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Youth Ambassadors’ Blood Programme (Silver) Learner’s Guide
Red Cross Youth
LEARNER’S GUIDE
YABP-2C-1
YOUTH AMBASSADORS’
BLOOD PROGRAMME
(SILVER)
Youth Ambassadors’ Blood Programme
Copyright 2015 @ Red Cross Youth
Version 1.0 January 2015
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Youth Ambassodor Blood Programme (Silver) Learner’s Guide
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Version Control
Version Control
No.
Date
Author
1.0
29 November 2014
Soon Zhi Yuan
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Remarks
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Content Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Topic
Page No.
Subject Overview
Module 2
4
Science of Blood and Blood Donation
5 - 16
2.1
The Science of Blood
5-8
2.2
The History Of Blood Transfusion
9 - 10
2.3
The Blood Donation Criteria
11
2.4
The Blood Donation Process
12
2.5
Activity: Stations Simulation
12
-
Blood Donor Champion Stories
-
Parent Consent Form
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16
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OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, trainees will be able to:

Understand what the components of our blood are and how the components function
and are useful to our body.

Understand the selection criteria of a blood donor and the blood donation process.
MODULES OUTLINE

Module 2:
Science of Blood and Blood Donation
MODULE ASSESSMENT

Attend Module 2 lessons and prepare a PowerPoint presentation to instill awareness
and address the truths and myths about Blood Donation, assessed and approved by
a Qualified RCY VI / VO / VAL / TIC / YO before presentation.

Cadets are to participate in a setup of a YAP display ‘booth’ in the school to talk and
share with fellow schoolmates to distribute Blood Donation invitation cards to their
family and friends who can donate blood.
OR
Cadets can also do publicity and spread awareness for their blood drive by
distributing flyers or invitation cards to the Public to invite them to donate blood.
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Module 2: Science of Blood and Blood Donation
Objective:

Understand what the components of our blood are and how the components function
and are useful to our body.

