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GLOSSARY – Introduction to Behavioral Health and Human Services acceptance The ability of the worker to be receptive to the client regardless of factors such as dress or behavior. administrator A human service professional whose primary responsibilities are planning and organizing services. advocacy Speaking out on behalf of clients who cannot speak for themselves. advocate A human service role that involves speaking on the client's behalf. AFDC A federally funded public assistance program, titled Aid to Families with Dependent Children, that was replaced in 1996 as a result of welfare reform. almshouses Workhouses for the mentally ill, the elderly, children, able-bodied poor, criminals, and other groups of people who needed care. Americans with Disabilities Act Legislation passed in 1990 to enable people with disabilities to have equal access to goods, services, and employment. antianxiety drugs Psychotropic medications prescribed to relieve anxiety, fear, or tension. antidepressant drugs Psychotropic medications that relieve depression. antipsychotic drugs Psychotropic medications that are effective in managing psychotic disorders. assisted living Residential living that matches level of care to individual need. Asylums Institutions for the mentally ill. attending behavior Verbal and nonverbal components that describe listening: eye contact, vocal qualities, verbal tracking, and body language. barriers Factors or experiences that prevent clients from seeking help. brokering Referring a client to another agency or service. case management The activities of planning and coordinating treatment strategies. Centers for Faithbased and Community Initiatives (CFBCI) Created by President George W. Bush to strengthen the partnership between faith-based social services initiatives and the federal government and to provide financial support for these activities. chain of command Layers of authority in an agency. client An individual, small group, or larger population that needs help. code of ethics A statement of ethical standards of behavior. community mental health centers Multiservice centers established to provide a variety of community-based services for the mentally ill, including inpatient and outpatient care, emergency services, assistance to the courts, and services for the mental health of children and the elderly. community organizing Activity based on like-minded people joining together to promote change. community-based services Services available in the community that enable clients to interact with their environments in the least restrictive setting in which they can function. competence Knowledge and skills that meet established professional standards. confidentiality The worker's assurance to clients that their cases will not be discussed with others. Conservatism A political trend that supports freedom, market solutions, and less government. consumer A term that designates the recipient of human services. continuum of care A managed care service delivery strategy that provides care as needed along a continuum of intensity of intervention. Counselors Individuals who help people deal with a variety of problems, including personal, social, educational, and career concerns. crisis intervention The skills and strategies that helpers use to provide immediate help for a person in trouble. deinstitutionalization The movement that promoted the transfer of patients from institutions to the community for outpatient care. developmental process The process of engaging in certain tasks or activities that occur at different life stages. diversity Refers to many demographic variables, including age, color, disabilities, gender, national origin, race, religion, and sexual orientation. E-mail A convenient communication mode that allows for the transfer of messages via the Internet. e-therapy Counseling and other support services provided online. effective communication The result when the receiver interprets a message the way the sender intended. electroshock therapy The administration of electricity to the brain to diminish problem behaviors. Empathy Acceptance of the client that allows the worker to see the situation or understand feelings from the client's perspective. employee assistance programs Programs that address the needs of workers and are available to the employees of companies and corporations. empowerment Providing services based on client strengths and moving clients to selfsufficiency. encapsulation When a human service worker retreats from the engagement of helping and becomes rigid, insensitive, and uncaring. environment The client's surroundings, which include both the physical and the interpersonal (other people). ethical dilemmas Situations with two or more values in conflict. ethical standards Guidelines for the behavior of human service professionals. Ethnicity A common culture, heritage, and shared meaning. external reviews Ways that managed care organizations influence human service delivery, including authorization for services and continuous review. fee-for-service The standard charge for a specific service. flexibility Multifaceted trait that allows human service professionals to shift their perspectives of helping, clients, problems, and interventions. frontline helper A human service professional who focuses on direct services to the client. full-service schools A partnership between human services and education designed to provide more comprehensive services to children, youth, and families. gang Two or more individuals who form a group that engages in illegal activities. Gatekeeping A method used in managed care to control access to services. generalist A human service professional with diverse skills and functions that are applicable in a number of settings with a variety of client groups. generic focus General helping knowledge and skills to serve individuals with a variety of problems in different settings. gentrification Urban renewal to revitalize the downtown area of cities. group A number of individuals who interact with each other sharing values, a social structure, and cohesiveness. helping relationship The medium through which help occurs. hierarchy of needs A pyramid of the needs of individuals that identifies lower-order needs such as food, clothing, and safety, and higher-order needs such as social relationships and self-esteem. homelessness An urban and rural problem that describes single men, women and children, and families who are without the basics of shelter, food, and clothing. human service model A treatment approach that utilizes problem solving to work with clients and their problems within the context of the environment. human service system The combination of several parts of the social welfare system, including resources, policies, programs, and knowledge. individualism The belief that hard work by any individual is the way to success. Individuality The qualities or characteristics that make each person unique and distinctive from all other people. informed consent The client's right to know about the helper and the helping process. involuntary clients Individuals who do not freely choose the services they are receiving. job description A written document that defines the duties and responsibilities of a particular position. laissez-faire An economic concept that advocated a society or government with little responsibility to those in need. managed care A set of tools or methods designed to manage resources and deliver human services, especially in the areas of health care and mental health. Medicaid An amendment (Title 19) to the Social Security Act that provides grants to states to assist them in helping medically indigent citizens receive medical and hospital care. medical model A system of treatment that suggests that mental disorders are diseases or illnesses that impair an individual's ability to function. Medical Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA) Medicare Provides outpatient prescription drug benefits for individuals on Medicare. An amendment (Title 18) to the Social Security Act that provides health insurance for those over age 65. Mental Health Patient A list of rights that clients should expect