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Youth Ambassadors’ Blood Programme (Silver) Learner’s Guide Red Cross Youth LEARNER’S GUIDE YABP-2C-1 YOUTH AMBASSADORS’ BLOOD PROGRAMME (SILVER) Youth Ambassadors’ Blood Programme Copyright 2015 @ Red Cross Youth Version 1.0 January 2015 Page 1 Youth Ambassodor Blood Programme (Silver) Learner’s Guide Red Cross Youth Version Control Version Control No. Date Author 1.0 29 November 2014 Soon Zhi Yuan Youth Ambassadors’ Blood Programme Copyright 2015 @ Red Cross Youth Version 1.0 January 2015 Remarks Page 2 Youth Ambassodor Blood Programme (Silver) Learner’s Guide Red Cross Youth Content Page TABLE OF CONTENTS Topic Page No. Subject Overview Module 2 4 Science of Blood and Blood Donation 5 - 16 2.1 The Science of Blood 5-8 2.2 The History Of Blood Transfusion 9 - 10 2.3 The Blood Donation Criteria 11 2.4 The Blood Donation Process 12 2.5 Activity: Stations Simulation 12 - Blood Donor Champion Stories - Parent Consent Form Youth Ambassadors’ Blood Programme Copyright 2015 @ Red Cross Youth Version 1.0 January 2015 13 - 15 16 Page 3 Youth Ambassodor Blood Programme (Silver) Learner’s Guide Red Cross Youth OBJECTIVES At the end of this module, trainees will be able to: Understand what the components of our blood are and how the components function and are useful to our body. Understand the selection criteria of a blood donor and the blood donation process. MODULES OUTLINE Module 2: Science of Blood and Blood Donation MODULE ASSESSMENT Attend Module 2 lessons and prepare a PowerPoint presentation to instill awareness and address the truths and myths about Blood Donation, assessed and approved by a Qualified RCY VI / VO / VAL / TIC / YO before presentation. Cadets are to participate in a setup of a YAP display ‘booth’ in the school to talk and share with fellow schoolmates to distribute Blood Donation invitation cards to their family and friends who can donate blood. OR Cadets can also do publicity and spread awareness for their blood drive by distributing flyers or invitation cards to the Public to invite them to donate blood. Youth Ambassadors’ Blood Programme Copyright 2015 @ Red Cross Youth Version 1.0 January 2015 Page 4 Youth Ambassodor Blood Programme (Silver) Learner’s Guide Red Cross Youth Module 2: Science of Blood and Blood Donation Objective: Understand what the components of our blood are and how the components function and are useful to our body. Understand the selection criteria of a blood donor and the blood donation process Module 2.1: Blood Components and Their Uses Blood Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to the cells and transports waste substances away from them. In every two to three drops of blood, there are about one billion red blood cells. And for every 600 red blood cells, there are about 40 platelets and one white blood cell. Currently, there is no viable substitute for human blood. Blood Volume The average adult blood volume is between 4-7 litres. A donation of blood is no more than 450 ml and is replaced by the body within 72 hours with sufficient intake of fluids, the volume of a blood donation is 10% or less of a person’s total blood volume. One of the many myths about blood donation is that it will make people weak. Composition of Blood Blood is a living tissue consisting of: Red blood cells (40%) White blood cells (1%) Platelets (4%) Plasma (55%) Youth Ambassadors’ Blood Programme Copyright 2015 @ Red Cross Youth Version 1.0 January 2015 Page 5 Youth Ambassodor Blood Programme (Silver) Learner’s Guide Red Cross Youth Red Blood Cells Red Blood Cells are manufactured in the bone marrow, they are continuously being produced and broken down. Function: Each red blood cell has haemoglobin that carries oxygen to the cells of the body and transports carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs for excretion. Shelf Life: Approximately 120 days Uses: Transfusions of red blood cells can be used to treat anaemia, trauma or blood loss during childbirth or surgery. Red Blood Cell Compatibility Chart In red blood cell transfusion, O- is universal donor while AB+ is universal recipient. Why are Red Blood Cells red? Haemoglobin gives red blood cells their colour. Iron is a key factor in the manufacture of haemoglobin and if iron supply is low, people may become anaemic. A blood donor’s haemoglobin is checked before every donation to ensure he/she is not