Understand the selection criteria of a blood donor and the blood donation process
Module 2.1: Blood Components and Their Uses
Blood
Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to the cells and transports waste
substances away from them. In every two to three drops of blood, there are
about one billion red blood cells. And for every 600 red blood cells, there are
about 40 platelets and one white blood cell. Currently, there is no viable
substitute for human blood.
Blood Volume
The average adult blood volume is between 4-7 litres. A donation of blood is no more than
450 ml and is replaced by the body within 72 hours with sufficient intake of fluids, the volume
of a blood donation is 10% or less of a person’s total blood volume.
One of the many myths about blood donation is that it will make people weak.
Composition of Blood
Blood is a living tissue consisting of:
 Red blood cells (40%)
 White blood cells (1%)
 Platelets (4%)
 Plasma (55%)
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Red Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells are manufactured in the bone marrow, they are continuously being
produced and broken down.
Function: Each red blood cell has haemoglobin that carries oxygen to the cells of the body
and transports carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs for excretion.
Shelf Life: Approximately 120 days
Uses: Transfusions of red blood cells can be used to treat anaemia, trauma or blood loss
during childbirth or surgery.
Red Blood Cell Compatibility Chart
In red blood cell transfusion, O- is universal donor while AB+ is universal recipient.
Why are Red Blood Cells red?
Haemoglobin gives red blood cells their colour.
Iron is a key factor in the manufacture of haemoglobin and if iron supply is low, people may
become anaemic. A blood donor’s haemoglobin is checked before every donation to ensure
he/she is not anaemic. Donor must have a minimum Haemoglobin level of 12.5g/dl.
A diet rich in iron is important to maintain a healthy haemoglobin level. Food rich in iron
includes: green leafy vegetables, red meat, and fish. It is common for women to suffer from
low haemoglobin as a result of menstruation.
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White Blood Cells
White blood cells help protect the body against infection. Some white blood cells surround
and destroy bacteria. Other white blood cells build up the body’s immunity by producing
antibodies.
However, they are usually not used for transfusion, as the white blood cells from donations
are not useful after 24 hours.
Platelet
These are small cell fragments in the blood.
Function: Platelets help to control bleeding by forming clotting factors. When a blood vessel
is damaged, platelets will become “glued” together at the damage site to form a platelet plug,
which prevents blood from leaking out.
Shelf Life: 5 Days
Uses: Platelet transfusions are given to manage haemorrhage from trauma, dengue fever,
platelet deficiency or cancers such as leukaemia.
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Plasma
Plasma is like a river that carries the solid cells and platelets to all parts of the body.
Shelf Life: Plasma can be frozen and stored for up to one year
Function: Plasma help fight infection and cancer, as well as clotting factors – special
proteins that help blood to clot.
Uses: Replace clotting factors, which may be depleted in bleeding or infection.
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Module 2.2: History of Blood Transfusion
3000 Years Ago
Before transfusion was known for its medical benefit, it was actually believed that
letting blood out was the treatment for a long list of diseases, even haemorrhaging.
17th – 18th Century: Discovery Stage
1628 First discovery of the blood circulation by English Physician William Harvey.
1665 First successful recorded blood transfusion between dogs by English
Physician Richard Lower. He also experimented with transfusion of lamb’s blood
into a human.
1795 American physician Philip Syng Physick is believed to have performed the first
human transfusion.
19th Century Experimentations and Milestones
1818 The first successful transfusion of human blood to a patient for the
treatment of postpartum haemorrhage by James Blundell.
1840 First successful whole blood transfusion to treat haemophilia by Samuel
Armstrong Lane, aided by consultant Dr. Blundell at St George’s School in
London.
1873-1884 Various blood substitutes used, for example milk and later on saline due to the
increased frequency of adverse reaction to milk.
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20th Century: Discovery of Blood Types & Improvement of Blood Storage and
Transfusion Technology.
1900 Karl Landsteiner discovered 3 blood types and named them as A, B and C.
1908 Alexis Carrel devised a way to prevent clotting by sewing the vein of the recipient
directly to the artery of the donor.
Karl Landsteiner
1910s Albert Hustin discovered that by adding anticoagulant and refrigerating the blood it
was possible to store it for some days, thus opening the way for blood banks. He also
performed the first non-direct transfusion in 1914.
World War I Birth of donation drive and establishment of first blood bank.
Alexis Carrel
1916 The first blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled was
performed.
1921 Birth of voluntary blood donation when the British Red Cross members all decided
to donate blood.
1930 Karl Landsteiner won the Noble Prize for Medicine for A, B, O and AB blood typing
discovery.
1939-1940 Karl Landsteiner, Alex Weiner, Philip Levine, R. E. Stetson: discovery of
Rhesus blood group system (positive and negative blood type) and is soon recognised
as the major cause of transfusion reactions.
1940 John Elliot developed the first blood container, a vacuum glass bottle.
Blood collection was introduced to Singapore on a large scale in 1940 because of the threat
of the Second World War in the Pacific.
1946 In Singapore, the blood collection was transferred to a civilian unit with the set up of
the Singapore Blood Transfusion Service. 287 bags of blood collected in the first year.
1949 First mobile drive in residential & office areas.
1950 Carl Walter and W.P. Murphy, Jr., introduced the plastic bag for blood
collection.
1953 Blood Service had a permanent location.
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Albert Hustin
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Module 2.3: Blood Donor Criteria
For donor’s health and well-being, donor must:






Be between 16 and 60 years old (Parental consent required for those who
are 16 and 17 years old – Sample of parental consent form can be found on
page 16)
Weigh at least 45 kg
Have a haemoglobin level of at least 12.5 g/dl
Generally be in good health
Not have had any symptoms of infection for at least 1 week e.g. sore throat,
cough, runny nose, diarrhea
Not have had a fever in the last 3 weeks
Celebrate your 16th
birthday by donating your
first unit of blood!
Common reasons for deferral







