Download Blackmon Chapter 18 with Answers

AP European History
Mr. Blackmon
Chapter 07
The Scientific View of the World
The Old Science
1
Which was NOT a significant factor in the development of science during the 15th and
16th centuries?
A
The Renaissance
B
Scientific writings of the ancient Greeks
C
The Ptotestant Reformation
D
The Roman Catholic emphasis on an appeal to authority in intellectual
matters
E
The experiences of direct observation
2
The Scientific Revolution overturned the accepted ideas of which of the following?
A.
Aristotle
B.
Vesalius
C.
Copernicus
D.
Galileo
E.
Euclid
3.
In the Middle Ages it was believed that the planets were kept in motion by
A
gravity
B
angels
C
they did not move at all
D
magnetism
E
the devil
Astronomy and Physics
4
Regiomontanus and Nicholas of Cusa helped lay the foundations for Copernicus's radical
theory of astronomy by their work in
A
telescopic observation
B
physics
C
mathematics
D
empirical science
E
philosophical disputation
5
The theory concerning the solar system that was published by Copernicus in 1543 denied
the popular belief that the
A.
Earth revolves around the Sun
B.
Earth revolves around the Moon
C.
Earth is the center of the universe
D.
Sun is the center of the universe
E.
Stars revolve around the Sun
6
The Copernican Revolution was so named because
A
it reconciled the Ptolemaic conception of the universe with observation .
B
it eliminated Ptolemy's cumbersome mathematics
C
it upset the comfortable assumptions of humanity's central place in the
7
8
9
universe
D
it was suppressed by the Inquisition
E
its elegant simplicity reflected godliness
At first ignored, the work of Copernicus was validated by
A
Tycho Brahe
B
Blaise Pascal
C
Kepler and Galileo
D
Descartes
E
Gilbert
The Scientific Revolution can be said to have begun with the heliocentric astronomy of
Copernicus and to have culminated with the scientific synthesis of
A
Kepler
B
Newton
C
Galileo
D
Tycho Brahe
E
Bacon
“And New Philosophy calls all in doubt,
The element of Fire is quite put out;
The Sun is lost, and th’Earth, and no man’s wit
Can well direct him where to look for it.”
These verses by John Donne (1573-1631) refer to the scientific work of
10
11.
F.
Harvey
G.
Leeuwenhoek
H.
Copernicus
I.
Paracelsus
J.
Ptolemy
Johannes Kepler improved on Copernicus’ theories by
A.
Introducing the concept of heliocentrism.
B.
Demonstrating the laws of gravitational attraction.
C.
Initially questioning the theory of crystalline spheres.
D.
Demonstrating that planets have elliptical orbits.
E.
Charting the epicycles of the planets.
Galileo’s greatest achievement was
A
to establish a concept of a universe subject to mathematical laws
B
to correctly account for the cause of the leaning tower at Pisa
C
to successfully stand up for free thought against Papal authority
D
the invention of calculus
E
combination of religious faith with scientific research
12
13
14
15
The sketch above, drawn by Galileo in 1610, was used to argue that the Moon
A.
Has no phases
B.
Has an irregular surface
C.
Is one of the planets
D.
Does not revolve around the Earth
E.
Is illuminated by Mars.
By training Sir Isaac Newton was a
A
astronomer
B
chemist
C
mathematician
D
biologist
E
theologian
In his Principia Mathematica, 1687, Isaac Newton demonstrated all EXCEPT
A
that gravity and centripetal and centrifugal forces account for the motion of
heavenly bodies
B
that gravity and centripetal and centrifugal forces move earthly objects
C
that the natural laws that govern these forces allow the prediction of all natural
movement
D
that the natural laws explain how the universe is held together
E
that God created the universe bur does not intervene in it
Newton and Leibnitz discovered calculus at the same time, but independently. Which of
the following pairs of scientists had a similar concurrent discovery?
A
Harvey and Paracelsus
B
Pavlov and Lyell
C
Darwin and Wallace
16
17
D
Kepler and Copernicus
E
Einstein and Bohr
The model of the universe which resulted from the scientific work of Galileo and Newton
embraced
A.
Aristotelian philosophy
B.
A belief in an ascending “chain of being”
C.
A conception of a spiritually animate universe
D.
The belief in the fixed, central position of the Earth
E.
The science of mechanics.
Place the principal discoveries of the following scientists in the correct chronological
order.
A
Brahe, Copernicus, Kepler, Newton
B
Kepler, Newton, Brahe, Copernicus
C
Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Newton
D
Brahe, Newton, Copernicus, Kepler
E
Copernicus, Newton, Kepler, Brahe
Anatomy and Medicine
18
19.
