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Lecture Notes
9
Blood, Lymph, and
A PowerPoint Presentation
Immune Systems
Classroom Activity to
Accompany Medical
Terminology Systems,
Seventh Edition
Barbara A. Gylys ∙ Mary Ellen Wedding
9
BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Structure and Function
•Blood
• Composed of formed elements
• Erythrocytes, which transport O2 to
cells and remove CO2 from the cells
• Leukocytes, which provide protection
against invasion by pathogens and
aid in the healing process
• Platelets, which provide a mechanism
for blood clotting
• Formed elements suspended in a
liquid called plasma
2
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Structure and Function Exercise
1. What are the three main formed elements
in blood?
2. What are the main functions of
leukocytes?
3. What is the main function of platelets
(thrombocytes)?
3
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Structure and Function Exercise
1. What are the three main formed elements in
blood? Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
or thrombocytes
2. What are the main functions of leukocytes?
Provide body defense against infection and aid
in tissue repair
3. What is the main function of platelets
(thrombocytes)? Provide a blood clotting
mechanism when injuries cause bleeding
4
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Combining Forms Exercise
List the CFs for:
1.
2.
3.
4.
blood:
cell:
red:
white:
5
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Combining Forms Exercise
1.
2.
3.
4.
blood: hem/o, hemat/o
cell: cyt/o
red: erythr/o
white: leuk/o
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Combining Forms Exercise
5. blood clot:
6. Embolus (plug):
7. clumping, gluing:
8. serum:
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Combining Forms Exercise
5. blood clot: thromb/o
6. Embolus (plug): embol/o
7. clumping, gluing: agglutin/o
8. serum: ser/o
8
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Combining Forms Exercise
9. nucleus:
10. iron:
11. swallowing, eating:
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Combining Forms Exercise
9. nucleus: kary/o, nucle/o
10. iron: sider/o
11. swallowing, eating: phag/o
10
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
1. fear of blood (or bleeding):
2. red blood cell:
/o/
/o/
3. separation, destruction, loosening of a blood
clot:
/o/lysis
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
1. fear of blood (or bleeding): hem/o/phobia
2. red blood cell: erythr/o/cyte
3. separation, destruction, loosening of a
blood clot: thromb/o/lysis
12
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
4. large blood cell:
/o/
5. formation, production of blood :
/o/poiesis
6. standing still of blood:
/o/
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
4. large blood cell: macr/o/cyte
5. formation, production of blood :
hem/o/poiesis or hem/o/poiesis
6. standing still of blood: hem/o/stasis
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Build Medical Words Exercise
1. cells that are white:
2. tumor composed of blood:
3. resembling a thrombus:
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Build Medical Words Exercise
1. cells that are white: leuk/o/cytes
2. tumor composed of blood: hemat/oma
3. resembling a thrombus: thromb/oid
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9
BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Build Medical Words Exercise
4. decrease or deficiency of iron:
5. cell that swallows or eats (injests):
6. abnormal condition of a blood clot:
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9
BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Build Medical Words Exercise
4. decrease or deficiency of iron: sider/o/penia
5. cell that swallows or eats (injests):
phag/o/cyte
6. abnormal condition of a blood clot:
thromb/osis
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Structure and Function
•Lymphatic system
• Lymph nodes
• Lymph vessels and lymph
fluid
• Tonsils, thymus, and
spleen
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Structure and Function
•Lymphatic system
(continued)
(continued)
• Network of vessels that drain excess interstitial
fluid from tissue spaces and return it to the blood
• Maintains the cells that defend the body against
disease-causing agents, such as bacteria, viruses,
and cancerous cells
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Structure and Function Exercise
1. What is the function of the lymphatic system?
2. How does the lymphatic system maintain
fluid balance?
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Structure and Function Exercise
1. What is the function of the lymphatic system? It
helps maintain fluid balance and defends the body
against invading microorganisms.
2. How does the lymphatic system maintain fluid
balance? It drains excess tissue fluid from
interstitial spaces and returns it to the blood.
