Download Chapter 2

2.1-The Age of Exploration
* The Viking Explorers
- In 1001, Leif Erikson & 35 men explored they called Vinland, but
may have been North America
* The Voyages of Columbus ( 3)
- Columbus was searching for a sea way to Asia for trading. (What he thought to be 21
Day exploration)
- Asked Portugal to fund his exploration, they said no.
- Spain funded the exploration.
- Three Ships : Nina, Pinta, & the Santa Maria
-First Voyage: Thought he was in the Indies, actually in
Cuba.
- Left people in Hispaniola to start a civilization.
- Second Voyage: Returned to find the people left in
Hispaniola were dead.
-Landed in Puerto Rico
-Took gold, trinkets, and captives back to Spain.
-Third Voyage: Thought he was in Asia, actually reached
South America
-Asked for a fourth trip, he was denied.
--Columbus died 2 years later still convinced he had
reached Asia.
* Other Important Explorers
- Amerigo Vespucci : Followed the routes of
Columbus and determined that land
was not Asia. He named it “ The Land of Amerigo”
later shortened to “America”.
-Vasco Nunez de Balboa- First explorer to see the
Pacific Ocean
-Ferdinand Magellan- Searched for an AtlanticPacific Ocean passageway ( The Strait of Magellan)
-He was the first Person to Circumnavigate, sail
around the world.
*The Columbian Exchange
-Exploration brought about a global exchange of goods and ideas.
Positive Effects From
Europe:
Negative Effects From
Europe
cows
hogs
domestic animals
wheat
oats
brought diseases that
killed Native Americans
Smallpox
Chickenpox
Measles
-Positive Effects From Native Americans
-Animals: Llamas, Turkeys, Squirrels, and Muskrats
*Most Important-How to cultivate land and harvest crops.
2.2- Spain’s Empire in the Americas
* Spain defeat the Aztecs and Incas
-Conquistador : A soldier Adventurer
- Two Victorious Leaders :
* Hernando Cortes *Francisco Pizarro
*Why were the Spanish successful
- The advances in technology : armor, muskets, cannons
- Rode horses
- Native Americans were divided amongst themselves.
*Hernando Cortes defeats Moctezuma and the Aztecs and built Mexico
City
-Originally Moctezuma offered Cortes gold to make the Spanish
troops leave Tenochtitlan ( Capital) , but Cortes kept the gold and took
Moctezuma hostage.
-The Aztecs rebelled and forces the Spanish to leave.
-One year later, Cortes captured Tenochtitlan burns it to the
ground and builds Mexico City for the colony of New Spain.
*Francisco Pizarro defeats Atahualpa and the Incas
-Pizarro took the Inca leader ( Atahualpa) hostage, the Incas paid a
huge ransom to free him.
-Pizarro kept the ransom, and executed Atahualpa.
* Other Spanish Explorers : All came searching for gold
- Juan Ponce de Leon : The first Spaniard to set
foot in what is now the United States
- Alvar Nunez Cabeza : Landed in present day Texas
- Francisco Coronado : Explored New Mexico,
Arizona, Texas, and Kansas
- Hernando de Soto : Found the Mississippi River
* Society in Spanish America
- The Spanish forced Native Americans to work.
- Many owned plantations.
- Encomiendas : Land grants that gave rights to demand
labor or taxes from the Native Americans.
- Spanish felt the need to covert Native Americans to
Christianity
- As the Native Americans keep dying, the Spanish look to
Africa for laborers.
-Society Labels:
* Peninsulares : Spanish colonist born in Spain
( government officials)
* Creoles: Colonists born in America with 2 Spanish
parents
*Mestizos: Spanish and Indian blood ( ranchers, farmers,
merchants)
* Mulatttos: Spanish and African blood ( bottom of the
2.3- Europeans Compete in North America
* Religion & Economics during the Reformation
-Religion: Many other countries had split from the Roman
Catholic Church causing tension around Europe.
- Economic: As religion split countries in Europe, they all
became eager to find routes to Asia and hoped to find
gold.
Examples:
-Religion: Henry VIII wanted a son to inherit the throne.
When his wife couldn’t produce a male, he wanted a
divorce. Since the Roman Catholic Church would not
grant him a divorce, he broke away from the Catholic
Church and formed his own named the, Church of
England.
-Economic-Mercantilism:Colonies existed to make the
home country wealthy and powerful.
*Europeans searched for route to Asia
-The Spanish Armada- Spain led an attack on England in
hopes to convert them back to the Roman Catholic
Church.
-The Result: England defeat the Spanish Armada.
Spain lost a lot of power in Europe.
*Spain was in debt.
*Opened the door for England & France to
explore and found colonies.
* The Northwest Passage
-Northwest Passage- A sea route from the Atlantic to the Pacific
that passes through or around North America.
- John Calbot ( England) : Explored areas near the Newfoundland
and Chesapeake Bay & finally realized this land Columbus found
was NOT Asia.
-Henry Hudson : Had four voyages.
*3rd Voyage( Netherlands) : Explore what is now New York &
explore a river that today bears his name, the Hudson River.
*4th Voyage ( England) : Found the Hudson Bay. The icy water
made the exploration stop. After living through the harsh
winter, by spring the crew conspired to mutiny Hudson.
2.4-France and the Netherlands
* The French Colony moves inland off the coast
- Champlain: First French explorer to settle in North
America ( New France) which today is Nova Scotia
-French came to North America in search of trading
animal skins for fish and furs.
-Helped set up trading ports such as Québec City
and Montreal.
* The thriving Dutch Colony New Netherlands
- The Dutch Settled along the Hudson River Valley. It
later became a barrier that blocked England from expanding
westward.
- It was established because trade was so prosperous.
* The Impact on the Native Americans
- Native Americans gave the French & Dutch fur pelts
- French & Dutch made an alliance with the Native
Americans
- The French & Dutch traded with Native Americans ,
they did not make them labor or pay taxes. ( A peaceful
relationship)
-As the amount of animals decreased, the value of the
Native American Land increased because more colonist
needed farm land.