anaemic. Donor must have a minimum Haemoglobin level of 12.5g/dl. A diet rich in iron is important to maintain a healthy haemoglobin level. Food rich in iron includes: green leafy vegetables, red meat, and fish. It is common for women to suffer from low haemoglobin as a result of menstruation. Youth Ambassadors’ Blood Programme Copyright 2015 @ Red Cross Youth Version 1.0 January 2015 Page 6 Youth Ambassodor Blood Programme (Silver) Learner’s Guide Red Cross Youth White Blood Cells White blood cells help protect the body against infection. Some white blood cells surround and destroy bacteria. Other white blood cells build up the body’s immunity by producing antibodies. However, they are usually not used for transfusion, as the white blood cells from donations are not useful after 24 hours. Platelet These are small cell fragments in the blood. Function: Platelets help to control bleeding by forming clotting factors. When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets will become “glued” together at the damage site to form a platelet plug, which prevents blood from leaking out. Shelf Life: 5 Days Uses: Platelet transfusions are given to manage haemorrhage from trauma, dengue fever, platelet deficiency or cancers such as leukaemia. Youth Ambassadors’ Blood Programme Copyright 2015 @ Red Cross Youth Version 1.0 January 2015 Page 7 Youth Ambassodor Blood Programme (Silver) Learner’s Guide Red Cross Youth Plasma Plasma is like a river that carries the solid cells and platelets to all parts of the body. Shelf Life: Plasma can be frozen and stored for up to one year Function: Plasma help fight infection and cancer, as well as clotting factors – special proteins that help blood to clot. Uses: Replace clotting factors, which may be depleted in bleeding or infection. Youth Ambassadors’ Blood Programme Copyright 2015 @ Red Cross Youth Version 1.0 January 2015 Page 8 Youth Ambassodor Blood Programme (Silver) Learner’s Guide Red Cross Youth Module 2.2: History of Blood Transfusion 3000 Years Ago Before transfusion was known for its medical benefit, it was actually believed that letting blood out was the treatment for a long list of diseases, even haemorrhaging. 17th – 18th Century: Discovery Stage 1628 First discovery of the blood circulation by English Physician William Harvey. 1665 First successful recorded blood transfusion between dogs by English Physician Richard Lower. He also experimented with transfusion of lamb’s blood into a human. 1795 American physician Philip Syng Physick is believed to have performed the first human transfusion. 19th Century Experimentations and Milestones 1818 The first successful transfusion of human blood to a patient for the treatment of postpartum haemorrhage by James Blundell. 1840 First successful whole blood transfusion to treat haemophilia by Samuel Armstrong Lane, aided by consultant Dr. Blundell at St George’s School in London. 1873-1884 Various blood substitutes used, for example milk and later on saline due to the increased frequency of adverse reaction to milk. Youth Ambassadors’ Blood Programme Copyright 2015 @ Red Cross Youth Version 1.0 January 2015 Page 9 Youth Ambassodor Blood Programme (Silver) Learner’s Guide Red Cross Youth 20th Century: Discovery of Blood Types & Improvement of Blood Storage and Transfusion Technology. 1900 Karl Landsteiner discovered 3 blood types and named them as A, B and C. 1908 Alexis Carrel devised a way to prevent clotting by sewing the vein of the recipient directly to the artery of the donor. Karl Landsteiner 1910s Albert Hustin discovered that by adding anticoagulant and refrigerating the blood it was possible to store it for some days, thus opening the way for blood banks. He also performed the first non-direct transfusion in 1914. World War I Birth of donation drive and establishment of first blood bank. Alexis Carrel 1916 The first blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled was performed. 1921 Birth of voluntary blood donation when the British Red Cross members all decided to donate blood. 1930 Karl Landsteiner won the Noble Prize for Medicine for A, B, O and AB blood typing discovery. 1939-1940 Karl Landsteiner, Alex Weiner, Philip Levine, R. E. Stetson: discovery of Rhesus blood group system (positive and negative blood type) and is soon recognised as the major cause of transfusion reactions. 