Download Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism To Expressionism

PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Chapter 3.8
The Modern Aesthetic:
Realism to Expressionism
Copyright © 2015 Thames & Hudson
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Introduction
 The second half of the nineteenth
century saw rapid changes in
society:
 Railways, steamships, industrial
growth, urban development
 Expanding middle class
 Invention of photography
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Second Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Introduction (contd.)
 Artists responded with multiple
forms of experimentation
 Explore impact of formal
qualities (e.g. Impressionists) but
still representational
 Abstraction (e.g. Expressionists)
 Convey mood or emotion (e.g
Symbolists)
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Second Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Art Academies and
Modernism
 Academies were governmentsponsored institutions that trained
artists to produce work in a
particular style and subject matter
 Modern artists broke with that
tradition and found new avenues
for exhibiting their work outside
the traditional Salon
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Second Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Artwork: Alexandre Cabanel,
Birth of Venus
3.8.1 Alexandre Cabanel, Birth of Venus, 1863. Oil on canvas, 51⅛ × 88½”. Musée d’Orsay, Paris, France
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Alexandre Cabanel,
Birth of Venus
 Example of Academic art
 Praised by critics in the Salon of
1863
 Nude Venus is on full display
 Submissive to the viewer’s gaze
 Accompanied by naked putti
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Artwork: Édouard Manet,
Le Déjeuner sur l’Herbe
3.8.2 Édouard Manet, Le Déjeuner sur l’Herbe (Luncheon on the Grass), 1863. Oil on canvas, 6’9⅞” × 8’8⅛”. Musée d’Orsay,
Paris, France
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Edouard Manet,
Le Déjeuner sur l’Herbe
 Rejected from the 1863 Salon;
instead it was exhibited at the
Salon des Refusés
 Nude female is not idealized; looks
directly at the viewer
 Marks the beginning of modern art
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Realism
 Realism as a movement (France)
concerned with social change:
inequality of the poor
 Realism in general did not have a
social/political agenda
 Depicted modern subjects in great
detail
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Second Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Artwork: Gustave Courbet,
Stonebreakers
3.8.3 Gustave Courbet, Stonebreakers, 1849. Oil on canvas, 5’3” × 6’8”. Formerly in the Gemäldegalerie, Dresden, Germany;
believed to have been destroyed in 1945
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Gustave Courbet,
Stonebreakers
 Courbet coined the term “realist”
 Depicts the working class on a
large-scale canvas, a format
previously reserved for historical
subjects
 Older worker and his assistant are
presented as powerful and
unrelenting
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Portal Artwork: Millet,
The Gleaners
1.7.3 Jean-Francois Millet,
The Gleaners, 1857. Oil on
canvas, 2’9” x 3’8”. Musee
d’Orsay, Paris
Artwork: John Everett Millais,
Ophelia
3.8.4 John Everett Millais, Ophelia, 1851–52. Oil on canvas, 30 × 44”. Tate, London, England
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
John Everett Millais,
Ophelia
 Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
 English painters and writers
(1848)
 Inspired by medieval subject
matter
 Depicts a scene from Shakespeare’s
Hamlet: Ophelia’s suicide
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Artwork: Osborn,
Nameless and Friendless
3.8.5 Emily Mary Osborn, Nameless and Friendless, 1857. Oil on canvas, 32½ x 40⅞”. Tate, London, England
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Osborn, Nameless and
Friendless
 Member of Britain’s Society of
Female Artists; petitioned to allow
women to study at the Academy
 Work shows struggles of female
artist
 Reactions of men in the room
 Roles of women in society
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
A Revolutionary Invention:
Photography and Art in the
Nineteenth Century
 By the 1860s, photographic
portraits were common; artists lost
income
 Debate over the role of painters vs.
photographers
 Could portraits made with a
camera be considered art?
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Second Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Artwork: Gardner,
Abraham Lincoln and
His Son Thomas (Tad)
3.8.6 Alexander
Gardner, Abraham Lincoln
and His Son Thomas
(Tad), February 5 1865.
Silver gelatin print, 8 × 10”.
Library of Congress
Prints, Washington, D.C.
