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Biochemistry, biology
Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their
structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.
Biochemistry is the science in which chemistry is applied to the study of living organisms and
the atoms and molecules which comprise living organisms.
Fundamental Biological Molecules (Biomolecules):
1. Carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
2. Proteins: amino acids
3. Lipids: stereoids, phospholipids, triglycerides
4. Nucleic acids: DNA, RNA
Metabolism is the sum of the chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living
organism and that provide energy for vital processes and for synthesizing new organic material.
Catabolism is destructive metabolism. Typically, in catabolism, larger organic molecules are
broken down into smaller constituents. This usually occurs with the release of energy.
Anabolism is constructive metabolism. Typically, in anabolism, small precursor molecules are
assembled into larger organic molecules. This always requires the input of energy.
Comparing & Contrasting Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Occurs in the presence of light (and
Occurs at all times in cells
chlorophyll in plant cells)
Requires energy (light) to make sugar
Releases energy from sugar
(glucose)
Complex substances (sugar) are formed
Complex substances (sugar) are broken down into simpler
from simpler ones.
ones.
Carbon dioxide and water are the raw
Carbon dioxide and water are the waste products.
materials.
Oxygen is given out.
Oxygen is taken in.
Characteristics of living organism:
movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction excretion, nutrition
Elements in the Human Body
Most of the human body is made up of water, H2O, with cells consisting of 65-90% water by
weight. Therefore, it isn't surprising that most of a human body's mass is oxygen. Carbon, the
basic unit for organic molecules, comes in second. 99% of the mass of the human body is made
up of just six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. You may
also wish to view the element composition of an average human body by mass.
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Parts of the prokaryotic cell
A typical prokaryotic cell might
contain the following parts:
cell wall, plasma membrane,
cytoplasm, flagella and pili,
nucleoid, plasmid
Parts of the eukaryotic (animal) cell
Cell membrane - forms the outer covering
of the cell, and is semi-permeable.
Cytoplasm - is a gel-like matrix where all
the other cell organelles are suspended
inside the cell.
Nucleus - contains the hereditary material
DNA and directs the activities of the cell.
Centrioles - organize the microtubules
assembly during cell division.
Endoplasmic Reticulum - are a network of
membranes composed of rough and smooth
endoplasmic reticulum.
Golgi complex - is responsible for storing, packaging of cellular products.
Lysosomes - are enzyme sacs,that digest cellular wastes.
Mitochondria - is the site for cellular respiration and producers of energy.
Ribosomes - are made of RNA and proteins, and are sites for protein synthesis.
Levels of organization in living organisms
Tissue - a group of cells that perform a common function.
Organ - a group of tissues that perform a common function.
Organ system - a group of organs that perform a common function.
Organism - any complete living thing.
Circulatory System
Heart
The heart is the organ that supplies blood and oxygen to all parts of the body.
Blood Vessels
Blood vessels are intricate networks of hollow tubes that transport blood
throughout the entire body. Blood travels from the heart via arteries to smaller arterioles,
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then to capillaries or sinusoids, to venules, to veins and back to the heart.
Blood
The blood delivers nutrients to cells and removes wastes that are produced during
cellular processes, such as cellular respiration.
Bone Marrow
Bone marrow is the soft, flexible tissue found inside bone. Bone marrow is
responsible for the production of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Digestive System
Mouth: Believe it or not, the mouth will prepare for digestion before food even enters. Just the
smell, sight, or sound of food is enough to trigger saliva glands into action.
Pharynx: Once food has been put through the chemical and mechanical digestion occurring in
the mouth, it's time to make its way down to the stomach.
Esophagus: After passing through the pharynx, food enters the esophagus and is pushed
through a series of involuntary contractions (called "peristalsis")
Stomach: Finally, the food has reached the stomach. With strong muscular walls the stomach
acts as mixer and grinder.
Small Intestine: After passing through the stomach, it's on to the small intestine where the
nutritious liquid and small solid remnant are exposed to even more chemical digestion.
Colon: The final stop in our food’s journey through our digestive system, the colon’s job is to
remove liquid from the non-nutritive food waste until it becomes solid and ready for excretion.
Endocrine System
Pineal Gland
The pineal gland is a pine cone shaped gland of the endocrine system. It is
situated between the cerebral hemispheres of the brain.
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland is a small endocrine organ located in the middle of the
base of the brain. It controls a multitude of important functions in the body.
Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
The thyroid is a dual lobed gland located in the neck region.
It secretes hormones that control metabolism, growth, heart rate, body temperature.
Thymus
Although it is considered an endocrine gland, the thymus gland is the main organ of
the lymphatic system. Its primary function is to promote the development of specific white
blood cells called T-lymphocytes.
Adrenal Glands
There are two adrenal glands in the body. One located atop each kidney.
Pancreas
The pancreas is a soft organ located near the stomach and small intestines. It is
both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland.
Gonads (Ovaries and Testes)
The endocrine system includes certain organs of the
reproductive system. They produce sex cells and also secrete reproductive hormones.
Integumentary System
Epidermis - outermost layer of the skin composed of squamous cells.
Dermis - thickest layer of skin that lies beneath and supports the epidermis.
Hypodermis (Subcutis) - innermost layer of the skin that helps to insulate the.
Muscular system:
Heart muscle — also called cardiac muscle — makes up the wall of the heart.
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Smooth muscle is found in the walls of all the hollow organs of the body (except the heart).
Skeletal muscle, as its name implies, is the muscle attached to the skeleton. It is also called
striated uscle. The contraction of skeletal muscle is under voluntary control.
Central Nervous System
Brain: The brain is the control center of the body.
Spinal Cord: The spinal cord is a cylindrical shaped bundle of nerve fibers that is connected to
the brain.
Neurons: Neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system.
Reproductive System
Reproductive System Organs
Female System: Labia majora, Labia minora, Clitoris Vagina, Uterus, Fallopian tubes, Ovaries
Male System: Male reproductive structures include the penis, testes, epididymis, seminal
vesicles, and prostate gland.
Respiratory System
The lungs and alveoli and their relationship to the diaphragm and capillaries.
Bronchi are reinforced to prevent their collapse and are lined with ciliated epithelium and
mucus-producing cells. Bronchi branch into smaller and smaller tubes known as bronchioles.
Bronchioles terminate in grape-like sac clusters known as alveoli. Alveoli are surrounded by a
network of thin-walled capillaries. The bottom of the thoracic cavity is formed by the
diaphragm.
Skeletal System
Bone - a type of mineralized connective tissue that contains collagen and calcium phosphate, a
mineral crystal. Bones provide support and protection for body organs. Excretory System The urinary system is made-up of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and
urethra.
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