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Name Class Date Biography Rome and Christianity Marc Antony c. 82–30 BC WHY HE MADE HISTORY Marc Antony was a Roman general and supporter of Julius Caesar. He was a part of the Second Triumvirate that ruled Rome after Caesar’s death. As you read the biography below, think about how Marc Antony’s loyalty to Caesar helped him make decisions for Rome. Marc Antony was born Marcus Antonius. His father died while Antony was very young. He and his brothers were raised by their mother. Antony studied rhetoric, but proved his worth to Rome with his courage and skills as a cavalry commander. Antony was a supporter of Caesar. When Caesar became dictator of Rome, Antony served under him as “master of the horse.” No matter what conflicts occurred, Marc Antony remained loyal to Caesar. When Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, Antony fled Rome dressed as a slave because he was afraid that Caesar’s supporters would also be killed. Antony returned to Rome to give Caesar’s eulogy. The Romans were so moved by Antony’s speech that they rose up against Caesar’s killers. Marc Antony formed an alliance with two other important Romans, Lepidus and Octavian. This group divided the Roman Empire among themselves. Antony took the eastern provinces. Marc Antony traveled to Egypt to see Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, in 41 BC. Antony and Cleopatra became lovers. Antony borrowed money from Egypt and built an army. His goal was to subdue tribes in Armenia. Antony’s first attempt was disastrous. Around 38 BC, Antony invaded Armenia again and VOCABULARY eulogy a speech or tribute given for someone who has died Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 6 5606_MSH_Biography_Ch11a.indd 6 Rome and Christianity 6/10/05 1:17:04 PM Name Class Date Biography Marc Antony, continued was successful. Antony and his soldiers returned to Egypt and celebrated the victory. During the celebration, Antony announced that he was ending his alliance with Octavian. He also proclaimed that his and Cleopatra’s children would rule over various kingdoms around Egypt. This made Antony very unpopular in Rome. Antony divorced his wife, who was Octavian’s sister, to be with Cleopatra. Octavian saw this as an insult both to his sister and to himself. In 31 BC, Octavian sent the Roman navy to Egypt to attack Antony. Antony’s fleet was defeated at the Battle of Actium. Antony escaped back to Egypt, where he and Cleopatra both committed suicide so they wouldn’t become Octavian’s prisoners. WHAT DID YOU LEARN? 1. What were two things that Marc Antony did? 2. Draw Conclusions Why do you think Marc Antony lost influence in Rome? ACTIVITY 3. Create a timeline on a separate sheet of paper. Using what you have learned about Marc Antony, make a list of events that took place in his life in the order that they occurred. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 7 Rome and Christianity Answer Key Biography Marc Antony 9. “God’s chosen one” in Hebrew; prophets used to this word to describe the leader who was a descendant of King David 10. probably the most important figure in the spread of Christianity after Jesus’s death; traveled throughout the Roman world spreading Christian teachings 11. punishing a group because of its beliefs; a few Roman emperors banned Christianity and caused this to happen to Christians 12. what Christians call Jesus’s rise from the dead; believed by early Christians to be a sign that Jesus was the Messiah and the son of God WHAT DID YOU LEARN? 1. Marc Antony delivered Caesar’s eulogy, and helped form the Second Triumvirate. 2. Antony lost influence and power in Rome because he ended his alliance with the Second Triumvirate, and also with Octavianus. Antony also gave each of his children a different country or kingdom, which breached relations with Rome. ACTIVITY 3. Students’ time lines will vary. Biography Saint Peter Vocabulary Builder Section 3 WHAT DID YOU LEARN? 1. Saint Peter was known for being Jesus’s 1. Diocletian ruled the Roman Empire in the 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. most trusted companion. He is considered by some Christians to be the first head of the church, and was the first bishop of Rome. 2. Peter was a fisherman. He met Jesus, and went on a journey with him and his brother Andrew. He began preaching Christianity. Peter then went on a missionary journey, then died as a martyr. late 200s. The Huns, under the fearsome leader Attila, raided Roman territory in the east. By the 400s corruption, the decay of people’s values, had become widespread in Roman government. Justinian, an emperor who ruled from 527 to 565, wanted to reunite the old Roman Empire, as well as had passions for the law and the church. Justinian’s smart and powerful wife was Theodora, who convinced Justinian to stay in power for the rest of his reign. Historians call the society that developed in the eastern Roman Empire the Byzantine Empire. ACTIVITY 3. Answers will vary. Literature CALL-OUT BOX 1. Students’ answers will vary. Biography Cicero ANALYZING LITERATURE 1. She knows she can outrun them so she WHAT DID YOU LEARN? won’t ever have to marry. 1. Cicero studied law, rhetoric, Latin, 2. Answers may vary. Hippomenes will win philosophy and literature. because the oracle said that Atalanta will marry. Atalanta will win because she is faster and can outrun everyone. 2. In Cicero’s time, you had to agree with the political leaders or they had the power to have you silenced or killed. Today, people are encouraged to voice their opinions and share their differences. ACTIVITY 3. Students’ letters will vary. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 37 5606_MSH_Answer Key_Ch11.indd 37 Rome and Christianity 6/10/05 1:23:14 PM