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Alexander Gardner,
Abraham Lincoln and
His Son Thomas (Tad)
 Lincoln had 40 photographs of
himself taken
 Credited photography with helping
Americans get to know him and
support his politics
 Photo shows Lincoln with a rare
smile, sitting with one of his sons
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Artwork: Thomas Le Clear,
Interior with Portraits
3.8.7 Thomas Le Clear, Interior with Portraits, c. 1865. Oil on canvas, 25⅞ × 40½”. Smithsonian American Art Museum,
Washington, D.C.
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Thomas Le Clear,
Interior with Portraits
 Children shown were not this age
—nor even alive—when the canvas
was painted
 The boy died in 1865 at age 26; his
sister died years prior, in 1849
 Memorial to the lost pair
 A painting can keep a memory
alive better than a photograph
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Artwork: Thomas Eakins,
Motion Study […]
3.8.8 Thomas Eakins, Motion Study: Male Nude, Standing Jump to Right, 1884. Dry-plate negative, 3⅝ × 4½”. Pennsylvania
Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Thomas Eakins,
Motion Study […]
 Studied and taught at the first
American art academy; Eakins had
unconventional teaching methods
 Rather than study Classical nudes,
he preferred a Realist manner
 Promoted the study of anatomy
through photography and
dissections
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Portal Artwork: Muybridge,
Gleaners
2.9.3 Eadweard Muybridge, The Horse in Motion, June 18, 1878, Albumen print. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Impressionism
 Rejected the Academic tradition
 Scenes of everyday life
 Often painted en plein air
(outdoors)
 Quick, sketch-like brushstrokes
 Depicted effects of light,
atmosphere, and color
 Studied optics and color theory
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Second Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
To learn about another artwork by Claude Monet, watch this video of a MoMA lecturer talking about Water Lilies:
MoMA Video:
Claude Monet,
Water Lillies
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Artwork: Renoir, Bal du
Moulin de la Galette
3.8.9 Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Bal du Moulin de la Galette, 1876. Oil on canvas, 51⅝ × 68⅞”. Musée d’Orsay, Paris, France
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Renoir, Bal du Moulin
de la Galette
 Portrays the middle classes at
leisure: a popular outdoor café in
Paris
 Meant to evoke a world of beauty
and pleasure
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Influences on the
Impressionists
Left: 3.8.10 Kitagawa Utamaro, Two Courtesans, second half of 18th century. Woodblock print, 12⅝ x 7½”. Victoria and Albert
Museum, London, England
Right: 3.8.11 Mary Cassatt, The Child’s Bath, 1893. Oil on canvas, 39 ½ x 26”, Art Institute of Chicago, Illinois
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
Influence on the
Impressionists
 Japanese woodcuts
 Mary Cassatt saw exhibition of
Utamaro’s prints in 1890
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
Influence on the
Impressionists
 Asymmetry; slanted viewpoints;
diagonals
 Cropped; bold outlines
 Flattened space; lack of modeling;
emphasis on two-dimensionality
 Bright colors; busy patterns
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Artwork: Degas,
Blue Dancers
3.8.12 Edgar Degas,
Blue Dancers, c. 1898.
Pastel on paper,
25½ × 25½”, The Pushkin
State Museum of Fine
Arts, Moscow, Russia
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Edgar Degas,
Blue Dancers
 Degas is known for portraying
various female subjects (e.g.