1940 John Elliot developed the first blood container, a vacuum glass bottle. Blood collection was introduced to Singapore on a large scale in 1940 because of the threat of the Second World War in the Pacific. 1946 In Singapore, the blood collection was transferred to a civilian unit with the set up of the Singapore Blood Transfusion Service. 287 bags of blood collected in the first year. 1949 First mobile drive in residential & office areas. 1950 Carl Walter and W.P. Murphy, Jr., introduced the plastic bag for blood collection. 1953 Blood Service had a permanent location. Youth Ambassadors’ Blood Programme Copyright 2015 @ Red Cross Youth Version 1.0 January 2015 Page 10 Albert Hustin Youth Ambassodor Blood Programme (Silver) Learner’s Guide Red Cross Youth Module 2.3: Blood Donor Criteria For donor’s health and well-being, donor must: Be between 16 and 60 years old (Parental consent required for those who are 16 and 17 years old – Sample of parental consent form can be found on page 16) Weigh at least 45 kg Have a haemoglobin level of at least 12.5 g/dl Generally be in good health Not have had any symptoms of infection for at least 1 week e.g. sore throat, cough, runny nose, diarrhea Not have had a fever in the last 3 weeks Celebrate your 16th birthday by donating your first unit of blood! Common reasons for deferral Chronic illnesses requiring medication such as hypertension, heart, lungs, kidney diseases, diabetes, etc. Previous or current history of cancer Infected by HIV or are at risk of getting HIV Previous history or drug abuse (either oral or intravenous) Ever had Hepatitis B or C Resided in the United Kingdom for a cumulative period of 3 months or more from 1980 to 1996 Resided in France for a cumulative of 5 years or more from 1980 up till today Common reasons for temporary deferral Condition Traditional Medication Vaccination (depending on type) Medications for treating acute conditions Travel to Malaria endemic areas Tattoo, ear/body piercing or acupuncture Deferral period 3 days 48 hours to 4 weeks 3 days to 3 weeks 6 weeks or more 12 months unless the needles used are disposable and the whole procedure is done aseptically Menstrual period Should not donate if flow is heavy or having menstrual cramp 6 weeks after normal childbirth 1 week after cessation 6 weeks to 6 months 12 months Pregnancy Breast feeding Minor surgery Major surgery or blood transfusion Refer to http://www.hsa.gov.sg/content/hsa/en/Blood_Services/Blood_Donation/Can_I_Donate.html for the full list of criteria. Youth Ambassadors’ Blood Programme Copyright 2015 @ Red Cross Youth Version 1.0 January 2015 Page 11 Youth Ambassodor Blood Programme (Silver) Learner’s Guide Red Cross Youth Module 2.4: Blood Donation Process 1) Registration Potential blood donor will be asked to fill out a health assessment questionnaire. 2) Medical screening Health screener will ask the potential blood donor about his/her medical, travel and social history to confirm that he/she is fit to make a donation, after which his/her weight, blood pressure, pulse and body temperature will be taken. 3) Blood test Blood haemoglobin level of the potential blood donor will be checked. Do you recall what is the minimum haemoglobin level required to make a blood donation in Singapore? 4) Blood donation Donor’s arm will be cleaned, after which local painkiller will be applied to ensure minimal pain during the donation. The actual withdrawal of blood takes about 5 to 10 minutes and about 350 – 450 ml of blood is collected. 5) Refreshments Donor will be advised to rest for 10 to 15 minutes and have some light refreshments before resuming normal activities. Module 2.5 Activity: Stations Simulation Youth Ambassadors’ Blood Programme Copyright 2015 @ Red Cross Youth Version 1.0 January 2015 Page 12 Youth Ambassodor Blood Programme (Silver) Learner’s Guide Red Cross Youth Blood Donor Champion Story – Mr. Alan Lau Mr. Lau making an apheresis donation I grew up in an environment that was conducive to donating blood, but I only became inspired to do so after my late mother suffered a stroke. From a young age, I’ve been accompanying my father to community centres where he donated blood. My mother was a former nurse and even encouraged me to donate blood while I was in the army in the 80s. Yet, that did not leave as strong of an impression on me to embark on a life-long passion for donating blood. The turning point came in 1991, when her stroke occurred. Recalling what