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Transcript
GMO
Genetically Modified Organism
• http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/02/business/ener
gy-environment/a-gray-area-in-regulation-ofgenetically-modified-crops.html?_r=0
• http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/sciencenews/11028617/GM-fruit-flies-could-be-releasedinto-the-wild.html
• http://www.theverge.com/2014/3/18/5523262/insec
t-evolves-to-eat-poisonous-corn
GMO
Genetically Modified Organism
Genetic material altered in a way that doesn't occur
in nature
• Biological and medical research
• Pharmaceutical drugs
• Experimental medicine
• Agriculture
o Increased needs of food
o Improve quality
GM Foods
• Create plants with exact traits
• Isolate a gene responsible for drought tolerance
and insert into different plant
• Genes from non-plant organisms have been
introduced into plants
o Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacteria produces crystal protein toxic to
caterpillars
o Bt gene inserted into corn to produce the crystal protein
Bacillus thuringeinsis
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•
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Bacteria
Bt discovered in 1901 by Japanese microbiologist
Crystal protein that binds to gut of certain insects
Bt spray developed in 1938 in France
Bt-modified crops first used in 1996
o Corn, cotton, and potato
Advantages
• Insect and disease resistance
• Reduce or eliminate the use of pesticides
o Bt corn controls corn earworm and rootworm without pesticides
o Bt cotton controls bollworm
Advantages
Herbicide resistance
• Crops immune to Round-up
o Round-up Ready trademark
• One application of Round-up to control weeds
o Significant increase in Round-up
o Traces found in the environment (US Geological Survey)
Advantages
Environmental tolerance
• Cold
o An antifreeze gene from
cold water fish
• Tobacco and potato
• Drought
• Saline
Advantages
Nutrition
• Increase nutritional value
o “Golden” rice with increased beta carotene
Golden Rice
• 250 million people suffer from vitamin A deficiency
• Rice is a staple food in many poor countries
o Contains no vitamin A
• Agrobacterium used to carry beta-carotene
manufacturing enzymes from daffodil and
“inoculated” rice cells
• Insert the new “beta-carotene” gene into rice
Edible Vaccines
• Cholera is a bacterial disease that causes deadly
diarrhea
o Countries without clean water
• A vaccine “gene” identified
• Vaccine “gene” is inserted into potatoes
o Survives cooking
o Potatoes easy to grow and ship to poor countries
Healthier Food
• Increase starch in potatoes
o High starch potatoes absorb less oil when fried
• Sugar beets to produce fructan instead of sucrose
o Fructan still sweet but not digested
Disadvantages
Environmental Hazards
• Unintended harm
o Bt corn pollen affecting monarch butterflies
• Gene transfer to non-target species
o Herbicide-resistance genes transferring to weeds
• Superweeds
Disadvantages
Human Health Risks
• Allergenicity
o Create new lethal allergies
• Unknown, long-term effects
Disadvantages
Economic Concerns
• Patented varieties expensive
• Small farmers and Third World agriculture impacted
• Accidental patent infringement
o Watch the movie, “Food, Inc”
GMO Inherently Unsafe
• Process is unpredictable
• Mutations occur at the gene insertion site
• Study proved herbicide resistant gene in soybeans
(Bt) transferred to human gut bacteria
o Continued functioning
• Long after consumption, GM proteins still present in
organism (human)
Digestive Tract Effects
• FlavrSavr tomatoes created stomach lesions in rats
• GM potatoes (Bt) caused abnormal cell growth in
mice intestines
• Several studies led to liver damage from GM foods
• GM soy and potatoes affected pancreas and
kidney function in mice
Safety Aspects
• 2008 report by Royal Society of Medicine
o No ill human effects linked to GMO
• 2009 report by Nutrition Reviews
o Do not differ in nutrition
o No detectable toxic effects
o Changes have occurred at cellular level due to GMO
• 2005 review in Allergy journal
o No biotech proteins have been documented to cause allergic reactions
http://theantimedia.org/victory-maine/
http://www.biofortified.org/genera/
http://www.nongmoshoppingguide.com/
http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=290
9#.UxXlFONdV8E
• http://toxics.usgs.gov/highlights/glyphosate02.html
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• http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/5000/5058.html
• http://enhs.umn.edu/current/5103/gm/harmful.html
• http://www.doctoroz.com/blog/mehmet-ozmd/genetically-modified-foods-good-or-bad
• http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/gmfood/ove
rview.php
• http://www.academia.edu/542384/A_Review_on_I
mpacts_of_Genetically_Modified_Food_on_Human
_Health