dancers, bathers)
 Pastel depicts performers
backstage
 Influenced by Japanese prints
 Influence of photography (bird’s
eye view; cropping)
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Portal Artwork: Daguerre,
Gleaners
2.8.4 Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre, Boulevard du Temple, c. 1838
Artwork: Morisot,
Beach at Nice
3.8.13 Berthe Morisot, The Beach at Nice, 1882. Oil on canvas, 18¼ × 22”
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Morisot, Beach at Nice
 Sensations in light and color of
being at the beach
 Quick brushstrokes; en plein air
 Subject could be Morisot’s
daughter
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Artwork: Caillebotte,
Paris Street, Rainy Day
3.8.14 Gustave Caillebotte, Paris Street, Rainy Day, 1877. Oil on canvas, 6’11½” × 9’¾”. Art Institute of Chicago, Illinois
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Caillebotte,
Paris Street, Rainy Day
 Captures a busy, modern city with
newly constructed roads and
buildings
 Makes use of linear perspective
 Well-dressed couple seem alone in
their own world
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Artwork: Claude Monet,
Waterlilies
3.8.15 Claude Monet, Waterlilies, c. 1914–18. Oil on canvas. Musée de l’Orangerie, Paris, France
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Claude Monet,
Waterlilies
 Monet focused on series, such as
haystacks, cathedrals, and
waterlilies
 Eight paintings made for two oval
rooms
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Post-Impressionism
 Impressionism was criticized for
lacking substance and being too
preoccupied with depicting beauty
 Post-Impressionists wanted to
differentiate themselves from this
simplicity
 Emphasized abstract qualities or
subjective content
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Second Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Artwork: Paul Cézanne,
Mont Sainte-Victoire
3.8.16 Paul Cézanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire, c. 1886–88. Oil on canvas, 26 × 36¼”. Courtauld Gallery, London
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Paul Cézanne,
Mont Sainte-Victoire
 Painted this mountain (located
near his childhood home) many
times over his lifetime
 Forms abstracted, planes shifted
 Blends warm and cool colors to
create a push-pull effect for
viewers
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Portal Artwork: Poussin,
Gleaners
3.6.27 Nicolas Poussin, The Funeral of Phocion, 1648. Oil on canvas, 44 x 68”. National Museum of Wales, Cardiff
Artwork: Gauguin, The Vision
after the Sermon […]
3.8.17 Paul Gauguin, The Vision after the Sermon (Jacob Wrestling with the Angel), 1888. Oil on canvas, 28½ × 35⅞”. Scottish
National Gallery, Edinburgh, Scotland
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Paul Gauguin, The Vision
After the Sermon [...]
 Sought to portray those he
considered untouched by
materialistic values
 Depicts the people of Pont-Aven
experiencing a vision of a sermon
they have just heard (upper right:
Jacob wrestling an angel)
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Artwork: Van Gogh, Starry Night
3.8.18 Vincent van Gogh, Starry Night, 1889. Oil on canvas, 29 × 36½”. MoMA, New York
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Vincent van Gogh,
Starry Night
 Lived with Gauguin for a brief time;
challenged and annoyed each
other
 View from his window during a
stay in an asylum
 Paintings express his strong
emotions: thick impasto, sense of
color and form
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Portal Artwork: Hokusai,
“The Great Wave […]”
2.3.5 Katsushika Hokusai, “The Great Wave off Shore at Kanagawa,” from Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji, 1826-33 (printed later)
Print, color woodcut Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
MoMA Video:
Vincent van Gogh:
Starry Night
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
To see more of the artist’s works and hear extracts from his letters about how he worked, watch:
Video:
Vincent van Gogh in
His Own Words
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Artwork: Claudel, The Waltz
3.8.19 Camille Claudel, The
Waltz, 1889–1905. Bronze
9⅞ × 5¾ × 4”. Cast Eugene
Blot, Paris, No.4. Loan of the
Bayerische
Landesbrandversicherung
AG to the Bayerische
Staatsgemäldesammlungen.