when they receive mental health Bill of Rights services. mission The purpose of an agency as summarized by its guiding principles. mood stabilizers Psychotropic medications primarily used in the treatment of bipolar disorders. moral responsibleness A commitment to rational thinking and an orientation to moral principles. multiracial A term that refers to individuals with mixed ancestry. National Institute of A federal agency created in 1946 to help states develop programs for Mental Health (NIMH) increased training, research, and practice. Network Channels of communication among human service agencies and professionals. networking Establishing links among human service professionals and agencies to deliver quality services. neurosis A disorder of the mind or emotions. New Federalism An approach advocated by Richard Nixon to limit federal spending and human services. nonprofessional helpers Individuals who engage in helping with little training and agency responsibility. nonverbal messages Behaviors or body language. organizational chart A diagram illustrating an agency's structure. organizational climate Conditions of the work environment. paraphrase A helper statement that is interchangeable with the client's statement. paraprofessional helpers Individuals who perform some traditional counseling functions as well as advocacy and mobilization in their work with professionals. partnerships When two or more human service organizations work together to better serve the client. Patient Recipient of services in the medical model. Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) The primary welfare reform legislation that ended the welfare system created by the Social Security Act of 1935. physicians Medical doctors who perform medical examinations, diagnose illnesses, treat injured or diseased people, and advise patients on maintaining good health. poor relief Food and protection for the poor provided by the church. prevention A component of the public health model to improve the present and future quality of life and to alleviate health problems. Privatization Arrangement in which an agency or organization provides a human service function for profit. privileged communication The legal right of some professionals to refuse to release certain information. probation Term of supervision given to individuals who break the law but are not incarcerated. problem solving A five-step approach to solving problems that focuses on the present. problems Situations, events, or conditions that are troublesome for the client. problems in living The term used to describe problems that focus on the client, the environment, and the interaction between them. profession An occupation that is important to society, is based on academic training, and is bound by ethical standards. professional A form that includes information about the helper and the helper's disclosure statement credentials. Protection A helper's ethical obligation to prevent harm to clients. psychiatrist Physician concerned with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illness. Psychiatry A medical specialty that diagnoses and treats mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. psychoanalytic method A method of therapy for investigating unconscious mental processes and neuroses. psychologists Helping professionals who have advanced degrees in the study of human behavior and who provide counseling, perform assessments, and conduct research in that field. psychopharmacology The study of the effects of drugs upon mental health. psychotherapy Process concerned with thinking, emotion, and behavior disorders. psychotropic drugs Drugs that act on the brain. public health model A service delivery model that extends health care beyond the medical model, applies a multicausal approach to studying the causes or origins of problems, and emphasizes a preventive approach. questioning A common verbal technique used to elicit information. referral Important role where professionals link clients to another service. rehabilitation The process of returning an individual to a prior state of functioning. relative confidentiality The informal sharing of information that occurs in an agency or organization among coworkers or treatment team members and supervisors. reluctance Hesitancy to seek help. resistance Behavior that can occur at any time in the helping process with a client who is unwilling to participate in the helping process. resolution-focused brief therapy A counseling intervention that is focused on specific outcomes in a short time. resources The funding, personnel, volunteers, buildings, and other assets at an agency's disposal. responsibility The obligation to promote and safeguard the dignity, wellbeing, and growth of clients, colleagues, the profession, and society. responsive/active listening The behaviors of helpers as they attend to the words and behaviors of their clients. right to privacy An individual's right to withhold information he/she does not wish to share. self-awareness The process of learning about one's self. self-determination The act of deciding for one's self a course of action or resolution to a problem. self-sufficiency The ability to care for one's self. selling A relationship approach to helping that emphasizes a partnership. settlement house A large house in a slum area that serves as a community center, sponsoring classes, vocational training, and child care. situational problems Difficulties individuals experience that occur without any predictability and may result in both short-term and long-term problems. social care Assistance to clients in meeting their social needs, especially those clients who either temporarily or long-term cannot care for themselves. social change Individuals experience problems as a result of the breakdown of many traditional forms of society. social control Assistance for those individuals who could provide for themselves but have failed to do so or have done so in a manner that deviates from society's norms for appropriate behavior. Social Darwinism The belief that the fittest of society would survive through the process of natural selection. social security Public assistance to those in need that was provided as part of the American welfare state created by Roosevelt's New Deal legislation, the Social Security Act of 1935. social workers Professionals with training in social welfare, human behavior, and the social environment who work with individuals, families, and groups. standards of good practice An approach to service delivery that emphasizes the provision of appropriate services for clients and the matching of services to specific outcomes. TANF (Temporary Assistance to Needy Families) Federal funding that was available to states in block grants to replace the federal AFDC program. teaming Working together in groups or units to provide efficient and effective client services. teleconferencing A way in which human service professionals in different locations can communicate with each other. termination The final stage of the helping process. terrorism Unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or both to further political or social objectives. tolerance The worker's ability to be patient and fair with each client. turf The clients, services, and resources that an agency or organization believes it controls or serves. Urbanization A long-term global trend that describes population movement from rural areas to cities. Values Statement of beliefs about what guides behavior and provides direction to people's lives. verbal messages Words spoken by a person. war on poverty Program initiated by President Lyndon Johnson in 1964 to eradicate poverty by providing means for the poor to improve their economic situation. web logs Sites where individuals can post their diaries, journals, thoughts, and opinions. welfare reform Legislation passed in 1996 to end the federal government's six-decade guarantee of aid to the poor. whole person The many components of a person, such as psychological, social, physical, financial, and vocational, that comprise the total individual. World Wide Web Online method of expanding communication and information about individuals and organizations through the use of web pages.