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GLOSSARY – Introduction to Behavioral Health and Human Services
acceptance
The ability of the worker to be receptive to the client regardless of factors
such as dress or behavior.
administrator
A human service professional whose primary responsibilities are planning
and organizing services.
advocacy
Speaking out on behalf of clients who cannot speak for themselves.
advocate
A human service role that involves speaking on the client's behalf.
AFDC
A federally funded public assistance program, titled Aid to Families with
Dependent Children, that was replaced in 1996 as a result of welfare reform.
almshouses
Workhouses for the mentally ill, the elderly, children, able-bodied poor,
criminals, and other groups of people who needed care.
Americans with
Disabilities Act
Legislation passed in 1990 to enable people with disabilities to have equal
access to goods, services, and employment.
antianxiety drugs
Psychotropic medications prescribed to relieve anxiety, fear, or tension.
antidepressant drugs Psychotropic medications that relieve depression.
antipsychotic drugs
Psychotropic medications that are effective in managing psychotic disorders.
assisted living
Residential living that matches level of care to individual need.
Asylums
Institutions for the mentally ill.
attending behavior
Verbal and nonverbal components that describe listening: eye contact, vocal
qualities, verbal tracking, and body language.
barriers
Factors or experiences that prevent clients from seeking help.
brokering
Referring a client to another agency or service.
case management
The activities of planning and coordinating treatment strategies.
Centers for Faithbased and
Community
Initiatives (CFBCI)
Created by President George W. Bush to strengthen the partnership
between faith-based social services initiatives and the federal government
and to provide financial support for these activities.
chain of command
Layers of authority in an agency.
client
An individual, small group, or larger population that needs help.
code of ethics
A statement of ethical standards of behavior.
community mental
health centers
Multiservice centers established to provide a variety of community-based
services for the mentally ill, including inpatient and outpatient care,
emergency services, assistance to the courts, and services for the mental
health of children and the elderly.
community
organizing
Activity based on like-minded people joining together to promote change.
community-based
services
Services available in the community that enable clients to interact with their
environments in the least restrictive setting in which they can function.
competence
Knowledge and skills that meet established professional standards.
confidentiality
The worker's assurance to clients that their cases will not be discussed with
others.
Conservatism
A political trend that supports freedom, market solutions, and less
government.
consumer
A term that designates the recipient of human services.
continuum of care
A managed care service delivery strategy that provides care as needed
along a continuum of intensity of intervention.
Counselors
Individuals who help people deal with a variety of problems, including
personal, social, educational, and career concerns.
crisis intervention
The skills and strategies that helpers use to provide immediate help for a
person in trouble.
deinstitutionalization The movement that promoted the transfer of patients from institutions to the
community for outpatient care.
developmental
process
The process of engaging in certain tasks or activities that occur at different
life stages.
diversity
Refers to many demographic variables, including age, color, disabilities,
gender, national origin, race, religion, and sexual orientation.
E-mail
A convenient communication mode that allows for the transfer of messages
via the Internet.
e-therapy
Counseling and other support services provided online.
effective
communication
The result when the receiver interprets a message the way the sender
intended.
electroshock therapy The administration of electricity to the brain to diminish problem behaviors.
Empathy
Acceptance of the client that allows the worker to see the situation or
understand feelings from the client's perspective.
employee assistance
programs
Programs that address the needs of workers and are available to the
employees of companies and corporations.
empowerment
Providing services based on client strengths and moving clients to selfsufficiency.
encapsulation
When a human service worker retreats from the engagement of helping and
becomes rigid, insensitive, and uncaring.
environment
The client's surroundings, which include both the physical and the
interpersonal (other people).
ethical dilemmas
Situations with two or more values in conflict.
ethical standards
Guidelines for the behavior of human service professionals.
Ethnicity
A common culture, heritage, and shared meaning.
external reviews
Ways that managed care organizations influence human service delivery,
including authorization for services and continuous review.
fee-for-service
The standard charge for a specific service.
flexibility
Multifaceted trait that allows human service professionals to shift their
perspectives of helping, clients, problems, and interventions.
frontline helper
A human service professional who focuses on direct services to the client.
full-service schools
A partnership between human services and education designed to provide
more comprehensive services to children, youth, and families.
gang
Two or more individuals who form a group that engages in illegal activities.