Munich, Germany
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Claudel, The Waltz
 Highly skilled sculptor, lyrical
compositions
 Judged differently as a female
artist
 Trained with Auguste Rodin, her
lover
 Family placed her in an insane
asylum where she spent 30 years
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Portal Artwork: Rodin,
The Kiss
1.2.17b Auguste Rodin,
The Kiss, c. 1882. Marble,
71½ x 44¼ x 46”. Musée
Rodin, Paris
Artwork: Henry Ossawa
Tanner, The Banjo Lesson
3.8.20 Henry Ossawa Tanner,
Banjo Lesson, 1893. Oil on canvas,
48 × 35½”. Hampton University
Museum, Hampton, Virginia
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Henry Ossawa Tanner,
The Banjo Lesson
 African American artist;
influenced by French painters,
including Courbet
 Depicts the passing of knowledge
between generations
 Confronts stereotypes of smiling
black men as simple-minded
entertainers
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Symbolism
 Inspired by emotionally charged,
dreamlike images
 Frequently made use of
psychologically potent symbols
 Also engaged in individual
explorations of otherworldliness
 Influenced by Paul Gauguin
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Second Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Artwork: Moreau,
The Apparition
3.8.21 Gustave Moreau, The Apparition, c.1876. Oil on canvas, 22 x 18⅜”. Fogg Art Museum, Harvard Art Museums,
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Gustav Moreau,
The Apparition
 Biblical story
 Salome dancing for King Herod;
femme fatale
 Head of John the Baptist
surrounded by light
 Ambiguous; vision, dream
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Artwork: Hodler, The Night
3.8.22 Ferdinand Hodler, The Night, 1889/90. Oil on canvas, 46” x 9’10”, Kunstmuseum, Bern, Switzerland
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Ferdinand Hodler,
The Night
 Black-cloaked figure is symbol of
death
 Surrounding figures
 Asleep
 Two women in front are his
lovers
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Artwork: Gentileschi, Judith
Decapitating Holofernes
3.8.23 Artemisia Gentileschi,
Judith Decapitating Holofernes,
c. 1620. Oil on canvas,
6’6⅜” × 5’3¾”. Uffizi Gallery,
Florence, Italy
Artwork: Gustav Klimt, Judith I
3.8.24 Gustav Klimt, Judith I,
1901. Oil and gold plating on
canvas, 33 × 16½”.
Österreichische Galerie
Belvedere, Vienna, Austria
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
Gateway to Art:
Gentileschi, Judith
Decapitating Holofernes
 Gentileschi:
 Baroque
 Theatrical
 Judith is powerful, shown in the
act of attack
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
Gateway to Art:
Klimt, Judith I
 Klimt:
 Symbolist
 Filled with fantasy and eroticism
 Femme fatale; seductress
 Decorative gold leaf
 Model for Judith was Adele
Bloch-Bauer
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Fin de Siècle and Art
Nouveau
 Fin de siècle (“end of the century”)
 1890s to 1914
 Time of great social change
 Art Nouveau
 Emphasized decorative pattern
 Organic lines, gold, forms in
nature
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Second Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Portal Artwork: ToulouseLautrec, Moulin Rouge
2.7.16 Henri de ToulouseLautrec, La Goulue at the
Moulin Rouge, 1891.
Lithograph in black, yellow,
red, and blue on three sheets
of tan wove paper. 6’2½ “ x
3’9⅝”. Art Institute of
Chicago, Illinois
Artwork: Horta, Stairway of
Tassel House
3.8.25 Victor Horta, stairway
of Tassel House, Brussels,
Belgium, 1892–93
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Horta, Stairway of
Tassel House
 Belgian architect Victor Horta
designed house for Emile Tassel
 Art Nouveau
 Steel and glass
 Active space; elements appear
in motion
 Organic forms
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Artwork: Tiffany, “Wisteria”
table lamp
3.8.26 Tiffany Studios, “Wisteria” table lamp, c. 1905. Leaded glass and patinated bronze, height 26 ⅞”
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Tiffany Studios,
“Wisteria” table lamp
 American Louis Comfort Tiffany
 Clara Driscoll: designer of
“Wisteria”
 Art Nouveau
 Glass and bronze
 Forms and subject from nature
 Movement in forms
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Expressionism
 c. 1905–20
 Expressionist artists:
 Explored ways of portraying
emotions to their fullest intensity
 Focused on inner states of
feeling
 Exaggerated and emphasized
colors and shapes
 Often made self-portraits
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Second Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Artwork: Modersohn-Becker, Self
-portrait with Camellia
3.8.27 Paula ModersohnBecker, Self-portrait with
Camellia, 1906–7. Oil on
canvas, 24¼ × 12”. Museum
Folkwang, Essen, Germany
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Modersohn-Becker,
Self-portrait with
Camellia
 German Expressionist
 One of the first women to make
nude self-portraits
 Flattened forms, reduced details
 Heavy outlines, solid geometry
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Portal Artwork:
Egyptian funerary portrait
2.2.4 Portrait of a boy, c.100150 CE. Encaustic on wood,
15 ⅜ x 7 ½”. Metropolitan
Museum of Art, New York
Artwork: Vasily Kandinsky,
Improvisation #30 (Cannons)
3.8.28 Vasily Kandinsky,
Improvisation #30
(Cannons), 1913. Oil on
canvas, 43¾ × 43¼”. Art
Institute of Chicago, Illinois
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Vasily Kandinsky,
Improvisation #30 [...]