In the early modern period medical advances were hindered by religious objections to
A
professional schools for doctors
B
printing books
C
experimenting with medicines
D
alchemy
E
dissection of human bodies
Which of the following pairs does NOT match?
A
Newton and Calculus
B
Galileo and the telescope
C
Copernicus and the spring-run watch
D
Leeuwenhock and the microscope
E
Harvey and blood circulation
Scientific Method: Bacon and Descartes
20
21.
''The first rule of science is never to receive anything as a truth which you do not clearly
know to be such; avoid haste and prejudices."
The above idea was first widely accepted by scientists in which of the following centuries
A
fifteenth
B
sixteenth
C
seventeenth
D
eighteenth
E
nineteenth
The most notable characteristic of the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century was
the
A
emphasis on empirical data and observation
B
C
D
E
breakthroughs in medicine which reduced the death rate
major advances in the engineering of firearms
new insights into genetic codes
application of steam power to pumping water
A late 17th century engraving of the old observing room at the Greenwich Observatory, England.
The Granger Collection, New York.
22
23.
24
25
The illustration above demonstrates what principle crucial to the emerging field of
science?
A
The air of Eastern England is best for observing stars.
B
Science can be practiced best with royal patronage.
C
Many assistants were necessary to do scientific research.
D
Science is only as good as the tools it produces.
E
Science should proceed from an empirical collection of data and analysis.
The key to the scientific revolution’s achievements in astronomy was the
A
discoveries brought back from the far east by explorers
B
encouragement of the Papacy
C
spread of literacy and education
D
fusion of mathematics with observational data
E
establishment of science departments in universities
The experimental or inductive method was championed in the 16th century by
A
Francis Bacon
B
Girolamo Cardano
C
Wilhelm Leibniz
D
Aristotle
E
Christian Huygens
Sir Francis Bacon
A
argued that faith rather than observation was the most reliable guide to science
B
first linked the concepts of science and material progress
C
used his political power to persecute rival scientists
D
invented the microscope
E
was the last important scientist to believe in the Anglican faith
Questions 26 and 27 are based on the passage below.
‘There are and can be only two ways of searching into and discovering truth. The one
flies from the senses and particulars to the most general axioms, and from these principles
proceeds to judgement and to the discovery of the truth. This way is now in fashion. The
other derives axioms from the senses and particulars, rising by a gradual and unbroken
ascent, so that it arrives at the most general axioms last of all. This is the true way, but as
yet rarely tried.”
26
27
28
The author of the above passage would have been an advocate of
A
deduction
B
papal infalibiity
C
Calvinism
D
Lutheranism
E
induction
The author of the above passage was
A
Tycho Brahe
B
Pope Julius II
C
Francis Bacon
D
Girolamo Savonarola
E
Martin Luther
“His enthusiasm for scientific method, his belief that everything could be reduced to
mathematical terms, and his insistence on systematic doubt of all earlier theories left a
profound mark on the thinking of scientists in the next two centuries.”
The passage above is a description of the work of
29
A.
Francis Bacon
B.
Tycho Brahe
C.
Isaac Newton
D.
René Descartes
E.
Baruch Spinosa.
“Man, being the servant and interpreter of Nature, can do and understand so much . . . as
he has observed ........ Beyond this he neither knows anything nor can do anything.”
The passage above was written by
30
A.
Francis Bacon
B.
Martin Luther
C.
René Descartes
D.
Georg Hegel
E.
Friedrich Nietzsche
The famous phrase "Cogito ergo sum," "I think, therefore I am," was the logical
foundation upon which the systematic doubt of 17th-century thinker Rene Descartes built
a proof of reality. His philosophy was significant because
A
it repudiated Christianity
B
it defined many of the significant issues of modern philosophy
C
it proved Deism
D
it established Cartesian duality as the basis for modern science
E
it relegated God to the role of Prime Mover
32
“Cogito ergo sum”, I think therefore I am, was a fundamental statement connected with
A
Martin Luther’s stand at the Diet of Worms
B
the first romantic novel
C
the Papal defense of the Council of Trent
D
Cromwell’s assertion of kingly power
E
the triumph of human reason in the seventeenth century
33
René Descartes and Francis Bacon contributed to scientific development in the
seventeenth century by
A.
Making observations of planetary movements
B.
Perfecting the metric system
C.
Conducting experiments about gravitational forces
D.
Introducing logarithms
E.
Articulating theories of the scientific method.
