Download 2023 Exam 3 Study Sheet

3rd Study Sheet
Childe-Urban Revolution
 10 different things
 modeled on industrial revolution
Wittfogel- Hydraulic Theory
 productive civilizations had to have irrigation
 had to have strong organization for managing irrigation canals
 believed it was the main dynamic in Mesopotamia
Boserup- Population Growth
 as pop increases needed more productive agricultural systems
Carnerio- Warfare & Conscription
 lot of conflict over land
 believed eventually one of the chieftainships would gain more power to take over
neighbors
 would move them towards higher level structures
Rathje & Renfrew- Market Economies
 expansion of market economies
 desire for high quality goods, led to greater status
 development and expansions of economic systems that were most important part of
developing urban societies
 control of economic systems meant control of surplus
Flannery- Centralization & Segregation
 structural description of these processes
Wright-Chiefly Cycles
 status amongst chieftainships, normally they would cycle and then collapse
 but eventually one of these chiefs breaks out and is able to control that
 best documented was the rise of the Zulu state
Ortner-Action Theory
 believes its through the control of a charismatic leader able to gain power thru religion,
politics, economics
 looking at the individual rather than the whole society
State Societies

State Collapse
 occurs when the structure of the state societies can no longer maintain control over pop
 could be collapse of military, authority, religious
 collapse of mayan state as example
Mesopotamia
 Greek word “Land between the Rivers”—Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
 earliest and most dramatic movement towards state societies
 means land between the rivers
 along rivers where you see the earliest movement
Choga Mami
 site where earliest irrigation canals ever discovered
Ubaid Period
 not quite a state level society but moving towards it
 first period where see successful lowland floodplain farming because of
irrigation canals
 most farming near slopes of zagros mts
 starting to construct irrigation canals
Eridu
 site where start to see construction of temples
 rebuilt temples become larger and larger as society develops
Ziggurat
Bulla & tokens
 bulla: hollow clay balls with tokens that represent different things like bushels of wheat
or cattle
 early writing system in Mesopotamia developed from these
Cuneiform
 impressions in clay tablet
 developed from bulla
 earliest writing about economics, trade and exchange
Uruk Period
 expanded irrigation system
 expanded trade network w groups in Iranian plateau
 first ziggurats, these become focal point of the communities, can store grains to amass
surplus, where religion is occurring
 clear symbol of authority and power of ruling and religious elite
Sumerian Civilization
 earliest readable literature
 characterized by establishment of ruling elite w warrior, priest, craftsman, farming,
peasants, slaves
 first existence of world economic system
 trading expanded
World System

Ur
 major city state
 royal burials excavated
 mineral riches being traded
lapis lazuli
 carved and used in high status items, indication of royalty
Sumerian Religion
 polytheistic religion system
 every community has own god
Mashkan-shapir
 site, small Sumerian town, established then abandoned
 didn’t have later settlements on top of it
 learned a lot about the structures of the town, “snapshot”
 copper, chariot, ceramics production
 small ziggurat, water canals
Susa- 5000-3200 BC
 site on edge of Iranian plateau
 origin of elamite state
 positioned where a major stream came through, controlled major trade routes
Elamite State
 start to see first metallurgy development (copper)
 no copper resources in Mesopotamia
Harappa
 civilization that developed in Indus river
 not ostentatious wealth display
 more controlled, less warfare
 believed to be origin of modern Indian/Hindu civilization
 don’t know what language they spoke
Indus River
Mohenjo-Daro
Harappan Urban planning
 Harappan cities were cookie cutter images of themselves, made very standardized
 public bath, granaries, walled city
Harappan water systems
 lot of effort on water control, have sewage
Shiva
Sanskrit
 spoken in Hindu state
Collapse of Harappan civilization
 related to climate change/tectonic activities
 major earthquake, restructured flow of major streams
Ganges River
 start to grow rice
Shang
 production of bronzes
Qin
 period when they start making the clay soldiers for royal tombs
 quit sacrificing armies when leader dies
Ceramic army
Longshan
 larger walled fortified communities
 increased evidence for warfare
Yellow River
 increase of pop in dramatic way
Yangtze River
Hang-tu
oracle bones
 development of writing in china first documented on oracle bones
 writing about communicating with ancestors
Bronzes
An-yang
 site in yellow river valley
Upper Egypt
Lower Egypt
Old Kingdom
 period where large pyramids were made
 characterized by pharaohs seen as gods
Middle Kingdom
 classic kingdom of Egypt
 pharaohs were renowned because of effective bureaucratic abilities, not gods
New Kingdom
 imperial period
 pharaohs were seen as leaders in battle, warriors
 Israelites were there
Role of Pharaohs
Sphinx
 old kingdom structure
 built as a symbol of how to protect the pharaohs in pyramids
Howard Carter
 British archaeologist that excavated many tombs
 1922 opened king tut’s tomb, un-looted
 showed how much wealth was in the tombs
Hierakonpolis
 predynastic urban centers
King Narmer
 first pharaoh
 able to unify upper and lower Egypt, combined crowns
Narmer Palette
 shows king Narmer wearing unified crown
Memphis
 king Narmer changed Egypt capital to Memphis
Thebes
 new kingdom capital in upper egypt
Hieroglyphs
 Egyptian writing style
 Greek word that means sacred writings
Valley of the Kings
 burial center across the river from Thebes
 west side of river was burial, east side was used for palaces and religious structures
Rosetta Stone
 had two forms of Greek and hieroglyphics below it
 allowed us to decipher hieroglyphics
Saqqara