Gatekeeping
A method used in managed care to control access to services.
generalist
A human service professional with diverse skills and functions that are
applicable in a number of settings with a variety of client groups.
generic focus
General helping knowledge and skills to serve individuals with a variety of
problems in different settings.
gentrification
Urban renewal to revitalize the downtown area of cities.
group
A number of individuals who interact with each other sharing values, a social
structure, and cohesiveness.
helping relationship
The medium through which help occurs.
hierarchy of needs
A pyramid of the needs of individuals that identifies lower-order needs such
as food, clothing, and safety, and higher-order needs such as social
relationships and self-esteem.
homelessness
An urban and rural problem that describes single men, women and children,
and families who are without the basics of shelter, food, and clothing.
human service model A treatment approach that utilizes problem solving to work with clients and
their problems within the context of the environment.
human service
system
The combination of several parts of the social welfare system, including
resources, policies, programs, and knowledge.
individualism
The belief that hard work by any individual is the way to success.
Individuality
The qualities or characteristics that make each person unique and distinctive
from all other people.
informed consent
The client's right to know about the helper and the helping process.
involuntary clients
Individuals who do not freely choose the services they are receiving.
job description
A written document that defines the duties and responsibilities of a particular
position.
laissez-faire
An economic concept that advocated a society or government with little
responsibility to those in need.
managed care
A set of tools or methods designed to manage resources and deliver human
services, especially in the areas of health care and mental health.
Medicaid
An amendment (Title 19) to the Social Security Act that provides grants to
states to assist them in helping medically indigent citizens receive medical
and hospital care.
medical model
A system of treatment that suggests that mental disorders are diseases or
illnesses that impair an individual's ability to function.
Medical Prescription
Drug, Improvement,
and Modernization
Act of 2003 (MMA)
Medicare
Provides outpatient prescription drug benefits for individuals on Medicare.
An amendment (Title 18) to the Social Security Act that provides health
insurance for those over age 65.
Mental Health Patient A list of rights that clients should expect when they receive mental health
Bill of Rights
services.
mission
The purpose of an agency as summarized by its guiding principles.
mood stabilizers
Psychotropic medications primarily used in the treatment of bipolar
disorders.
moral
responsibleness
A commitment to rational thinking and an orientation to moral principles.
multiracial
A term that refers to individuals with mixed ancestry.
National Institute of
A federal agency created in 1946 to help states develop programs for
Mental Health (NIMH) increased training, research, and practice.
Network
Channels of communication among human service agencies and
professionals.
networking
Establishing links among human service professionals and agencies to
deliver quality services.
neurosis
A disorder of the mind or emotions.
New Federalism
An approach advocated by Richard Nixon to limit federal spending and
human services.
nonprofessional
helpers
Individuals who engage in helping with little training and agency
responsibility.
nonverbal messages
Behaviors or body language.
organizational chart
A diagram illustrating an agency's structure.
organizational
climate
Conditions of the work environment.
paraphrase
A helper statement that is interchangeable with the client's statement.
paraprofessional
helpers
Individuals who perform some traditional counseling functions as well as
advocacy and mobilization in their work with professionals.
partnerships
When two or more human service organizations work together to better
serve the client.
Patient
Recipient of services in the medical model.
Personal
Responsibility and
Work Opportunity
Reconciliation Act
(PRWORA)
The primary welfare reform legislation that ended the welfare system
created by the Social Security Act of 1935.
physicians
Medical doctors who perform medical examinations, diagnose illnesses,
treat injured or diseased people, and advise patients on maintaining good
health.
poor relief
Food and protection for the poor provided by the church.
prevention
A component of the public health model to improve the present and future
quality of life and to alleviate health problems.
Privatization
Arrangement in which an agency or organization provides a human service
function for profit.
privileged
communication
The legal right of some professionals to refuse to release certain
information.
probation
Term of supervision given to individuals who break the law but are not
incarcerated.
problem solving
A five-step approach to solving problems that focuses on the present.
problems
Situations, events, or conditions that are troublesome for the client.
problems in living
The term used to describe problems that focus on the client, the
environment, and the interaction between them.
profession
An occupation that is important to society, is based on academic training,
and is bound by ethical standards.
professional
A form that includes information about the helper and the helper's
disclosure statement credentials.
