrier against foreign particles and liquids
• Dirt, chemicals, microorganisms, ultraviolet rays
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Layers of the Skin (Cont.)
• Dermis
–
Immediately beneath epidermis
–
Location of blood vessels, nerves, sweat glands, hair follicles,
and sebaceous glands.
• Subcutis
–
Beneath dermis
–
Contains subcutaneous fat
• Regulates body temperature
• Allows skin to move independently of tissues beneath it
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Musculoskeletal System
• Comprised of:
–
Skeletal system (206 bones)
–
Muscular system (600 muscles)
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Skeletal System
• Primary functions:
–
Protect internal organs from external forces
–
Provide shape and support
–
Aid in mobility
–
Produce red blood cells
–
Store calcium
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Skeletal System (Cont.)
• Long bones
–
Femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, and ulna
• Short bones
–
Carpals and tarsals
• Irregular bones
–
Vertebrae and areas of the skull
• Flat bones
–
Ribs and scapulae
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Skeletal System (Cont.)
• Epiphyseal (growth) plate
• Epiphysis
–
End of bones
–
–
Covered with articular
cartilage.
Separates epiphyses, and
allows bone to grow.
–
Cartilaginous material that
solidifies with maturation.
–
Damage during
adolescence can disrupt
structure of bone and
effect growth.
• Diaphysis
–
Shaft of bones
• Periosteum
–
Outer surface
• Endosteum
–
Inner surface
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Skeletal System (Cont.)
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Joints of the Skeletal System
• Joints are the articulation site between bones.
• Immovable joints
–
Skull bones
• Slightly movable joints
–
Spinal column
• Freely movable joints
–
Knee and shoulder
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Joints of the Skeletal System (Cont.)
• Diarthrodial joints
–
Bones separated by a joint cavity-synovial joints
• Synovial membrane produces nutrients and fluid
• Articular capsule, an extension of articular cartilage
• Ball and socket
–
Shoulder
–
Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, medial and lateral
rotation, and circumduction
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Joints of the Skeletal System (Cont.)
• Hinge
–
Elbow
–
Flexion and extension
• Pivot
–
Atlas/axis
–
Rotation
• Plane/gliding
–
Carpals and tarsals
–
Sliding and gliding
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Joints of the Skeletal System (Cont.)
• Saddle
–
Thumb
–
Flexion, extension, and circumduction
• Condyloid
–
Metacarpophalangeal
–
Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction
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Joints of the Skeletal System (Cont.)
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Joints of the Skeletal System (Cont.)
• Synarthrodial joints
–
Bones are fused together
• Sutured
–
Skull
–
No movement
• Cartilaginous
–
Fibrocartilage spaces between vertebrae
–
Slight movement
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Joints of the Skeletal System (Cont.)
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Joints of the Skeletal System (Cont.)
• Ligamentous
–
Tibia and fibula or ulna and radius
–
Very limited motion or no motion at all
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Joints of the Skeletal System (Cont.)
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Muscular System
• 40% total body weight
• Primary functions:
–
Force production for movement, posture, and breathing
–
Generation of heat
• Connected to bone by tendons or aponeuroses
• Classifications
–
Voluntary (skeletal muscle)
–
Involuntary (smooth muscle of organs)
–
Cardiac (heart muscle)
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Skeletal Muscle
• Fascia
–
Separates muscles from each other. and holds them in position.
• Epimysium
–
Outer most layer of connective tissue
• Perimysium
–
Cover muscle fiber groups, called fasciculi
• Endomysium
–
Loose connective tissue that covers each muscle fiber within a
fascicle
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Skeletal Muscle (Cont.)
• Muscle fibers
–
Contain cellular proteins, organelles, and myofibrils
• Myofibrils
–
Filaments
• Contraction and relaxation of muscles
• Sliding filament model
• Thick (myosin)
• Thin (actin)
• Give a striated appearance
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Skeletal Muscle (Cont.)
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Circulatory System
• Heart and vessels carry
–
Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
–
Nutrients
–
Waste products
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Circulatory System (Cont.)