Giza
 great pyramids in lower Egypt
Hyksos
 late intermediate period, group that moved in outsiders from Asia took over Egypt
controlled it for a while
Ptolemies
 Greeks moved in, started by alexander the great who conquered Egypt, last group of
pharaohs that ruled Egypt
 Greeks recorded a lot of later Egyptian history
Cleopatra
 last pharaoh, Greek
Moseley
 Michael Moseley was archaeologist argued for maritime foundations for south American
civilizations
 based on rich fisheries esp in peru
 argued bc fisheries were so productive, that huge pops were supported from it
 application of Bos. theory, dramatic increase was due to fisheries
El Niño
 dramatic change in rainfall, temperatures in ocean waters, collapse of fisheries
El Pariaso
 early site on the coast
 earliest temple structures on coast
 temples have u-shaped pattern
 represents one of the earliest and largest communities in the location
Kotosh
 famous large community in Andes
 where temple of crossed hands was located
 starting to see accumulation of quasi urban centers
 all related around religion and temples
Cerro Sechin
 site where there are ba relief carvings
 warfare heavy
Caral
 large religious structures
Sechin Alto
 large linear structure w multiple u-shaped structures and sunken plazas
 these sites define the pattern of early south American structure formation
Staff God
 believed to be early representation of vericocha
Chavin de Huantar
 most famous early horizon site
 large temple complex made of stone
 interlocking carved stones
Raimondi Stone
 in Chavin, carving with Staff God with heads of caiman
Moche
 middle intermediate period, moche civilization in northern peru
 largest constructed pyramids
 made out of clay bricks w maker’s marks
corveé labor
 go as a village and work together to build pyramids
 taxation system
Sipán
 royal tomb excavated, in moche kingdom
 elaborate nature of burial w lots of wealth
 lots of gold, weavings, ground shell from ecuador
Tiwanaku
 northern Bolivia
 massive urban center with temples and palaces
 carved stone gateway that has image of staff god called gateway to the sun
 reflection that most of these civilizations had at lease the same version of religious system
Wari Empire
 peru
 incredibly violent, large army, fortified forts, extreme warfare
Nazca Lines
 large glyphs in desert must be seen from above
 symbolic images, geometric and naturalistic forms
 symbolism comes from Amazonian basin
Chan Chan
 empire in northern peru
 had large compounds called … w huge amount of wealth
 practiced form of inheritance similar to incas, split inheritance
Tawantinsuyu
 incan empire land of four quarters
Sacsahuaman
 capital of …
 known as navel of incan empire, one of the fastest expanding empires ever recorded
Quipu
 knotted strings, not writing
 incans had no writing
Cuzco

Machu Picchu
 trade centers in andes
 discovered in 1920s
Split inheritance
 inheritance system by incan leaders
 belief that the incan ruler didn’t die at death, were able to maintain ability to tax, families
initiated it and controlled it
 the new leader that came in had no income, got income by conquering new territory
Túpac Amaru
 last incan ruler killed by spanish
Atahualpa
 brother of Huascar, sided w royal families
 captured by Spanish
Huáscar
 Incan ruler took control after father died, got rid of split inheritance
Minoan
 earliest European civilization recognized
 on isle of Crete
 excavated by Arthur Evans
 unique thing was the amount of trade that existed in Mediterranean
 massive trade system w high status goods, w watercraft
 lavish palaces, ceramics, frescos
 not known for large standing army
Thera
 Minoan site on an island that was believed to be destroyed by volcano
 believed to be origin of Atlantis story
 after it was destroyed, Minoan civilization begins to decline
Mycenaean
 civilization gains control after collapse of minoan
 more warlike
Royal tombs at Mycenae
 clear evidence of huge amount of wealth and power
Kurgan Mounds
 large burial mounds, likely chieftainships buried
 usually a single person in a single mound w grave goods
Hittites
 empire overlaps new kingdom of egypt, major battle there (Battle of Kadesh peace treaty)
 a period where the production of iron is perfected
Iron smelting
Iron Age
 production of huge amounts of weaponry and Hillforts
Yamnaya Culture
 occurs in ukraine and Russian steppes
 bring into europe:
o production of bronze
o Indo-European languages; intro of celtic languages which become dominant
o Horse domestication, start to see chariots
Bronze Age
Minoan writing
 Linear A- hieroglyphic form of writing, not translated
 Linear B- readable, developed from linear A
Thera Volcano
Hallstatt culture
 brings iron age into europe
Celtic languages