34
The three thinkers most closely related to advances in methodology during the scientific
revolution were
A
Copernicus, Brahe, and Kepler
B
Brahe, Versalius, and Harvey
C
Bacon, Galileo, and Descartes
D
Harvey, Galileo, and Newton
E
Newton, Bacon, and Copernicus
35
The most likely person to have said that “I stood on the shoulders of giants” was
A
Louis XIV
B
the Great Elector
C
Isaac Newton
D
Thomas Hobbes
E
John Milton
Women and Science
Religion and Skepticism
36
37
During the seventeenth century, developments in science served as an incentive for which
of the following?
A.
The universe was perceived in increasingly mechanistic terms
B.
Intolerance reached new heights
C.
The Catholic Church created the Inquisition to combat new ideas
D.
People became more religious
E.
Major changes in industrial technology occurred.
As a result of the scientific theories developed through the 16th and 17th centuries,
Europeans developed a conception of the universe
A
as governed by natural laws
B
as geocentric
C
as guided in every physical realm by a personal God
D
as chaotic, reflective of chance
E
as Aristotelian in makeup
38
The most serious conflict facing great thinkers of the seventeenth century, such as Isaac
Newton and Blaise Pascal, was
A
understanding the role of the king in national politics
B
resolving the dilemma between Christianity and Islam
C
replacing the scientific method with irrational thinking
D
rejecting mathematics in place of alchemy
E
reconciling scientific discoveries with Christian teaching
Hobbes and Locke
39
Which group was most likely to be attracted to John Locke's philosophy of government?
A
poor women
B
day laborers
C
wealthy merchants
D
royalty
E
slaves
40
“Each individual, bestowing more time and attention upon the means of preserving and
increasing his portion of wealth than is or can be bestowed by government, is likely to
take a more effectual course than what, in this instance and on his behalf, would be taken
by government.”
41
The quotation above best illustrates which of the following?
A.
Fascism
B.
Mercantilism
C.
Syndicalism
D.
Classical liberalism
E.
Utopian socialism
“Men being by nature all free, equal, and independent, no one can be put out of this estate
and subjected to the political power of another without his own consent, which is done by
agreeing with other men , to join and unite into a community for their comfortable, safe,
and peaceable living in a secure enjoyment of their properties.”
The question above is from a work by
42
A.
John Locke
B.
Francis Bacon
C.
Edmund Burke
D.
Voltaire
E.
Adam Smith
"Revolutions happen not upon every little mismanagement in public affairs. Great
mistakes by the ruler, many wrong and inconvenient laws, and all the slips of human
frailty will be bourne by the people without any mutiny or murmur. But if a long train of
abuses and prevarication and artifaces, all tending the same way, make the design of
tyranny visible to the people, it is not to be wondered that they should then rouse
themselves and endeavor to put the rule into such hands which may secure to them the
ends for which government was at first erected."
A
John Locke
B
Jean Bodin
C
Thomas Hobbes
D
Viscomte de Chateaubriand
E
Jacques Bossuet
43
The political philosophy of which of the following argued that governments are set up to
protect the life, liberty, and property of the people?
A
Thomas Hobbes
B
Bishop Laud
C
Oliver Cromwell
D
James II
E
John Locke
44
John Locke based his Two Treatises on Government primarily on which of the following
views of human nature?
A.
People are basically rational and learn from practical experience
B.
People are weak and sinful and need the guidance of organized religion.
C.
People are fallible and need guidance from the cumulative wisdom of tradition
D.
People are inherently quarrelsome and should never be encouraged to revolt
against state authority.
E.
People are born with all knowledge and learning is the process of remembering
that innate knowledge
45
"Hereby it is manifest, that during the time men live without a common power to keep all
in awe, they are in that condition which is called war; and such a war, as of every man;
and the life of man: soilitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."
A
Thomas Hobbes
B
lohn Locke
C
Rene Descartes
D
Tom Paine
E
lohn Wilkes
46.
John Milton’s Areopagitica (published 1644) was
A
a call for the return of the Stuarts
B
an attack on Cromwell
C
a plea for freedom of speech
D
an argument for religious toleration
E
an analysis of predestination
Science and Technology
47
All of the following were invented in Western Europe during the fifteenth and sixteenth
centuries EXCEPT
A.
Firearms
B.
Movable printing type
48.
49
C.
The compound microscope
D.
The compass
E.
The flying shuttle
The Royal Society in London was founded in 1660 to
A
encourage exploration in Asia
B
protect the rights of Catholics
C
support Charles II’s attempts to reassert royal authority
D
be the forerunner of a national bank
E
promote scientific research
Which revolution caused a greater change in the world-view and in the evolution of
Western society?
A
The French Revolution
B
The Russian Revolution of 1917
C
The American Revolution
D
The Scientific Revolution of the 17th century
E
The Price Revolution of the 16th century