• Blood flow through the heart
• Lungs
• Superior/inferior vena cava
• Pulmonary veins
–
Receive deoxygenated
blood
• Right atrium
–
Tricuspid valve
• Right ventricle
• Pulmonary arteries
–
Oxygenated blood
• Left atrium
–
Bicuspid valve
• Left ventricle
• Aorta
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Circulatory System (Cont.)
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Circulatory System (Cont.)
• Circulatory Pathway
• Arteries
• Arterioles
• Capillaries
–
Oxygen and nutrient/waste exchange with tissues
• Venules
• Veins
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Lymphatic System
• System of vessels connecting to lymph nodes and various organs
(e.g., spleen)
• Primary functions:
–
Absorbing and transporting fat
–
Collecting plasma from interstitial spaces
–
Transporting plasma to venous system
–
Defending against disease/foreign organisms
–
Producing lymphocytes (white blood cells) to fight infection
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Respiratory System
• Facilitates the movement and absorption of oxygen
• Respiratory Pathway
–
Inhalation through nose/mouth
–
Pharynx
–
Trachea
–
Right and left bronchi
–
Bronchioles
–
Alveoli
• Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in capillaries
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Respiratory System (Cont.)
• Lungs
–
Right lung
• Three lobes
–
Left lung
• Two lobes
• Pleura
–
Parietal pleura (outer)
–
Visceral pleura (inner)
–
Pleural cavity (space between)
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Respiratory System (Cont.)
• Diaphragm
–
Contraction: thoracic cavity expansion, inhalation
–
Relaxation: thoracic cavity becomes smaller, exhalation
• Ventilation
–
Process of inhalation and exhalation
–
12 to 20 breaths per minute (bpm)-adult
–
15 to 30 bpm-child
–
25 to 50 bpm-infant
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Respiratory System (Cont.)
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Gastrointestinal (GI) System
• Aids in digestion of food and elimination of waste.
• GI Pathway
–
Mouth
–
Esophagus
–
Stomach
• Digestive enzymes breakdown food into smaller particles
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Gastrointestinal (GI) System (Cont.)
• GI Pathway (Cont.)
–
Small intestine
• Liver, pancreas, spleen, gallbladder
• Continued breakdown of food and absorption of nutrients
–
Large intestine
• Unused nutrients or waste products eliminated through anus
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Gastrointestinal (GI) System (Cont.)
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Urinary System
• Primary Functions
•
–
Filters and eliminates waste from blood
–
Maintains fluid and electrolyte balance
Urinary Pathway
–
Right and left kidneys
• Located approximately at T12 to L3 levels
–
Ureters
–
Bladder
–
Urethra
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Urinary System (Cont.)
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Nervous System
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Nervous System (Cont.)
• Primary Functions:
–
Body’s control center
–
Regulates body systems
–
Transmits impulses to coordinate movements
• Structural Components:
–
Central nervous system (CNS)
–
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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Nervous System (Cont.)
• CNS
–
Brain and spinal cord
• PNS
–
Spinal nerves (31 pairs)
• 8 cervical
• 12 thoracic
• 5 lumbar
• 5 sacral
• 1 coccygeal
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PNS
• Afferent division
–
Carries impulses away from CNS
• Efferent division
–
Carries impulses towards CNS
–
Somatic nervous system
• Sensory and motor neurons
–
Autonomic nervous system
• Cardiac and smooth muscles and glands
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Autonomic Nervous System
• Sympathetic nervous system
–
Excitatory responses
–
Increases heart rate, blood pressure, and other functions
• Parasympathetic nervous system
–
Opposite of sympathetic
–
Decreases heart rate, blood pressure, and other function to
normal levels
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Reproductive System
• Men
–
Testicles
• Sperm production
–
Penis
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Reproductive System (Cont.)
• Women
–
Uterus
–
Ovaries
• Egg production
–
Uterine tubes
• Connect ovaries to uterus
–
Vagina
–
Labia
–
Clitoris
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Reproductive System (Cont.)
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Wrap-Up
• Rudimentary knowledge of anatomy is needed to understand how
emergency situations can affect or alter normal body systems.
• In-depth anatomical/physiological review can be obtained in various
courses, workshops, seminars, or text.
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