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Combining Forms Exercise
List the CFs for:
1. tonsil:
2. neck:
3. thymus:
4. spleen:
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Combining Forms Exercise
1. tonsil: tonsill/o
2. neck: cervic/o
3. thymus: thym/o
4. spleen: splen/o
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Combining Forms Exercise
5. lymph vessel:
6. chest:
7. groin:
8. lymph gland (node):
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Combining Forms Exercise
5. lymph vessel: lymphangi/o
6. chest: thorac/o
7. groin: inguin/o
8. lymph gland (node): lymphaden/o
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Combining Forms Exercise
9. gland:
10. lymph:
11. vessel (usually blood or lymph):
12. iron:
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Combining Forms Exercise
9. gland: aden/o
10. lymph: lymph/o
11. vessel (usually blood or lymph): angi/o
12. iron: sider/o
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Combining Forms Exercise
13. foreign, strange:
14. lymph vessel:
15. swallowing, eating:
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Combining Forms Exercise
13. foreign, strange: xen/o
14. lymph vessel: lymphangi/o
15. swallowing, eating: phag/o
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
1. tumor of the thymus gland:
/
2. cell that swallows or eats (ingests):
/ /
3. formation or production of lymph:
/ /poiesis
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
1. tumor of the thymus gland: thym/oma
2. cell that swallows or eats (ingests):
phag/o/cyte
3. formation or production of lymph:
lymph/o/poiesis
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
4. tumor of a lymph vessel:
/
5. process of clumping, gluing:
/ation
6. study of immunity:
/
/logy
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
4. tumor of a lymph vessel: lymphangi/oma
5. process of clumping, gluing: agglutin/ation
6. study of immunity: immun/o/logy
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Build Medical Words Exercise
1. enlargement of the spleen:
2. formation or production of lymph:
3. inflammation of a lymph gland (node):
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Build Medical Words Exercise
1. enlargement of the spleen: splen/o/megaly
2. formation or production of lymph:
lymph/o/poiesis
3. inflammation of a lymph gland (node):
lymphaden/itis or lymph/aden/itis
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Build Medical Words Exercise
4. disease of lymph glands:
5. specialist in the study of immunity:
6. tumor of the thymus gland:
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Build Medical Words Exercise
4. disease of lymph glands: lymphaden/o/pathy
5. specialist in the study of immunity:
immun/o/logist
6. tumor of the thymus gland: thym/oma
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Build Medical Words Exercise
7. (red) cell that is large:
8. decrease or deficiency in red blood cells:
9. decrease or deficiency in white blood cells:
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Build Medical Words Exercise
7. (red) cell that is large: macr/o/cyte
8. decrease or deficiency in red blood cells:
erythr/o/cyt/o/penia or erythr/o/penia
9. decrease or deficiency in white blood cells:
leuk/o/cyt/o/penia or leuk/o/penia
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diseases and Conditions
Iron deficiency anemia
• Decrease in RBCs caused by insufficient
iron in the diet
• Large, central paleness (pallor) in RBCs
on microscopic examination
• Most common anemia in the U.S.
• Common in adolescents and
premenopausal women during menses
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Iron deficiency anemia (continued)
•Signs and symptoms
• Extreme fatigue
• Cold hands and feet
• Headaches
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Iron deficiency anemia (continued)
•Treatment
• Depends on the severity and cause of the anemia
• Oral or parenteral (intramuscular or IV) iron
supplements
• Dietary modifications, which are commonly
sufficient to restore lost iron reserves
• Red cell transfusions possibly required in elderly
patients
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Pernicious anemia
•Caused by inadequate levels of vitamin B12
•Characteristic formation of large, abnormal
RBCs
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Pernicious anemia (continued)
•Signs and symptoms
•
•
•
•
•
Weakness, nausea, vomiting
Inflammation of nerves (neuritis)
Muscular incoordination
Lightheadedness and impaired memory
Neurological signs and symptoms progress
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Pernicious anemia (continued)
•Treatment
• Vitamin B12 injections
• Dietary, such as including red meats and liver
• Possibly lifelong treatment required
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Sickle cell anemia
•Hereditary form of anemia in which RBCs
take on an abnormal, crescent shape
•Clumping of crescent-shaped RBCs,
preventing them from passing through
blood vessels
•Impaired circulation and chronic organ
damage
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Sickle cell anemia (continued)
•Signs and symptoms
• Anemia (in all individuals with sickle cell anemia)
• Episodic attacks of intense pain (pain crises) in
arms, legs, or abdomen
• Jaundice in white of the eye (sclera)
• Painful crises possibly triggered by infections,
stress, and extremes in temperature
• Clinical manifestations in many body systems and
organs
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Sickle cell anemia (continued)
•Treatment
• Analgesics
• Adequate hydration
• Regular blood transfusions, which are useful in
decreasing the severity of the disease
• In severe cases, bone marrow transplant
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
1. A 15-month-old Lebanese child brought to
the ED is crying inconsolably. A specialized
blood test revealed crescent-shaped RBCs.