 Pioneer of non-objective art
 Reflects turmoil of the time, but not
a specific event
 Made spontaneously without a
planned outcome
 Believed art should express an
inner spiritual necessity
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Artwork: Ernst Ludwig
Kirchner, Potsdamer Platz
3.8.29 Ernst Ludwig
Kirchner, Potsdamer Platz,
1914. Oil on canvas,
78¾ × 59”. Nationalgalerie,
Berlin, Germany
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner,
Potsdamer Platz
 Deliberately raw painting style
 Rough, aggressive brushwork
 Reflects his belief that art should
come from direct experience
 Figures wear similar clothing and
have mask-like faces; lack
individuality
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
To learn about other artworks by Ernst Kirchner, watch this video of a MoMA lecturer talking about Street Dresden
and Street Berlin:
MoMA Video:
Ernst Kirchner,
Street Dresden
Street Berlin
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
MoMA Videos
To learn more about the modern aesthetic, watch these videos of MoMA lecturers talking about pieces from the
MoMA collection:
MoMA Video
Amedeo Modigliani,
Anna Zborowska
MoMA Video
Salvador Dalí,
The Persistence of Memory
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Chapter 3.8 Copyright
Information
This concludes the PowerPoint slide set for Chapter 3.8
Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts
Third Edition
By Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields
Copyright © 2015 Thames & Hudson
PowerPoints developed by CreativeMyndz Multimedia Studios
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Picture Credits for Chapter 3.8
3.8.1
3.8.2
3.8.3
3.8.4
3.8.5
3.8.6
3.8.7
3.8.8
3.8.9
3.8.10
3.8.11
3.8.12
3.8.13
3.8.14
3.8.15
3.8.16
3.8.17
3.8.18
3.8.19
3.8.20
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3.8.22
3.8.23
Musée d’Orsay, Paris
Musée d’Orsay, Paris
No picture credit
Photo Tate, London 2012
Photo Tate, London 2018
Library of Congress Prints, Washington, D.C., Prints & Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-7990
Museum purchase made possible by the Pauline Edwards Bequest. Photo Smithsonian American Art
Museum/Art Resource/Scala, Florence
Courtesy the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia. Charles Bregler’s Thomas Eakins
Collection, purchased with the partial support of the Pew Memorial Trust, 1985.68.2.985
Musée d’Orsay, Paris
V&A Images/Alamy
The Art Institute of Chicago, Robert A. Waller Fund, 1910.2
Pushkin Museum, Moscow
Photo courtesy Sotheby’s, Inc. 2013
Art Institute of Chicago, Charles H. and Mary F. S. Worcester Collection, 1964.336
Martin Bache/Alamy Stock Photo
Courtauld Gallery, London
National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh
Museum of Modern Art, New York. Acquired through the Lillie P. Bliss Bequest, 472.1941. Photo 2012,
Museum of Modern Art, New York/ Scala, Florence
akg-images
Hampton University Museum, Virginia
Fogg Art Museum, Harvard Art Museums/Bequest of Grenville L. Winthrop/Bridgeman Images
Erich Lessing/akg-images
Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence
PowerPoints developed by CreativeMyndz Multimedia Studios
Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
PART 3
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
Picture Credits for Chapter 3.8
(contd.)
3.8.24
3.8.25
3.8.26
3.8.27
3.8.28
3.8.29
Photo Austrian Archives/Scala, Florence
Photo © Bastin & Evrard, Brussels
Photo courtesy Sotheby’s, Inc. 2013
Museum Folkwang, Essen
Art Institute of Chicago, Arthur Jerome Eddy Memorial Collection, 1931.511
akg-images
PowerPoints developed by CreativeMyndz Multimedia Studios