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Electrons Studied the nucleus of the atom Focused on the electrons and where they are found. Called the orbital model Niels Bohr Electrons can move between energy levels Energy must be supplied to the electrons to have them change levels High voltage electricity or radiation Bohr Model When electrons return to their original level they give off light depending on the wavelength Energy Levels Each energy level can be broken down into smaller levels called sublevels. Each sublevel can be broken down into smaller levels called orbitals. The orbitals have the highest probability of finding an electron Energy Levels Energy levels can be thought of as the rungs on a ladder. The number of the energy level tells you how many sublevels there are. Energy level 1 has 1 sublevel, energy level 2 has 2 sublevels, and so on The 1st sublevel is the “s” level, the 2nd is the “p” , the 3rd is the “d”, and the 4th is the “f” Each sublevel has a different number of orbitals Orbitals S has 1 orbital P has 3 orbitals D has 5 orbitals F has how many orbitals? Each orbital can hold exactly 2 electrons Energy Levels Principle Level (n) Sublevels (n) # of orbitals (n2) # of electrons (2n2) 1 1s 1 2 2 2s 2px, 2py, 2pz 1 3 8 3 3s 3px, 3py, 3pz 3d 1 3 5 18 4 4s 4px, 4py, 4pz 4d 4f 1 3 5 7 32 Orbital Shapes Orbital Shapes Orbital Shapes Electron Configuration Shows the electron arrangement in an atom. Always represents the lowest possible energy. Always start by filling the lowest energy levels first Called the Aufbau Principle Example Write the electron configurations for the following elements: Practice Beryllium Neon Sodium Phosphorus Calcium Shorthand Method Shorthand notation uses the noble gases as a reference point Example: Ge [Ar] 4s23d104p2 Rewrite the practice elements from the previous slide using the shorthand notation. Can make a diagram to show electron configurations Must follow Hund’s Rule for filling out orbital diagrams Orbital Diagrams Hund’s Rule – all orbitals in a sublevel must have one electron in them before doubling up When placing the arrows in an orbital, one must face up the other must face down. Draw orbital diagrams for the following elements: Practice Silicon Nickel Chlorine Helium Relative Energies of Orbitals