This result confirms (pernicious anemia, iron
deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia).
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
1. A 15-month-old Lebanese child brought to
the ED is crying inconsolably. A specialized
blood test revealed crescent-shaped RBCs.
This result confirms (pernicious anemia, iron
deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia).
51
9
BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Ms. T. complains of fatigue and headaches
and appears pale and listless. She says her
periods have been excessively heavy for the
last year. A complete blood count shows a
low hemoglobin and hematocrit. The
differential shows RBCs with a large, central
pallor. The tentative diagnosis is (pernicious
anemia, iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell
anemia).
52
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Ms. T. complains of fatigue and headaches
and appears pale and listless. She says her
periods have been excessively heavy for the
last year. A complete blood count shows a
low hemoglobin and hematocrit. The
differential shows RBCs with a large, central
pallor. The tentative diagnosis is (pernicious
anemia, iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell
anemia).
53
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mrs. R. arrives at the clinic with fatigue and
impaired muscular function. Her blood tests
reveal she has enlarged RBCs. The doctor
prescribes injections of vitamin B12 and
charts her condition as (leukemia, iron
deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia).
54
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mrs. R. arrives at the clinic with fatigue and
impaired muscular function. Her blood tests
reveal she has enlarged RBCs. The doctor
prescribes injections of vitamin B12 and
charts her condition as (leukemia, iron
deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia).
55
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
4. Mr. A. is diagnosed with iron deficiency
anemia. He is told that there is insufficient
iron in his RBCs, causing them to have a very
light color, clinically described as
(hypochromic, metachromic, hyperchomic).
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
4. Mr. A. is diagnosed with iron deficiency
anemia. He is told that there is insufficient
iron in his RBCs, causing them to have a very
light color, clinically described as
(hypochromic, metachromic, hyperchomic).
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
5. Mrs. J. has been a vegan for 5 years. She
complains of tiredness, feeling cold in her
feet, and having brittle nails. These
symptoms are consistent with (iron
deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, sickle
cell anemia).
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
5. Mrs. J. has been a vegan for 5 years. She
complains of tiredness, feeling cold in her
feet, and having brittle nails. These
symptoms are consistent with (iron
deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, sickle
cell anemia).
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Leukemia
•Malignancy of the bone marrow
•Proliferation of white blood cells (WBCs) that
are unable to carry on their normal function
•Crowding out of RBCs and platelets by WBCs,
leading to anemia and bruising and bleeding
problems
•Acute and chronic forms
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Leukemia (continued)
•Signs and symptoms
• Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and
lymphadenopathy
• Fatigue, malaise, easy bruising, and exercise
intolerance
• Night sweats and joint pain
• Some forms asymptomatic until late in the disease
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Leukemia (continued)
•Treatment
• Depends on the type of leukemia and the stage
of development
• Variety of chemotherapeutic agents
• Bone marrow transplants
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mrs. K. is diagnosed with leukemia and asks
the nurse to explain this disease. How should
the nurse respond?
2. Ms. B. complains of fatigue, bruising, and
tiring easily during exercise. While
examining Ms. B., the physician discovers an
enlargement of the liver and charts her Dx as
.
63
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mrs. K. is diagnosed with leukemia and asks
the nurse to explain this disease. How should
the nurse respond? It is a malignancy of the
blood-forming tissues of the bone marrow.
2. Ms. B. complains of fatigue, bruising, and
tiring easily during exercise. While
examining Ms. B., the physician discovers an
enlargement of the liver and charts her Dx as
hepatomegaly.
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mr. Z. is diagnosed with leukemia. His
chemotherapy treatment results in a low WBC
count. Dr. M. prescribes a unit of blood to
decrease the possibility of contracting an
infection. This administration of blood is
called a blood (collection, purifier,
transfusion).
65
9
BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mr. Z. is diagnosed with leukemia. His
chemotherapy treatment results in a low WBC
count. Dr. M. prescribes a unit of blood to
decrease the possibility of contracting an
infection. This administration of blood is
called a blood (collection, purifier,
transfusion).