her hospital doctor said to me back then, “Your mum requires blood donations to help save her life. There are people who need blood more than you do. Like your mum, these people are dependent on living donors to survive. Hopefully, one day you will also donate blood like them too.” It was from then onwards that I started donating blood on a regular basis after finishing my studies in 1993, as a tribute to my mother. I remembered the times when she required blood transfusions to keep her alive. I witnessed the chilling images of other patients at hospitals with blood drips. Although she didn’t survive the stroke in the end, it finally dawned on me that if nobody had stepped forward to donate blood, neither she nor these people would have stood a chance. Eventually I became a Champion of Champions two years ago, having donated blood for over 157 times. I can draw some parallels between my job as a police officer and blood donation. Both are meaningful and altruistic. Both involve some sacrifice and both require certain degree of personal discipline and devotion. I hope my sharing can encourage you to take action. Both you and I can donate blood. Youth Ambassadors’ Blood Programme Copyright 2015 @ Red Cross Youth Version 1.0 January 2015 Page 13 Youth Ambassodor Blood Programme (Silver) Learner’s Guide Red Cross Youth Story of a blood donation beneficiary – Mr Jeremy Nguee Delivering a child is a joyful yet painful process. It can also be a difficult and scary time for their partners too. This was definitely the case for me. My wife, Liang Shumin, 31 had a close brush with death after developing complications following the delivery of our baby son, Shane. Like all new parents, my wife and I were overwhelmed with joy and emotion at the sight of Baby Shane. Unfortunately, just as the baby was handed over to the pediatrician, my wife turned breathless and lost her sight. She could see white spots initially but plunged into total darkness later. She was still conscious but was moaning of backaches and neck pains. Our doctor, Dr Beh summoned the anesthetist, Dr Loo, to assist and they quickly moved her to the operating theatre. I learnt that Shumin had lost a lot of blood and needed a blood transfusion. An hour later, the doctor informed me that Shumin had Amniotic Fluid Embolism, a rare complication where the mother’s blood is contaminated with amniotic fluid. The condition deranges normal body functions and prevents the blood from coagulating. It is a complication seen once in ten years and only one in ten mothers survive. The doctors would need to compress her womb or remove it completely to save her life. I was advised to keep his fingers crossed and hope for the best. I was terrified. I can live without kids but I definitely cannot live without my wife. I was certainly not prepared for the hair tie she dropped in the delivery suite (now fastened to my bracelet) to be my last reminder of her. I was confused and angry. Why did this have to happen? Just as I was praying for a miracle, I was informed that Dr Beh and the team of doctors and nurses had successfully compressed her womb and stitched up the episiotomy. However, Shumin was still bleeding profusely and the danger was not over as yet. Like a bucket with a hole, you can pour as much blood in but it will still flow out. Youth Ambassadors’ Blood Programme Copyright 2015 @ Red Cross Youth Version 1.0 January 2015 Page 14 Youth Ambassodor Blood Programme (Silver) Learner’s Guide Red Cross Youth After five hours, my wife was eventually moved out of the operating theatre into intensive care. Thirty-seven bags of blood saved Shumin’s life. “I am really thankful to all the blood donors who came forth. Without you, I wouldn’t be here today. I have lots to thank you for,” acknowledged Shumin." Scan & Watch ‘Video interview with Mr Nguee’ PARENT CONSENT FORM Any healthy person between the age of 18 and 60 years can give blood. Those who are from 16 to 17 years old may also donate if they have their parent's / guardian's consent. http://www.hsa.gov.sg/content/dam/HSA/BSG/Blood_Donation/Blood_Donation_Proce ss/Parent-Consent-form.pdf Youth Ambassadors’ Blood Programme Copyright 2015 @ Red Cross Youth Version 1.0 January 2015 Page 15 Youth Ambassodor Blood Programme (Silver) Learner’s Guide Youth Ambassadors’ Blood Programme Copyright 2015 @ Red Cross Youth Version 1.0 January 2015 Page 16 Red Cross Youth