Download Advanced-Research2

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Assoc. Prof. Paisarn Worakham Ph.D.
Variable : The truth that research finds
Variable = vary (change) + able
→ The phenomenon or thing being studied
Research is the search for the truth
about variables.
Characteristics of the truth about variables.
1. What about changing the value
of that variable?
Descriptive Research/
Community Survey Research
2. How are two or more variables related?
Correlation / Causal Relationship
Causal Relationship : Conditions
1
The cause variable must occur before the effect
variable.
2
The two variables must be highly related.
3
The relationship between the two variables must not
be related to another variables.
Types of Variable
Based on variable’s roles
01
02
03
04
Independent
Variable/
Dependent
Variable/
Extraneous
Variable
Intervening
Variable
Cause
Variable
Effect
Variable
Types of Variable
Based on
Measurement Scales
01
02
03
04
Nominal
Variable
Ordinal
Variable
Interval
Variable
Ratio
Variable
Types of Variable
Based on variable’s characteristics
Quantitative Variable
Continuous Variable
Latent
Variable/
Component
Variable
Observed
Variable
Qualitative Variable
Categorical Variable
Discrete Variable
OR
Research Design
Part 1 Research Problem and Research Hypothesis
Part 2 Guidelines or methods used to study and find information
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Validity
Objectivity
Accurately
Economically
Research Validity
Internal Validity : The results of the research
answered the research questions completely
and correctly. The research results are truly
the result of the variables that the researchers
studied.
External Validity :The results of the research
can be generalized to other situations which
have the same conditions as this research.
Experimental
Research
Factors affecting to Internal validity
1
Contemporary History
5
Statistical Regression
2
Maturation Process
6
Bias Subjects Selection
3
Pretesting Procedure
7
Experimental Mortality
4
Measuring Instruments
8
Interaction of these factors
Factors affecting to External validity
1
Interaction effects of bias selection and independent variable
2
Reactive or interaction effects of pretesting
3
Reactive effects of experimental procedure
4
Multiple-treatment interference
Experimental
Research
Max Min Con Principle
Max
Maximization of experimental or systematic variance
(Independent & Dependent Variable)
Elimination
(Measurement Error)
Min
Minimization of error variance
(Sampling Error)
Con
Randomization
Build into Design
Matching
Physical Control
Control extraneous variable
Statistical Control
Qualitative
Research
Internal Validity
1
Phenomenological Validity
The informants and researchers
trust each other.
2
Ecological Validity
Researchers do not interfere with
the environment.
3
Contextual Validity
Study in a natural context
External Validity = Naturalistic Generalization
Key elements in a research design
1
Research problem and question
Descriptive question
Explanation question
-Causal relationship
-Correlation relationship
Key elements in a research design
2
Theoretical and conceptual framework
Theoretical framework : A model that shows the relationship
between different theories and findings from previous research and what
the researcher wants to study.
Conceptual framework : A reduced theoretical framework for
research on a given topic.
Bloom's theoretical framework
for learning in schools
Student characteristics
Instruction
Learning outcomes
-Cognitive entry
behavior
Learning
task(s)
-Level and type
of achievement
-Affective entry
characteristics
-Rate of learning
Quality of
instruction
-Affective
outcomes
Key elements in a research design
3
Scope, Limitation, Basic assumption
Scope: Area of generalize research results
Limitation: Area in theoretical framework that
does not study
Basic assumption: Area in theoretical framework
that can not study but acceptable
Theoretical framework
Scope and conceptual
framework
Can not do
Do
Basic
assumption
Limitation
Can do, but Not interest
Key elements in a research design
4
Research framework
Research framework : A Flowchart that show the
steps, activities and results of research.
Example of Research framework
Steps
Research activities
Research results
1
Review literatures and
research synthesis
Draft hypothetical
model
2
Multi-cases sites study
Perfected
hypothetical model
3
Confirm by quantitative
study
Correct model