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9
BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
4. Mr. K. suffers from leukemia and presents to
the hospital for a bone marrow transplant.
Transplantation of bone marrow from a
donor is known as a(n) (autologous,
cadaveric, homologous) transplant.
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
4. Mr. K. suffers from leukemia and presents to
the hospital for a bone marrow transplant.
Transplantation of bone marrow from a
donor is known as a (autologous, cadaveric,
homologous) transplant.
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
5. Mrs. J.’s past history indicates that she
suffers from an autoimmune disease that
manifests as a chronic abnormal enlargement
of her lymph nodes. The physician charts this
disease of the lymph nodes as (adenoid,
adenocyst, adenopathy).
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
5. Mrs. J.’s past history indicates that she
suffers from an autoimmune disease that
manifests as a chronic abnormal enlargement
of her lymph nodes. The physician charts this
disease of the lymph nodes as (adenoid,
adenocyst, adenopathy).
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Lymphedema
•Abnormal accumulation of fluid
within tissues
•Especially common in the arms
and legs
•Possibly caused by injury to the
tissue (as in burns) or blockage
of the lymph channels
•Possibly leading to fibrosis and
inflammation of the tissues
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Lymphedema (continued)
•Signs and symptoms
• Generalized swelling of an arm or leg that may
occur after surgery when a chain of lymph nodes
has been removed
• Most common cause: radical mastectomy with
removal of underarm lymph nodes
• Ineffective drainage of tissue fluid, causing edema
• Other causes: injury (trauma), radiation therapy,
surgery, skin infections, and tumors
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Lymphedema (continued)
•Treatment
• Compression (usually with multilayered bandages)
to limit swelling and promote lymph drainage
• Manual lymph drainage
• Elevation of the body part to promote drainage
• Range-of-motion exercises
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mrs. P. presents with swelling and excessive
accumulation of lymph under her arm after a
radical mastectomy. Dr. R. diagnoses this
condition as (lymphoma, lymphomegaly,
lymphedema).
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mrs. P. presents with swelling and excessive
accumulation of lymph under her arm after a
radical mastectomy. Dr. R. diagnoses this
condition as (lymphoma, lymphomegaly,
lymphedema).
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9
BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Dr. J. detects lymphedema as he examines
Mrs. L. after her radical mastectomy. He
explains that this condition is due to the
excision of her underarm lymph nodes,
which prevents drainage of lymph fluid.
The term for excision of lymph nodes is
(adenectomy, lymphectomy,
lymphadenectomy).
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Dr. J. detects lymphedema as he examines
Mrs. L. after her radical mastectomy. He
explains that this condition is due to the
excision of her underarm lymph nodes,
which prevents drainage of lymph fluid. The
term for excision of lymph nodes is
(adenectomy, lymphectomy,
lymphadenectomy).
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mr. S. presents with a large, painful node in
his groin. The doctor believes a lymphatic
blockage exists and orders an x-ray of the
lymph gland. This diagnostic procedure is
called (lymphadenotomy,
lymphadenorrhaphy, lymphadenography).
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mr. S. presents with a large, painful node
in his groin. The doctor believes a
lymphatic blockage exists and orders an
x-ray of the lymph gland. This diagnostic
procedure is called (lymphadenotomy,
lymphadenorrhaphy, lymphadenography).
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
4. Ms. D. was scratched on the arm by her new
kitten. Three days later a large lump
appeared under her arm. After examination,
the doctor diagnosed cat-scratch fever with a
resulting inflammation of the lymph gland.
The doctor charted this diagnosis as
(lymphadenopathy, lymphadenitis,
lymphocele).
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
4. Ms. D. was scratched on the arm by her new
kitten. Three days later a large lump
appeared under her arm. After examination,
the doctor diagnosed cat-scratch fever with a
resulting inflammation of the lymph gland.
The doctor charted this diagnosis as
(lymphadenopathy, lymphadenitis,
lymphocele).