Protection
A helper's ethical obligation to prevent harm to clients.
psychiatrist
Physician concerned with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental
illness.
Psychiatry
A medical specialty that diagnoses and treats mental, emotional, and
behavioral disorders.
psychoanalytic
method
A method of therapy for investigating unconscious mental processes and
neuroses.
psychologists
Helping professionals who have advanced degrees in the study of human
behavior and who provide counseling, perform assessments, and conduct
research in that field.
psychopharmacology The study of the effects of drugs upon mental health.
psychotherapy
Process concerned with thinking, emotion, and behavior disorders.
psychotropic drugs
Drugs that act on the brain.
public health model
A service delivery model that extends health care beyond the medical
model, applies a multicausal approach to studying the causes or origins of
problems, and emphasizes a preventive approach.
questioning
A common verbal technique used to elicit information.
referral
Important role where professionals link clients to another service.
rehabilitation
The process of returning an individual to a prior state of functioning.
relative
confidentiality
The informal sharing of information that occurs in an agency or organization
among coworkers or treatment team members and supervisors.
reluctance
Hesitancy to seek help.
resistance
Behavior that can occur at any time in the helping process with a client who
is unwilling to participate in the helping process.
resolution-focused
brief therapy
A counseling intervention that is focused on specific outcomes in a short
time.
resources
The funding, personnel, volunteers, buildings, and other assets at an
agency's disposal.
responsibility
The obligation to promote and safeguard the dignity, wellbeing, and growth
of clients, colleagues, the profession, and society.
responsive/active
listening
The behaviors of helpers as they attend to the words and behaviors of their
clients.
right to privacy
An individual's right to withhold information he/she does not wish to share.
self-awareness
The process of learning about one's self.
self-determination
The act of deciding for one's self a course of action or resolution to a
problem.
self-sufficiency
The ability to care for one's self.
selling
A relationship approach to helping that emphasizes a partnership.
settlement house
A large house in a slum area that serves as a community center, sponsoring
classes, vocational training, and child care.
situational problems
Difficulties individuals experience that occur without any predictability and
may result in both short-term and long-term problems.
social care
Assistance to clients in meeting their social needs, especially those clients
who either temporarily or long-term cannot care for themselves.
social change
Individuals experience problems as a result of the breakdown of many
traditional forms of society.
social control
Assistance for those individuals who could provide for themselves but have
failed to do so or have done so in a manner that deviates from society's
norms for appropriate behavior.
Social Darwinism
The belief that the fittest of society would survive through the process of
natural selection.
social security
Public assistance to those in need that was provided as part of the American
welfare state created by Roosevelt's New Deal legislation, the Social
Security Act of 1935.
social workers
Professionals with training in social welfare, human behavior, and the social
environment who work with individuals, families, and groups.
standards of good
practice
An approach to service delivery that emphasizes the provision of appropriate
services for clients and the matching of services to specific outcomes.
TANF (Temporary
Assistance to Needy
Families)
Federal funding that was available to states in block grants to replace the
federal AFDC program.
teaming
Working together in groups or units to provide efficient and effective client
services.
teleconferencing
A way in which human service professionals in different locations can
communicate with each other.
termination
The final stage of the helping process.
terrorism
Unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or
coerce a government, the civilian population, or both to further political or
social objectives.
tolerance
The worker's ability to be patient and fair with each client.
turf
The clients, services, and resources that an agency or organization believes
it controls or serves.
Urbanization
A long-term global trend that describes population movement from rural
areas to cities.
Values
Statement of beliefs about what guides behavior and provides direction to
people's lives.
verbal messages
Words spoken by a person.
war on poverty
Program initiated by President Lyndon Johnson in 1964 to eradicate poverty
by providing means for the poor to improve their economic situation.
web logs
Sites where individuals can post their diaries, journals, thoughts, and
opinions.
welfare reform
Legislation passed in 1996 to end the federal government's six-decade
guarantee of aid to the poor.
whole person
The many components of a person, such as psychological, social, physical,
financial, and vocational, that comprise the total individual.
World Wide Web
Online method of expanding communication and information about
individuals and organizations through the use of web pages.