Chronic illnesses requiring medication such as hypertension, heart, lungs, kidney
diseases, diabetes, etc.
Previous or current history of cancer
Infected by HIV or are at risk of getting HIV
Previous history or drug abuse (either oral or intravenous)
Ever had Hepatitis B or C
Resided in the United Kingdom for a cumulative period of 3 months or more
from 1980 to 1996
Resided in France for a cumulative of 5 years or more from 1980 up till
today
Common reasons for temporary deferral
Condition
Traditional Medication
Vaccination (depending on type)
Medications for treating acute conditions
Travel to Malaria endemic areas
Tattoo, ear/body piercing or acupuncture
Deferral period
3 days
48 hours to 4 weeks
3 days to 3 weeks
6 weeks or more
12 months unless the needles used are
disposable and the whole procedure is done
aseptically
Menstrual period
Should not donate if flow is heavy or having
menstrual cramp
6 weeks after normal childbirth
1 week after cessation
6 weeks to 6 months
12 months
Pregnancy
Breast feeding
Minor surgery
Major surgery or blood transfusion
Refer to
http://www.hsa.gov.sg/content/hsa/en/Blood_Services/Blood_Donation/Can_I_Donate.html
for the full list of criteria.
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Module 2.4: Blood Donation Process
1) Registration
Potential blood donor will be asked to fill out a health assessment
questionnaire.
2) Medical screening
Health screener will ask the potential blood donor about his/her medical,
travel and social history to confirm that he/she is fit to make a donation,
after which his/her weight, blood pressure, pulse and body temperature
will be taken.
3) Blood test
Blood haemoglobin level of the potential blood donor will be checked.
Do you recall what is the minimum haemoglobin level required to make a blood donation in
Singapore?
4) Blood donation
Donor’s arm will be cleaned, after which local painkiller will be applied to
ensure minimal pain during the donation.
The actual withdrawal of blood takes about 5 to 10 minutes and about
350 – 450 ml of blood is collected.
5) Refreshments
Donor will be advised to rest for 10 to 15 minutes and have some light refreshments before
resuming normal activities.
Module 2.5 Activity: Stations Simulation
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Blood Donor Champion Story – Mr. Alan Lau
Mr. Lau making an apheresis donation
I grew up in an environment that was conducive to donating blood, but I only became
inspired to do so after my late mother suffered a stroke.
From a young age, I’ve been accompanying my father to community centres where he
donated blood. My mother was a former nurse and even encouraged me to donate blood
while I was in the army in the 80s. Yet, that did not leave as strong of an impression on me
to embark on a life-long passion for donating blood. The turning point came in 1991, when
her stroke occurred.
Recalling what her hospital doctor said to me back then, “Your mum requires blood
donations to help save her life. There are people who need blood more than you do. Like
your mum, these people are dependent on living donors to survive. Hopefully, one day you
will also donate blood like them too.”
It was from then onwards that I started donating blood on a regular basis after finishing my
studies in 1993, as a tribute to my mother. I remembered the times when she required blood
transfusions to keep her alive. I witnessed the chilling images of other patients at hospitals
with blood drips. Although she didn’t survive the stroke in the end, it finally dawned on me
that if nobody had stepped forward to donate blood, neither she nor these people would
have stood a chance.
Eventually I became a Champion of Champions two years ago, having donated blood for
over 157 times.
I can draw some parallels between my job as a police officer and blood donation. Both are
meaningful and altruistic. Both involve some sacrifice and both require certain degree of
personal discipline and devotion.
I hope my sharing can encourage you to take action. Both you and I can donate blood.
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Story of a blood donation beneficiary – Mr Jeremy Nguee
Delivering a child is a joyful yet painful process. It can also be a difficult and scary time for
their partners too. This was definitely the case for me. My wife, Liang Shumin, 31 had a
close brush with death after developing complications following the delivery of our baby son,
Shane.
Like all new parents, my wife and I were overwhelmed with joy and emotion at the sight of
Baby Shane. Unfortunately, just as the baby was handed over to the pediatrician, my wife
turned breathless and lost her sight. She could see white spots initially but plunged into total
darkness later. She was still conscious but was moaning of backaches and neck pains. Our
doctor, Dr Beh summoned the anesthetist, Dr Loo, to assist and they quickly moved her to
the operating theatre. I learnt that Shumin had lost a lot of blood and needed a blood
transfusion.
An hour later, the doctor informed me that Shumin had Amniotic Fluid Embolism, a rare
complication where the mother’s blood is contaminated with amniotic fluid. The condition
deranges normal body functions and prevents the blood from coagulating. It is a
complication seen once in ten years and only one in ten mothers survive. The doctors would
need to compress her womb or remove it completely to save her life. I was advised to keep
his fingers crossed and hope for the best.
I was terrified. I can live without kids but I definitely cannot live without my wife. I was
certainly not prepared for the hair tie she dropped in the delivery suite (now fastened to my
bracelet) to be my last reminder of her. I was confused and angry. Why did this have to
happen?
Just as I was praying for a miracle, I was informed that Dr Beh and the team of doctors and
nurses had successfully compressed her womb and stitched up the episiotomy. However,
Shumin was still bleeding profusely and the danger was not over as yet. Like a bucket with a
hole, you can pour as much blood in but it will still flow out.
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After five hours, my wife was eventually moved out of the operating theatre into intensive
care. Thirty-seven bags of blood saved Shumin’s life.
“I am really thankful to all the blood donors who came forth. Without you, I wouldn’t be here
today. I have lots to thank you for,” acknowledged Shumin."
Scan & Watch ‘Video
interview with Mr Nguee’
PARENT CONSENT FORM
Any healthy person between the age of 18 and 60 years can give blood. Those who
are from 16 to 17 years old may also donate if they have their parent's / guardian's
consent.
http://www.hsa.gov.sg/content/dam/HSA/BSG/Blood_Donation/Blood_Donation_Proce
ss/Parent-Consent-form.pdf
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