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Kaposi Sarcoma
•Malignancy of connective tissue that
causes purple, red, or brown patches to
form under the skin and mucous
membranes
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Kaposi Sarcoma (continued)
•Lesions that generally appear on the legs and
spread to the face, neck, back, and mouth
•Possible invasion of internal organs, including
the lungs, intestines, and liver
•Closely associated with HIV infection and
considered an “AIDS-defining condition”
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Kaposi Sarcoma (continued)
•Signs and symptoms
• Purple, red, or brown patches on the skin or
mucous membranes
• Weight loss due to pain caused by eating when
lesions are in the mouth or throat
• Dyspnea when found in the lungs
• Appearance first on lower extremities but
spreading to upper body, face, mucous
membranes of the throat, and internal organs
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Kaposi Sarcoma (continued)
•Treatment
• Depends on stage of infection and degree of
metastasis
• Commonly radiation therapy, chemotherapy,
surgery, and immunotherapy
• Palliative treatment and good oral hygiene
(essential)
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. C. is diagnosed with Kaposi sarcoma and
asks the doctor to explain the disease. How
should the doctor respond?
86
9
BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. C. is diagnosed with Kaposi sarcoma and
asks the doctor to explain the disease. How
should the doctor respond? It’s a malignancy
of connective tissues, especially of the skin,
mucous membranes, and lymph vessel lining
that is usually associated with HIV.
87
9
BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Mr. M. is scheduled for a treatment that
administers natural immune substances
produced in a laboratory to destroy cancer
cells. This type of treatment is charted as
(hormone therapy, chemotherapy,
immunotherapy).
88
9
BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Mr. M. is scheduled for a treatment that
administers natural immune substances
produced in a laboratory to destroy cancer
cells. This type of treatment is charted as
(hormone therapy, chemotherapy,
immunotherapy).
89
9
BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mr. Z. has a history of HIV and presents with
purplish brown papules on both arms and
legs. The doctor suspects he has a CA that is
associated with AIDS. This type of cancer is
known as Kaposi
.
90
9
BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mr. Z. has a history of HIV and presents with
purplish brown papules on both arms and
legs. The doctor suspects he has a CA that is
associated with AIDS. This type of cancer is
known as Kaposi sarcoma.
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
4. Mrs. R. is a recent liver transplant patient.
The doctor prescribes drugs to prevent her
transplanted liver from being rejected by her
body. The drugs she is taking to suppress
her immune system and prevent organ
rejection are known as (hormone therapy,
chemotherapy, immunosuppressives).
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
4. Mrs. R. is a recent liver transplant patient.
The doctor prescribes drugs to prevent her
transplanted liver from being rejected by her
body. The drugs she is taking to suppress
her immune system and prevent organ
rejection are known as (hormone therapy,
chemotherapy, immunosuppressives).
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
•Autoimmune disease
•Development of antibodies
that attack the skin, joints,
and other organs of the body
•Mild to life-threatening disease
•Pattern of “flares” and remissions
•More common in women
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Systemic Lupus
Erythematosus (continued)
•Signs and symptoms
• Fatigue, joint pain, anemia
• Abnormal blood clotting and
edema
• Butterfly-shaped rash over the
nose
and cheeks
• Sensitivity to light and sun
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (continued)
•Treatment
•
•
•
•
•
Anti-inflammatories
Corticosteroids
Antimalarials
Immunosuppressives
Anticoagulants
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Thrombocytopenia
•Deficiency in the number of circulating
platelets
•Most common cause of hemorrhagic disorders
•Serious threat to hemostasis because of the
vital role that platelets play in coagulation
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Thrombocytopenia (continued)
•Signs and symptoms
• Bruising
• Bleeding from the nose and
gums
• Prolonged bleeding after
injury or dental procedures
• Petechiae on the skin (as shown in the
illustration)
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Thrombocytopenia (continued)
•Treatment
• Treatment of the underlying cause of the platelet
deficiency
• Whole blood transfusions
• Packed red blood cell transfusions
• Platelet transfusions
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
1. antibody (immunoglobulin):
2. antigen:
3. ascites:
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9
BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
1. antibody (immunoglobulin): protein
produced by B cells that protects against
substances that are potentially harmful to the
body
2. antigen: substance recognized by the
immune system that will elicit the production
of antibodies
3. ascites: accumulation of serous fluid in the
thoracic or abdominopelvic cavity
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9
BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
4. ecchymosis:
5. petechiae:
6. titer:
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
4. ecchymosis: purple, irregularly formed
hemorrhagic area under the skin; also called
bruise
5. petechiae: small, pinpoint hemorrhages
under the skin
6. titer: blood test that measures the amount of
antibodies in blood; commonly used as an
indicator of immune status
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Medical and Surgical Procedures
•Blood transfusion
• Whole blood, blood cells, or plasma given by
intravenous transfusion
• Complete correction of blood loss
• Two types
• Autologous
• Homologous
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Medical and Surgical Procedures
(continued)
•Bone marrow transplant
• Aspiration of red bone marrow from the hip bone
of a matched donor
• Destruction of all cancerous cells with
chemotherapy or radiation (which destroys all cells
in the red bone marrow)
• Transfusion of donated bone marrow cells, which travel
through the blood to the bones and implant
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Medical and Surgical Procedures
(continued)
•Lymphangiectomy
• Excision of one or more pathological lymph vessels
• Treatment for cancer
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. B. undergoes diagnostic tests that
confirm he has a tumor composed of
lymphatic vessels. The tumor must be
excised. The physician charts excision of
lymphatic vessels as
.
2. Mr. A. is diagnosed with leukemia and
referred to a specialist. The physician who
specializes in treatment of blood
disorders is called a
.
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. B. undergoes diagnostic tests that
confirm he has a tumor composed of
lymphatic vessels. The tumor must be
excised. The physician charts excision of
lymphatic vessels as lymphangiectomy.
2. Mr. A. is diagnosed with leukemia and
referred to a specialist. The physician who
specializes in treatment of blood
disorders is called a hematologist.
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mr. J. is diagnosed with leukemia. His
physician recommends chemotherapy and
bone marrow radiation followed by
replacement of healthy bone marrow cells, a
treatment called (bone marrow transplant,
bone marrow aspiration, bone marrow
biopsy).
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mr. J. is diagnosed with leukemia. His
physician recommends chemotherapy and
bone marrow radiation followed by
replacement of healthy bone marrow cells, a
treatment called (bone marrow transplant,
bone marrow aspiration, bone marrow
biopsy).
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
4. Mr. D. has several enlarged nodes in his
neck. To confirm his diagnosis, the physician
orders removal of a small sample of tissue
for laboratory evaluation. This procedure is
known as a(n) (biopsy, ablation, resection).
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
4. Mr. D. has several enlarged nodes in his
neck. To confirm his diagnosis, the physician
orders removal of a small sample of tissue
for laboratory evaluation. This procedure is
known as a(n) (biopsy, ablation, resection).
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diagnostic Procedures
•Bone marrow aspiration
• Withdrawal of bone
marrow for microscopic
evaluation (usually from
pelvic bone or, rarely,
the sternum)
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diagnostic Procedures
(continued)
•Complete blood count (CBC)
•Hemoglobin (Hgb)
•Hematocrit (Hct)
•Tissue typing
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Build Medical Words Exercise
1. process of recording lymph vessel(s):
2. process of recording lymph gland(s):
3. study of serum:
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9
BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Build Medical Words Exercise
1. process of recording lymph vessel(s):
lymph/angi/o/graphy or
lymphangi/o/graphy
2. process of recording lymph gland(s):
lymph/aden/o/graphy or
lymphaden/o/graphy
3. study of serum: ser/o/logy
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Pharmacology
•Anticoagulants
•Immunizations
•Immunosuppressants
•Thrombolytics
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. G. is diagnosed with a thrombus. To
dissolve the blood clot the physician
prescribes a(n) (immunization,
immunosuppressant, thrombolytic).
2. To prevent the formation of a postsurgical
blood clot, the physician prescribes a(n)
(anticoagulant, immunization,
immunosuppressant).
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9
BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. G. is diagnosed with a thrombus. To
dissolve the blood clot the physician
prescribes a (immunization,
immunosuppressant, thrombolytic).
2. To prevent the formation of a postsurgical
blood clot, the physician prescribes an
(anticoagulant, immunization,
immunosuppressant).
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
3. To prevent rejection of Mr. K.’s recently
transplanted kidney, the physician prescribes
a(n) (anticoagulant, immunosuppressant,
thrombolytic).
4. AMA recommends vaccinations to induce
immunity to certain infectious diseases.
These vaccinations are known as
(anticoagulants, immunizations,
immunosuppressants).
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
3. To prevent rejection of Mr. K.’s recently
transplanted kidney, the physician prescribes
an (anticoagulant, immunosuppressant,
thrombolytic).
4. AMA recommends vaccinations to induce
immunity to certain infectious diseases.
These vaccinations are known as
(anticoagulants, immunizations,
immunosuppressants).
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